Morphometric analysis of calcaneal (heel) spurs in ancient and modern Anatolian populations / Análisis morfométrico de los espolones calcáneos en poblaciones de Anatolia antiguas y modernas

SUMMARY: Heel spurs are the bony protrusion seen especially on the dorsal and plantar face of the calcaneus bone at the attachment site of the muscles. It was aimed herein to obtain data about the life styles, daily lives, and especially the socioeconomic structures of modern and ancient Anatolian populations by evaluating the prevalence, location, age, and gender differences of heel spurs on the calcaneus and comparing these findings between the populations. Herein, the 251 calcaneus bones of 137 skeletons, which had been previously analyzed paleodemographically and dated to the Middle Ages, and 68 calcaneus bones belonging to a modern population, whose gender was unknown but lived in Anatolia, were examined in terms of heel spurs. In the current study, the presence of dorsal, plantar, or both dorsal/plantar heel spurs on these in 251 calcaneus bones was 43.9 %, 11.1 %, and 10.3 %, respectively. The presence of dorsal, plantar, or both dorsal/plantar heel spurs was determined as 22 %, 3 %, and 1.5 %, respectively, among the 68 calcaneus bones belonging to the modern population. When a comparison was made of the current study with studies in the literature on modern and prehistoric populations, a higher prevalence of heel spurs was found in prehistoric samples than in modern populations. It is our belief that this situation may have derived from the heavy labor force, environmental, or sociocultural differences in ancient Anatolian populations, insufficiency of vital materials due to inadequate industrial conditions, and the solution of anatomical disruption. In addition, the findings determined herein will guide the development of future and industrial studies on the foot and foot structure.

RESUMEN: Los espolones del talón son la protuberancia ósea que se ve especialmente en la cara dorsal y plantar del hueso calcáneo en el sitio de inserción de los músculos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en obtener datos sobre los estilos de vida, la vida cotidiana y, especialmente, las características socioeconómicas de las poblaciones anatolias modernas y antiguas mediante la evaluación de la prevalencia, la ubicación, la edad y las diferencias de sexo de los espolones calcáneos y comparar estos hallazgos entre los poblaciones. La muestra consistió en 251 calcáneos correspondientes a 137 esqueletos, que habían sido previamente analizados paleodemográficamente y fechados en la Edad Media; también se incluyeron 68 calcáneos pertenecientes a una población moderna de Anatolia, sin distinción de sexo. De la muestra de 251 calcáneos, se encontraron espolones calcáneos dorsales, plantares y dorsales/plantares, en el 43,9%, 11,1 % y 10,3 %, respectivamente. La presencia de espolones calcáneos dorsales, plantares y dorsales/plantares se determinó en el 22%, 3% y 1,5%, respectivamente, entre los 68 calcáneos pertenecientes a la población moderna. Cuando se realizó una comparación del estudio actual con la literatu- ra sobre poblaciones modernas y prehistóricas, se encontró una mayor prevalencia de espolones calcáneos en muestras prehistóricas que en poblaciones modernas. Creemos que esta situación puede haberse derivado a la gran fuerza de trabajo, y las diferencias ambientales o socioculturales en las antiguas poblaciones de Anatolia, la insuficiencia de materiales vitales debido a las condiciones industriales inadecuadas produjo la alteración anatómica. Además, los hallazgos aquí determinados guiarán el desarrollo de estudios futuros e industriales sobre la estructura del pie.

Historia de la seguridad del paciente. Hitos principales, desde los albores de la civilización hasta los primeros retos globales y el estudio IBEAS / History of patient's Safety. From the dawn of civilization to the WHO Global Patient Safety Challenges and IBEAS study

Se realiza una breve historia de la seguridad del paciente en la atención médica, desde los albores de las civilizaciones hasta los primeros retos Globales de la OMS y el Estudio IBEAS. (AU)

A brief history of patient safety is made in the medical attention, from the dawn of civilizations up to the first Global challenges of the WHO and the IBEAS Study. (AU)

Quetes identitaires dans notre modernite / Buscas identitárias em nossa modernidade / Identity searches in our modernity / Búsquedas de identidades en nuestra modernidad

L'aliénation du sujet à la civilisation technoscientifique et à l'économie de marché se traduit par la promotion de l'égo et de ses exploits imaginaires, une souffrance commune devant les nouveaux modes de vie. L'affirmation décisive du discours de la science annonce un changement radical dans les possibilités de subjectivation, l'émergence de nouvelles subjectivités et surtout une modification majeure dans le rapport au corps et à l'identité.

A alienação do sujeito na civilização tecnocientífica e na economia de mercado se traduz pela promoção do ego e de suas façanhas imaginárias, um sofrimento comum diante dos novos modos de vida. A afirmação decisiva do discurso da ciência anuncia uma mudança radical nas possibilidades de subjetivação, a emergência de novas subjetividades e sobretudo uma grande mudança em relação ao corpo e a identidade.

The subject alienation in techno-scientific civilization and market economy is translated by the promotion of the ego and its imaginary feats, a common suffering in the face of new ways of life. The decisive statement of the science discourse announces a radical change in the possibilities of subjectivity, the emergence of new subjectivities and above all a big change concerning the body and identity.

La alienación del sujeto en la civilización industrial y en la economía de mercado se traduce en la promoción del ego y sus hazañas imaginarias, un sufrimiento común delante de los nuevos modos de vida. La afirmación decisiva del discurso de la ciencia anuncia un cambio radical en las posibilidades de tornarse sujeto, la emergencia de nuevas subjetividades y, sobre todo un gran cambio en relación al cuerpo y a la identidad.

Profesor Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon, Protozoologo / Teacher Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon, Protozoology

Por iniciativa de los doctores Enrique Meléndez y Rafael Bonfante, de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Francisco de Miranda, con la participación de la Dra. Mariela Montalve de Mendoza, Decana de la Facultad, el 14 de Abril próximo pasado, fue develado en el jardín anexo al Departamento de Parasitología, un busto del Dr. Arnoldo Gabaldon. Comprometido para hacer el discurso de orden en esa ocasión, intenté un bosquejo sobre el carácter paradigmático de su figuración en la campaña nacional antimalárica y el control de endemias metaxénicas. Rompiendo con prejuicios y dictados por cenáculos de expertos, el Dr. Gabaldon dio solidez a la novedosa concepción de interceptación de vectores, demostrando en la práctica una tercera vía de control realizable, además de esfuerzos que se hacen contra los agentes etiológicos con fármacos y vacunas, y del fallido programa de exterminio de sus vectores mediante el uso masivo de insecticidas. La concepción y ejecución del programa interceptativo no fue producto casual, sino un resultado del convencimiento de una mentalidad extraordinaria preparada, para esos avatares sanitarios en un país con extrema carencia de recursos. Gabaldon es el ejercicio supremo de la individualidad

[Another profession in the Ottoman period dealing with pharmaceutics: surgery]. / Osmanli'da eczacilikla ugrasan bir diger meslek cerrahlik.

We have realized in many documents that in the Ottoman period surgeons were involved in pharmaceutics as much as physicians and herbalists. Surgeons employed by the state ordered more drugs than physicians, and it is interesting that in their order list there were mostly singular drugs instead of ready-made ones. In addition to drugs used by surgeons in preparing ointments and plasters, pans and filters were utilized in the process of production, and earthenware pots, tin and wooden boxes with various kinds of paper were ordered for the purpose of packaging. We have determined that most of the single drugs placed onto the lists of surgeons were "ointment of rust" that dries the pus, and "red ointment" that is good for all kinds of pus. The preparation of the ointments were specified in detail in books of surgery (Cerrahnames)We have observed that parallel to the Regulation of 1826, surgeons were given the title of pharmacist when they were appointed to military bodies. 100 kurus (piaster) were paid to surgeons for performing surgery and 50 kurus for preparing drugs, which is another important document indicating that surgeons were more responsible than physicians in preparing drugs.

[The decline of balneology: Bussang (Vosges, France)]. / Le thermalisme, un patrimoine à vau-l' eau: L'exemple de Bussang.

Life and temporary death of a geat french mineral water: Bussang (1615-1983).

[The role of imagination in modern medicine]. / Imagination - Einbildungskraft - Suggestion: Zur 'Scharlatanerie' in der neuzeitlichen Medizin.

In Renaissance and early modern times, the concept of imagination (Latin imaginatio) was essential for the (natural) philosophical explanation of magic processes, especially in the anthropology of Paracelsus. He assumed that imagination was a natural vital power including cosmic, mental, phychical, and physical dimensions. The Paracelsians criticized traditional humor pathology ignoring their theory of' 'natural magic'. On the other hand, they were criticized by their adversaries as charlatans practicing 'black magic'. About 1800, in between enlightenment and romanticism, the healing concept of, animal magnetism' (Mesmerism) evoked an analogous debate, whether, magnetic' phenomena originated from a real (physical) power (so-called, fluidum') or were just due to fantasy or imagination (German Einbildungskraft). At the end of the 19th century, the French internist Hippolyte Bernheim created-against the background of medical hypnosis (hypnotism') as a consequence of Mesmerism - his theory of suggestion and autosuggestion: a new paradigm of psychological respectively psychosomatic medicine, which became the basis for the concept of, placebo' in modern biomedicine. From now on, all the effects of, alternative medicine' could easily be explained by the, placebo-effect', more or less founded - at least unconsciously - on fraud.

[A study on "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu" which is owned by Sugiyama Kengyo Itoku Kenshokai].

Waichi Sugiyama (1610-1649) is the first Sokengyo. He is famous for being the first to use the tube technique for acupuncture. However, his technique was not clear in his book "Sugiyama Ryu Sanbu Sho", because his work was orally taught or even secret. Wadaichi Shimaura is the third Sokengyo, who is a Sugiyama's superior pupil. He edited "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu, which was compiled from Sugiyama style, and which was summarized from Sugiyama's oral teaching and secrets and from the second Sokengyo Yasuichi Mishima. The existence of the book and its outline was known by the mimeographed book published in 1928. The original six books of "Sugiyama Shinden Ryu", one separated volume, and two scrolls were discovered last year. This discovery was very important in the history of acupuncture in Japan, because they showed Irei style which is a base of Sugiyama style. This discovery will help with the knowledge and understanding of acupuncture over the years in Japan.

Dog distemper: imported into Europe from South America?.

According to Charles Frédéric Heusinger (1853), dog distemper had been imported from Peru into Spain in the course of the 17th century. The disease was well described in 1746 by Ulloa in his work Relación histórica del viaje a la América meridional. During the course of the 1760s, the disease was reported in Spain, followed by England, Italy (1764) and Russia (1770). In 1763, 900 dogs died in a single day in Madrid. In 1844, Karle succeeded in the first experimental transmission of the disease by brushing the lips of young dogs with the discharge from sick animals. The causal agent of the disease was only discovered in 1905, when the virus was isolated by Henri Carré. In the meantime, Edward Jenner, who thought that the disease was a pox-like affection, claimed that it could be prevented by inoculation of the vaccinia virus.