RESUMO
The goal of the present study was to establish a rapid, simple method for simultaneous allergy testing of sera from multiple fish-allergic patients. Sera from fish-allergic patients were pooled and used for capturing allergens in fish muscle of crucian carp (Carassius auratus), which was studied as a fish model. Sarcoplasmic proteins of crucian carp (Carassius auratus) were extracted for the analysis of allergens. Anti-human IgE antibody-functionalized magnetic beads were utilized to collect IgE antibodies from human pooled sera. The isolation of allergenic proteins was immunomagnetically performed in microfluidic channels, and the elution of the captured allergenic proteins was done with 5% (v/v) acetic acid aqueous solution. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and peptide mass fingerprinting were used for the analysis of tryptic digests of eluted proteins. Ten potential allergenic proteins were identified from crucian carp (Carassius auratus). The present protocol provides a rapid, efficient, and simple method for simultaneous detection of multiple allergens, based on multitargeted antibodies from pooled sera of allergic patients. The constructed multiple antibody-modified MBs can be applied for the deallergenicity of food matrices. The efficiency of allergen detection can be greatly improved, with promising application in allergen discovery and filtration for other muscle-based foods.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Proteínas de Peixes , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz , Animais , Alérgenos/imunologia , Alérgenos/química , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização e Dessorção a Laser Assistida por Matriz/métodos , Proteínas de Peixes/imunologia , Proteínas de Peixes/química , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Humanos , Carpas/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/imunologia , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Carpa Dourada/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of canine adverse food reactions (AFRs) is based on vague criteria, such as '>50% improvement' during elimination diet trial (EDT) followed by 'deterioration' during provocation test (PT). OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to use predefined criteria to evaluate response during EDT [i.e., Owner Global Assessment of Treatment Efficacy (OGATE) = good-to-excellent] and relapse during PT [i.e., Owner Global Assessment of Challenge Deterioration (OGACD) = moderate-to-severe and/or >100% increase of lesional (Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration, CADESI-04) and/or of pruritus (pruritus Visual Analog Scale, PVAS) scores]. ANIMALS: Twenty-nine dogs with atopic dermatitis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An extensively hydrolysed diet was fed to all dogs followed, in seven of 11 nonresponders, by a second home-made novel-protein EDT. Dogs responding to either EDT were challenged with their previous diet. RESULTS: Thirteen (44.8%) dogs were diagnosed with AFRs: at the end of EDT, their OGATE was good (9 of 13; 69.2%) or excellent (four of 13; 30.8%), and both CADESI-04 (46.7%) and PVAS (71.1%) had decreased significantly; at the end of PT, OGACD was moderate or severe in 12 of 13 (92.3%) dogs, and both CADESI-04 (127.9%) and PVAS (181.8%) had increased significantly. Of the 16 dogs without AFRs, 6 (37.5%) responded to the commercial (n = 5) or home-made (n = 1) diet [OGATE = good (three of six) or excellent (three of six)], with significant concurrent reduction of CADESI-04 and nonsignificant reduction of PVAS, yet they did not relapse during PT. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The proposed (predefined) criteria for the evaluation of response during EDT and deterioration during PT seem reliable and are easily applicable in clinical practice and research.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Cães , Animais , Dermatite Atópica/veterinária , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/dietoterapia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/dietoterapia , Masculino , Feminino , Ração Animal/análise , Dieta/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The diagnosis of cutaneous adverse food reactions (CAFR) in dogs is dependent on a diet trial and provocative challenge. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the efficacy of an elemental diet for the diagnosis of CAFR in dogs. ANIMALS: Sixty-two client-owned nonseasonally pruritic dogs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective, uncontrolled, observational elimination diet trial study. Dogs were fed a commercially available elemental canine diet (Pro Plan Veterinary Diets EL Elemental Canine Formula, Nestlé Purina PetCare Company) for up to eight weeks. Pruritus was assessed using a validated Visual Analog Scale (PVAS), lesions with the Canine Atopic Dermatitis and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04) and gastrointestinal (GI) signs with a client questionnaire. All dogs were challenged with their previous diet for up to 14 days. Treats were added from Day (D)7 to D14. RESULTS: Forty-five dogs completed the study. Eighteen (40%) of these were diagnosed with CAFR and 27 (60%) were diet-nonresponsive (NR). Dogs with CAFR flared on provocative challenges within 14 days. The smallest volume of previous diet that induced a CAFR flare was one teaspoon in two dogs (11.1%). The mean number of days leading to a provocation of clinical signs was 4.88 days. Gastrointestinal signs improved in both groups. Eight of the dogs with CAFR (44.4%) were subsequently maintained on the elemental diet alone. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Pro Plan Veterinary Diets EL Elemental Canine Formula is efficacious for the diagnosis of canine CAFR. One teaspoon of the offending diet may induce clinical signs in some dogs with CAFR.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Humanos , Cães , Animais , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Estudos Prospectivos , Ração Animal/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal/análise , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Prurido/veterinária , AlérgenosRESUMO
These guidelines present a systematic approach to diagnosis, treatment, and management of allergic skin diseases in dogs and cats. The guidelines describe detailed diagnosis and treatment plans for flea allergy, food allergy, and atopy in dogs and for flea allergy, food allergy, and feline atopic skin syndrome in cats. Management of the allergic patient entails a multimodal approach with frequent and ongoing communication with the client. Obtaining a comprehensive history is crucial for diagnosis and treatment of allergic skin diseases, and the guidelines describe key questions to ask when presented with allergic canine and feline patients. Once a detailed history is obtained, a physical examination should be performed, a minimum dermatologic database collected, and treatment for secondary infection, ectoparasites, and pruritus (where indicated) initiated. The process of diagnosing and managing allergic skin disease can be prolonged and frustrating for clients. The guidelines offer recommendations and tips for client communication and when referral to a dermatologist should be considered, to improve client satisfaction and optimize patient outcomes.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Dermatite Atópica , Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Humanos , Animais , Gatos , Cães , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Dermatite Atópica/terapia , Dermatite Atópica/veterinária , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/terapia , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/terapia , Prurido/terapia , Prurido/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , AlérgenosRESUMO
Georgina Mills discusses new research that explores the link between fetal and early childhood exposure to pets and the risk of developing a food allergy.
Assuntos
Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Animais de Estimação , Animais , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/prevenção & controle , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Exposição AmbientalRESUMO
Food allergy is a recognized clinical entity in dogs and cats and is an important differential to consider in the workup of a pruritic animal. Food can be a trigger factor for canine atopic dermatitis, and food allergy may coexist with feline atopic skin syndrome. Other clinical signs such as urticaria, recurrent pyoderma, and dorsolumbar pruritus can be seen in dogs, and urticaria, conjunctivitis, and respiratory signs can be seen in cats. In both species, gastrointestinal signs may be present. The pathogenesis in dogs and cats is complex and incompletely understood, which limits the development of reliable diagnostic laboratory tests. The diagnosis currently relies on an appropriately performed diet trial with subsequent provocation. This paper briefly reviews food allergies in people and explores our current knowledge of the disorder in dogs and cats.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Urticária , Gatos , Animais , Cães , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/complicações , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Prurido/veterinária , Urticária/complicações , Urticária/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is increasing evidence of cross-reactivity between allergens of close or distant species. The A-RISC (Allergens'-Relative Identity, Similarity and Cross-reactivity) index helps evaluate the risk of theoretical cross-reactivity between proteins of the same family among different species. OBJECTIVES: To report the A-RISC indices for several food allergens of dogs between multiple food sources. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We selected several recently characterised food allergens for dogs from fish and chicken (ACTA1, ALDOA, CKM, ENO3, GAPDH, PKM and TPI1), fish (TPM1/2), beef/lamb (PGM1) and corn/potato (WAXY). When quality sequence data were available, A-RISC indices were calculated between multiple animal and plant species that can be used as food sources. For the TPM subunits, A-RISC indices also were calculated with the environmental allergens Bla g 4 and Der f 10, and the Toxocara canis nematode. RESULTS: The A-RISC indices suggest a substantial theoretical risk of cross-reactivity between species for all allergens considered. For TPM, this risk also extends to the environmental and nematode allergens. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: There is a high theoretical risk of cross-reactivity between allergens of different species used as food sources. The clinical relevance of these elevated A-RISC indices should be studied further.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Animais , Cães , Alérgenos , Reações Cruzadas , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Imunoglobulina ERESUMO
Milk protein is one of the major food allergens. As an effective processing method, fermentation may reduce the potential allergenicity of allergens. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of co-fermented milk protein using Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS 1.8701 and Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0386 in cow milk protein allergy (CMPA) management. This study determined the secondary and tertiary structures of the fermented versus unfermented proteins by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and surface hydrophobicity to evaluate its conformational changes. Our results showed that different fermentation methods have significantly altered the conformational structures of the cow milk protein, especially the tertiary structure. Further, the potential allergenicity of the fermented cow milk protein was assessed in Balb/c mice, and mice treated with the unfermented milk and phosphate-buffered saline were used as a control. We observed a significant reduction in allergenicity via the results of the spleen index, serum total IgE, specific IgE, histamine, and mouse mast cell protease 1 in the mice treated with the co-fermented milk protein. In addition, we analyzed the cytokines and transcription factors expression levels of spleen and jejunum and confirmed that co-fermentation could effectively reduce the sensitization of cow milk protein by regulating the imbalance of T helper (Th1/Th2 and Treg/Th17). This study suggested that changes of conformational structure could reduce the potential sensitization of cow milk protein; thus, fermentation may be a promising strategy for developing a method of hypoallergenic dairy products.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Lactobacillus helveticus , Lactobacillus plantarum , Doenças dos Roedores , Alérgenos , Animais , Bovinos , Feminino , Fermentação , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Imunidade , Imunoglobulina E , Lactobacillus helveticus/metabolismo , Lactobacillus plantarum/metabolismo , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Leite/química , Proteínas do Leite/análiseRESUMO
BACKGROUND: These days the number of potential food allergens is very large, but chicken is one of the most common allergens in dogs. Elimination diet is one of the clinical tools for the diagnosis of allergies and allergy tests are not very reliable. The restriction diet is most commonly carried out by feeding pet foods, relying on the ingredients on the label to select an elimination diet not containing previously eaten foods. Unfortunately, mislabeling of pet food is quite common. The purpose of this study was to determine the absence or presence of chicken DNA using both qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis methods in dry and wet maintenance complete pet foods for adult dogs. Results were used to verify the declared composition on the labels. RESULTS: Eleven out of fifteen (73%) dog foods were produced as declared by the manufacturer, two of which showed the presence of chicken protein as stated on the label. The remaining nine foods contained amounts of chicken DNA below 1%, consistent with declarations that no chicken was added in the composition. Four of tested dog foods (27%) were not produced consistently with the declaration on the packaging. Two dog foods (one dry and one wet) did not contain the claimed chicken protein. In two foods the addition of chicken DNA was detected at the level of over 2% and almost 6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we focused on one of the most commonly undeclared animal species on the label-chicken protein-and performed DNA analyzes to investigate possible contamination and mislabeling. The results showed some inaccuracies. However, most of them are trace amounts below 1%, which proves compliance with the label. Our results showed that undeclared animal species can be as common as missing an animal protein declared on the label. The conducted research indicates that both dry and wet analyzed foods should not be recommended as a diagnostic tool in elimination tests, because it may result in false negative results. Over-the-counter maintenance foods for dogs should not be recommended for the diagnosis and treatment of food hypersensitivity.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Galinhas/genética , DNA/análise , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , ProteínasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that patch testing with food extracts can assist formulation of elimination diets (ED) in human patients with suspected adverse food reactions (AFR). Little is known about the use of these tests in dogs. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of a combination of prick and patch testing in current protocols, and food challenge (FC) tests in dogs with AFR. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Prick and patch tests were performed on 21 dogs with chronic, nonseasonal pruritus. Dogs then were fed an ED formulated on the basis of the results. All dogs with improved clinical signs then were challenged with a food to which there had been a positive reaction in the tests. Six dogs subsequently were challenged with a food to which they had been negative on testing. Pruritus Visual Analog Scale (pVAS) and Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index, 4th iteration (CADESI-04) were evaluated on Day (D)0, D30 and D60 of the ED. Sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, and the Kappa (κ)value were calculated. RESULTS: Of the 21 dogs, there was a significant mean improvement in pVAS and CADESI-04 scores in 16 (76%) dogs after D30 (P < 0.01) and D60 (P < 0.01) of the ED. There were no statistical differences between D30 and D60. The combination of tests had SE, SP, PPV, NPV and κ values of 80%, 66.7%, 66.7%, 80% and -0.17, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The combination of prick and patch testing reached high values of SE and NPV. A diagnosis of AFR was made in 76% of the dogs, and test results were useful for the selection of an ED.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Animais , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Dermatite Atópica/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Humanos , Testes do Emplastro/métodos , Testes do Emplastro/veterinária , Prurido/diagnóstico , Prurido/veterináriaAssuntos
Urticária Crônica , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Doenças dos Cavalos , Urticária , Animais , Urticária Crônica/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/complicações , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Doenças dos Cavalos/etiologia , Cavalos , Urticária/etiologia , Urticária/veterináriaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of adverse food reaction (AFR) is based on an eight week elimination diet (ED) and is confirmed by relapse upon re-challenge with the previously fed diet. Hydrolysed EDs are commonly used for this purpose. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the commercially available hydrolysed fish protein and rice starch ED Farmina UltraHypo (FUH) for the diagnosis of feline AFR. ANIMALS: Thirty-two nonseasonally pruritic cats. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Pruritus was assessed with a new dual Visual Analog Scale, lesions with the Scoring Feline Allergic Dermatitis scale and Quality of Life with a validated questionnaire on days 0 and 56. Short-acting corticosteroids or oclacitinib were permitted during the first six weeks. Cats showing 50% pruritus and/or lesional improvement were separately challenged with their prior diet, fish and rice. Cats not responding to the study diet were fed another hydrolysed diet for two months. RESULTS: Twenty-five cats completed the ED: four dropped out due to vomiting and/or diarrhoea, one owing to low palatability and two were lost to follow-up. In 17 cats, pruritus improved by >50% and these underwent dietary challenges. Of these, nine reacted to their prior diet and/or fish and/or rice and were diagnosed with AFR, while eight did not relapse (and a diagnosis of AFR was considered to be doubtful). Of the eight cats in which pruritus did not improve, four underwent a second ED with no improvement. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: FUH may be a useful ED for the diagnosis of feline AFR, even in cats reacting to fish or rice.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Oryza , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Gatos , Dieta/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Qualidade de Vida , AmidoRESUMO
Grain-free pet food options abound in the pet food market today, representing more than 40% of available dry dog foods in the United States. There is currently a dearth of information about the factors that contribute to a dog owner's choice of a grain-free dry dog food and if those factors are similar among countries. Therefore, the primary objective of the current survey was to identify the variables that are predictive of a dog owner's choice of a grain-free dry food across North America (Canada and the United States) and Europe (France, the United Kingdom and Germany). The survey consisted of 69 questions, took less than 15 minutes to complete and was distributed virtually via Qualtrics (Qualtrics XM, Utah, USA). A total of 3,298 responses were collected, equally distributed between countries. Multinomial logistic regression was performed in SPSS Statistics (Version 26, IBM Corp, North Castle, New York, USA). Male respondents, people from France, people who ranked the importance of ingredients in a pet food in the lower quartiles and people who do not rotate their dog's diet to provide variety were less likely to select 'no grain' when choosing a pet food. In contrast, people who believe that their dog has a food allergy, follow more than 5 specific dietary routines in their own diet, do not try to include grains in their own diet, get their information about pet food from online resources or pet store staff and look for specific claims on pet food (such as 'no fillers'), were all more likely to select 'no grain' when choosing a pet food. This survey provides insight into the similarities and differences in decision making among dog owners in North America and Europe and should be considered when exploring the effects of grain-free dog foods on canine health and well-being.
Assuntos
Ração Animal/análise , Comportamento do Consumidor , Dieta/veterinária , Grão Comestível , Animais de Estimação , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Ração Animal/economia , Animais , Tomada de Decisões , Dieta/economia , Doenças do Cão/dietoterapia , Doenças do Cão/economia , Cães , Grão Comestível/economia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/dietoterapia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/economia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Vínculo Humano-Animal , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , América do Norte , Animais de Estimação/economia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Elimination diet trials and food challenge tests remain the gold standard for diagnosing cutaneous adverse food reaction (CAFR) in dogs. However, food challenge tests are difficult to perform owing to a lack of definite information on expected clinical signs and the time frame within which they develop after challenge. OBJECTIVES: To report the results of the food challenge test carried out in client-owned dogs under observation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A retrospective evaluation of the medical records of dogs presenting with pruritus was performed. Skin infections and/or parasites were treated before inclusion in the study. Dogs that underwent an elimination diet with clinical improvement and relapse with food challenge tests were included in this study. A pruritus Visual Analog scale score was recorded as an index of pruritus before and at the end of the elimination diet trial before challenge. The onset of time to relapse of clinical signs and the body sites affected after food challenge testing were recorded by the owners. RESULTS: We examined the medical records of 310 dogs with pruritus. Of these, 46 dogs with a diagnosis of CAFR were enrolled in this study. Significant clinical improvement was observed after the elimination diet trial (P < 0.0001). All dogs exhibited pruritus, and none exhibited anaphylaxis after food challenge testing. Among these dogs, 60.9% developed pruritus within 12 h of food challenge. Notably, 23.9% of the dogs developed pruritus within 3-6 h. The limbs exhibited the highest frequency of pruritus (56.5%), followed by the face (26.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study is the first to report details of the time to onset of clinical signs and body site affected after food challenge testing in dogs. These results will assist veterinarians and dog owners in the decision-making process regarding food challenge testing.
Assuntos
Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Alérgenos , Animais , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Cães , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Prurido/etiologia , Prurido/veterinária , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The gold standard to diagnose food allergy in dogs is an eight week elimination diet trial (EDT) followed by a re-challenge. A recent study demonstrated that a shorter EDT is possible if prednisolone is administered initially. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The goal was to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the EDT based on the number of relapses after prednisolone discontinuation. In addition, the aim was to determine whether the initial treatment length or the replacement of prednisolone with oclacitinib would influence the outcome. ANIMALS: Eighty-seven dogs with atopic dermatitis. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Dogs were fed an elimination diet and treated with either prednisolone or oclacitinib for two to three weeks. Relapsing dogs were treated a second time. In the absence of a relapse after two weeks off medication, dogs then were challenged. Dogs never achieving two weeks off treatment without relapse received the regular EDT. RESULTS: Fifty-eight of 87 dogs completed the study. Thirty-nine of 58 dogs received prednisolone; 21 of these were diagnosed with FIAD and had no relapse (n = 14), one relapse (n = 6) or two relapses (n = 1). Nineteen of 58 dogs received oclacitinib; 11 of these were deemed food-allergic and had no relapse (n = 7) or two relapses (n = 4). The initial treatment duration did not influence the outcome. The threshold of one relapse or less for the diagnosis of FIAD was associated with a sensitivity of 95% for prednisolone and 63% for oclacitinib. The specificity was 100% for both drugs. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Initial prednisolone or oclacitinib use in EDT shortens the time to diagnosis of FIAD.
Assuntos
Dermatite Atópica , Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Animais , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Dermatite Atópica/tratamento farmacológico , Dermatite Atópica/veterinária , Dieta/veterinária , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/tratamento farmacológico , Cães , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/tratamento farmacológico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Prednisolona/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Feline allergic diseases present as challenging problems for clinicians, not least because of the number of reaction patterns of the feline skin, none of which are specific for allergy. Furthermore, there is some controversy over the nomenclature that should be used in their description. OBJECTIVES: To review the literature, assess the status of knowledge of the topic and the extent to which these diseases could be categorized as atopic in nature, and make recommendations concerning nomenclature. METHODS: Atopic diseases in humans and cats were researched. A comparison then was made of the essential features in the two species. RESULTS: There were sufficient similarities between human atopic diseases and the manifestations of feline diseases of presumed allergic aetiology to justify the use of "atopic" to describe some of the feline conditions affecting the skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract. However, none of the allergic skin diseases showed features consistent with atopic dermatitis as described in man and the dog. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: The term "Feline Atopic Syndrome" (FAS) is proposed to encompass allergic diseases of the skin, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract, and "Feline atopic skin syndrome" (FASS) proposed to describe allergic skin disease associated with environmental allergies. We are not aware of any adverse food reactions in cats that are attributable to causes other than immunological reactions against the food itself. We therefore propose an aetiological definition of "Food Allergy" (FA) to describe such cases.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Dermatite Atópica , Terminologia como Assunto , Alérgenos , Animais , Doenças do Gato/classificação , Doenças do Gato/imunologia , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Dermatite Atópica/classificação , Dermatite Atópica/imunologia , Dermatite Atópica/patologia , Dermatite Atópica/veterinária , Cães , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Humanos , Pele/patologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Feline atopic syndrome (FAS) describes a spectrum of hypersensitivity disorders characterised by highly diverse clinical presentations including skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory systems. Among these disorders is feline atopic skin syndrome (FASS), in which hypersensitivity is typically associated with environmental allergens, although food allergy may coexist. Involvement of other organ systems (e.g. asthma) also may occur. Because of its highly heterogeneous clinical presentation, diagnosis of FASS can be challenging. OBJECTIVES: A subgroup of the International Committee on Allergic Diseases of Animals was tasked to summarise the most current information on the clinical presentations of FASS and to develop diagnostic guidelines. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Online citation databases and abstracts from international meetings were searched for publications related to feline allergic conditions. These were combined with expert opinion where necessary. RESULTS: A total of 107 publications relevant to this review were identified. Compilation of these data enabled development of a detailed description of the clinical features of FASS and development of guidelines focusing on systematic elimination of other skin conditions with similar clinical characteristics. As allergen tests are frequently used by dermatologists to support a clinical diagnosis of FASS, a brief review of these methodologies was also performed. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In a similar way to atopic dermatitis in dogs, FASS is a clinical diagnosis based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and exclusion of other diseases with similar clinical features. Elimination or exclusion of fleas/flea allergy, other parasites, infections and food allergy is mandatory before reaching a diagnosis of FASS.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato , Dermatite Atópica , Alérgenos/imunologia , Animais , Doenças do Gato/diagnóstico , Doenças do Gato/patologia , Gatos , Dermatite Atópica/diagnóstico , Dermatite Atópica/patologia , Dermatite Atópica/veterinária , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/patologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterináriaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Knowledge of cross-reactions in food-sensitive dogs will influence the choice of elimination diets and the long-term management of those patients. The objective of this study was to evaluate food allergen-specific IgE tests of suspected allergic dogs for concurrent positive reactions as possible evidence for cross reactions between allergens. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Results of serum IgE tests from 760 suspected allergic dogs submitted to 2â laboratories were evaluated statistically. After the tested allergens were grouped by their phylogenetic relationship, odds ratios as well as a sensitivity analysis of the odds ratios were performed to evaluate if concurrent positive IgE results to 2â allergens occurred more often than expected. RESULTS: Within related allergen pairs 27% (laboratoryâ 1) and 72% (laboratoryâ 2) of the pairs could be considered as associated. For the unrelated allergen pairs only 6.8% and 10.6% of the analyzed pairs were considered associated respectively. Strong correlations were shown in the group of ruminant allergens, especially beef and lamb, and grain allergens. High rates of concurrent reactions were also detected in the poultry group, especially between chicken and duck, as well as between pork and ruminant allergens, and soy and grain allergens. CONCLUSION: As our results showed not only correlations within related but also between non-related allergens, the possible relevance of carbohydrate moieties as well as panallergens for canine hypersensitivities warrants further study. Further investigations are necessary to distinguish co-sensitization from cross-reactions and determine the clinical relevance of food-specific IgE reactivity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Due to possible cross reactivity related allergens, especially beef and lamb as well as grain allergens, should not be used for an elimination diet to avoid false results.
Assuntos
Alérgenos , Doenças do Cão , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar , Imunoglobulina E/sangue , Técnicas Imunológicas , Alérgenos/classificação , Alérgenos/imunologia , Animais , Doenças do Cão/diagnóstico , Doenças do Cão/etiologia , Doenças do Cão/imunologia , Cães , Grão Comestível/efeitos adversos , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/diagnóstico , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/etiologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/imunologia , Hipersensibilidade Alimentar/veterinária , Técnicas Imunológicas/métodos , Técnicas Imunológicas/normas , Técnicas Imunológicas/veterinária , Carne/efeitos adversos , Alimentos de Soja/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: IgE reactivity to fish allergens in atopic dogs, which are used as models for food allergy, has not been elucidated to date. We investigated IgE reactivity to crude extracts and purified allergens derived from the Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus) in atopic dogs to identify the allergenic proteins of cod. RESULTS: The levels of specific IgE to crude cod extracts were measured in the sera of 179 atopic dogs, including 27 dogs with cod allergy, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Specific IgE to crude cod extracts were present in 36 (20%) of the 179 atopic dogs and in 12 (44%) of the 27 dogs with cod allergy. The allergens in crude cod extracts were analyzed by ELISA, immunoblotting, and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In allergen component analysis, IgE reactivity to tropomyosin and enolase was observed in the sera of dogs with cod allergy. IgE reactivity to parvalbumin, collagen, and tropomyosin was evaluated using the sera of atopic dogs that tested positive for specific IgE to crude cod extracts. Among the 36 dogs with IgE reactivity to crude cod extracts, 9 (25%), 14 (39%), and 18 (50%) dogs tested positive for specific IgE to parvalbumin, collagen, and tropomyosin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The IgE reactivity to cod allergens observed in dogs was similar to that in humans, and this finding further supports the use of atopic dogs with fish allergy as a model for fish allergy in humans.