Relationship between structure and efficacy of sea cucumber saponins echinoside A and its derivatives on hemolytic activity and prevention of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

The hemolytic property discourages the development of sea cucumber saponins on alleviating lipids metabolism disturbance. The hemolytic activity of saponins has been reported to be highly correlative to their chemical structures. The aim of this study was to reduce the hemolytic activity of sea cucumber-derived saponins echinoside A (EA) and simultaneously remain its effect on alleviating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by structural modifications. Administration with EA and its derivatives for 8 weeks remarkably mitigated orotic acid-induced NAFLD via inhibiting the activities and mRNA expressions of enzymes involved in lipogenesis, enhancing the activities and expressions of enzymes related to hepatic lipolysis in a rat model. Importantly, aglycone exhibited a distinct advantage in stimulating hepatic lipolysis compared with EA and dsEA, meanwhile possessed lowest hemolytic activity. This study may provide the theoretical basis to strengthen the application of sea cucumber saponins as food supplements and/or functional ingredients.

Function of Thelenota ananas saponin desulfated holothurin A in modulating cholesterol metabolism.

This work was designed to separate and purify the saponin from Thelenota ananas with the highest anti-cholesterol ability using multiple chromatography and mass spectrometry analyses, and to systematically investigate the effect of the Thelenota ananas saponin on cholesterol metabolism in oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) induced macrophage foam cells. Desulfated holothurin A (desHA), which was finally identified as the targeted saponin with the highest activity in decreasing low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), markedly inhibited the formation of foam cells derived from macrophages based on Oil Red O staining. In addition, desHA significantly blocked the synthesis of fatty acid synthetase while promoted intracellular cholesterol efflux. Furthermore, desHA inhibited the effects of ox-LDL on macrophage mRNA expression, which enhanced the level of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoAR) and suppressed the expression of SR-BI, ABCA1 and ABCG1, which further increased the levels of extracellular cholesterol and triglyceride. Blocking AKT and AMPK pathway and LXR synthesis revealed that desHA also regulated the contents of HMG-CoAR and eNOS via LXR/AKT/AMPK pathway. Thus, desHA played an essential role in cholesterol efflux and synthesis, which indicated desHA and Thelenota ananas are valuable resources to exploit new functional food and nutraceuticals.

Preparation and antioxidant properties of low molecular holothurian glycosaminoglycans by H2O2/ascorbic acid degradation.

An effective method of free radical degradation induced by H2O2/ascorbic acid, which was different from previously reported H2O2/Cu2+ method, was developed to depolymerize a novel glycosaminoglycan from Holothuria mexicana (HmG). The results indicated that the degradation efficiency increased with the reduced solution concentration, increased H2O2 concentration and ascorbic acid concentration. The chemical composition and structure of different molecular HmG were analyzed. The results showed that the primary structure and sulfate esters were well reserved during the degradation. Two dimension nuclear magnetic resonance of a low molecular product (DHmG-2) indicate that it contained chondroitin sulfate backbone and major 4-O-sulfated fucose branches. The antioxidant assays of HmG and DHmG-3 showed a fine scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), superoxide and hydroxyl radicals in concentration dependent manner. Besides, molecular weight did not obviously affect the antioxidant activities of HmG.

Characterization of Metabolic Pathways and Absorption of Sea Cucumber Saponins, Holothurin A and Echinoside A, in Vitro and in Vivo.

Sea cucumber saponins (SCSs) exhibit a wide spectrum of bioactivities, but their metabolic characteristics are not well elucidated. In this study, the metabolism of holothurin A (HA) and echinoside A (EA), 2 major saponins in sea cucumber, by gut microflora were investigated. First, we conducted an in vitro study, where in the SCSs were incubated with intestinal microflora and the metabolites were detected by high pressure liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. We also conducted an in vivo study on rats, where in the intestinal contents, serum, urine, and feces were collected and evaluated after oral administration of SCSs. In the in vitro study, we identified 6 deglycosylated metabolites of HA and EA, assigned M1-M6. In the in vivo study, we found all the deglycosylated metabolites in the intestinal contents after oral administration, and both the metabolites and their prototype components could be absorbed. Four metabolites were identified in the serum, 6 in the urine, and 4 in the feces. The saponins with different structures showed different absorption characteristics in rats. According to our results, deglycosylation is the main intestinal microflora-mediated metabolic pathway for SCSs, and both the SCSs and deglycosylated metabolites can be absorbed by intestine. This study improves the understanding of the metabolism of HA and EA by gut flora, which will be useful for further analysis of the bioactivity mechanism of SCSs.

Total Synthesis of Echinoside†A, a Representative Triterpene Glycoside of Sea Cucumbers.

Echinoside A, a sulfonylated holostane tetrasaccharide with potent anticancer and antifungal activity, was synthesized in a longest linear sequence of 35 steps and 0.6 % overall yield. The synthetic approach is adaptable to the synthesis of congeners and analogues, as exemplified by the ready synthesis of ds-echinoside A and echinoside B, and thus will facilitate in-depth studies on the promising biological effects of echinoside A. Moreover, the present synthesis demonstrates the feasibility of synthetic access to the characteristic complex triterpene glycosides that occur ubiquitously in sea cucumbers.

Structure elucidation, protein profile and the antitumor effect of the biological active substance extracted from sea cucumber Holothuria polii.

Holothuria polii (Delle Chiaje, 1823) (Holothuriidae) is a sea cucumber inhabiting Mediterranean Sea coast of Egypt. The bioactive compound of its tegument has antifungal, antibacterial and antiparasitic effects. The present study aims to elucidate the structure of the bioactive material of H. polii for pharmacological and chemotaxonomic purposes. Furthermore, the study demonstrates its efficacy as a cytotoxic agents against two tumor cell lines HCT116 (colon adenocarcinoma cell line) and MCF7 (breast adenocarcinoma cell line). The biological active compound of the ethanol extract has been characterized by means of infrared (IR), proton-nuclear magnetic resonance ((1)H NMR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and mass spectra. Protein profile was carried out using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cytotoxic activity was carried out according to sulforhodamine-B assay. IR, (1)H NMR, UV-Vis and mass spectra showed that the extracted bioactive material is a nonsulfated hexaosides called bivittoside. This glycoside is composed of aglycone and a glycosidic chain (carbohydrate chain) enclosed with six sugar units, including xylose, glucose, 3-O-methylglucose and quinovose. There were no traces of dissolved proteins. The preliminary cytotoxic assay of bivittoside exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against two types of cultured tumor cell lines of HCT116 and MCF7. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration was 17.4 µg/ml and 18 µg/ml for MCF7 and HCT116, respectively. Although H. polii belongs to the genus Holothuria, the lacking of sulfate group and the fact that it contains up to six monosaccharides make it different from this genus. The present study suggests separation of H. polii from its genus to a new one. On the other hand, results support the hypothesis that H. polii bioactive compound has an antitumor effect.

Effects of two sulfated triterpene saponins echinoside A and holothurin A on the inhibition of dietary fat absorption and obesity reduction.

Two similarly sulfated triterpene saponins from Pearsonothuria graeffei were prepared to investigate the anti-obesity effects of echinoside A (EA) and holothurin A (HA). The in vitro inhibitory activities of EA and HA toward pancreatic lipase were investigated, and two in vivo studies were performed: (i) Male Wistar rats were orally administered the lipid emulsion with or without a saponin (HA or EA). The serum's total triglyceride concentration was measured at various times. (ii) C57BL/6 mice were assigned to four groups, high fat (HF), EA (0.03%), HA (0.04%), and orlistat (0.01%), and the weight of adipose tissue and level of fatty acids excreted in the feces were determined. Both EA and HA repressed the pancreatic lipase activity and increased fatty acid excretion in the feces. Treatment with EA and HA significantly decreased the adipose tissue accumulation in mice. EA and HA manifested different inhibitory activities in vitro, but each of them dramatically inhibited lipid absorption in vivo and showed strong anti-obesity activity.

Discovery of novel saponins from the viscera of the sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni.

Sea cucumbers, sometimes referred to as marine ginseng, produce numerous compounds with diverse functions and are potential sources of active ingredients for agricultural, nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products. We examined the viscera of an Australian sea cucumber Holothuria lessoni Massin et al. 2009, for novel bioactive compounds, with an emphasis on the triterpene glycosides, saponins. The viscera were extracted with 70% ethanol, and this extract was purified by a liquid-liquid partition process and column chromatography, followed by isobutanol extraction. The isobutanol saponin-enriched mixture was further purified by high performance centrifugal partition chromatography (HPCPC) with high purity and recovery. The resultant purified polar samples were analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS)/MS and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS)/MS to identify saponins and characterize their molecular structures. As a result, at least 39 new saponins were identified in the viscera of H. lessoni with a high structural diversity, and another 36 reported triterpene glycosides, containing different aglycones and sugar moieties. Viscera samples have provided a higher diversity and yield of compounds than observed from the body wall. The high structural diversity and novelty of saponins from H. lessoni with potential functional activities presents a great opportunity to exploit their applications for industrial, agricultural and pharmaceutical use.

Screening of marine extracts for schistosomicidal activity in vitro. Isolation of the triterpene glycosides echinosides A and B with potential activity from the Sea Cucumbers Actinopyga echinites and Holothuria polii.

CONTEXT: Praziquantel (PZQ) is the drug available for the treatment of schistosomiasis. The reported reduced cure rates, the failure of treatment after PZQ administration in patients and the existence of resistant parasite strains, reinforce the need to rapidly discover new effective molecules against Schistosoma parasite. OBJECTIVE: To screen the methanol extracts of 79 marine organisms for their schistosomicidal activities against Schistosoma mansoni adult worms in vitro and perform bio-assay directed chromatography for the most active extracts to isolate the active compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Screening of the marine organisms and bio-assay directed chromatography of the most active extracts together with identification of the active isolates using 1D and 2D NMR analysis, were investigated. RESULTS: RESULTS indicated that the isolates echinosides A and B from the sea cucumbers Actinopyga echinites Jaeger and Holothuria polii Delle Chiaie (Holothuriidae) were highly active. Their LC(50) values were equal to 0.19 µg/ml and 0.27 µg/ml, respectively. Detailed (1)HNMR data for echinosides A and B are reported here for the first time. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrate that the isolated echinosides possess potential in vitro schistosomicidal activity against S. mansoni adult worms. Therefore, echinosides are promising as lead compounds for the development of new schistosomicidal agents.

In vitro and in vivo anti-tumour activities of echinoside A and ds-echinoside A from Pearsonothuria graeffei.

BACKGROUND: Echinoside A (EA) and ds-echinoside A (DSEA) are triterpene glycosides isolated from the sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei. DSEA, the desulfurisation product of EA, has the following structure: ß-D-xylopyranosyl-holost-8(9),11(12)-diene-3ß,17α-diol. In the present study, we examined the anti-tumour activities-in particular, the structure-activity relationships-of EA and DSEA in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Both EA and DSEA exhibited an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation, along with apoptosis-inducing activity, in HepG2 cells. Moreover, they significantly arrested the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. A reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay revealed that EA and DSEA significantly increased the expression of the cell-cycle-related genes, namely, p16, p21 and c-myc, and decreased that of cyclin D1. Western blotting analysis demonstrated that they down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, and enhanced mitochondria cytochrome c release, caspase-3 activation, and poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase, cleavage. Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) expression was significantly decreased by DSEA, but was unaffected by EA. EA and DSEA (2.5 mg kg⁻¹) treatment of mice bearing H22 hepatocarcinoma tumours reduced the tumour weight by 49.8% and 55.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: EA and DSEA exhibit marked anti-cancer activity in HepG2 cells, by blocking cell-cycle progression and inducing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway. DSEA-induced apoptosis was more potent than EA-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, the two triterpene glycosides derived from P. graeffei may induce apoptosis of HepG2 cells in an NF-κB-dependent or NF-κB-independent manner, depending on their structure.

Antifungal active triterpene glycosides from sea cucumber Holothuria scabra.

To study the new antifungal active triterpene glycosides of sea cucumber Holothuria scabra. Triterpene glycosides from Holothuria scabra were separated and purified by silica gel chromatography, reversed-phase silica gel chromatography and RP-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral data and chemical evidence. Three triterpene glycosides were identified as scabraside A (1), echinoidea A (2) and holothurin A1 (3). Scabraside A (1) is a new triterpene glycoside, and compounds 2 and 3 were isolated from Holothuria scabra for the first time. They showed antifungal activities (1 < or = MIC80 < or = 16 microg mL(-1)).

Spermicidal activity of bivittoside D from Bohadschia vitiensis.

BACKGROUND: A recent revelation about increased susceptibility to HIV by use of nonoxynol-9 (N-9) has called for identification of novel molecules with potent sperm-attenuating activity and lower side-effect profile, as suitable alternatives. The present study was designed to investigate spermicidal activity in Bohadschia vitiensis whole-body extracts followed by isolation and characterization of bioactive molecule. METHODS: Bohadschia vitiensis (Semper) was collected from the Southern Andaman coast of India. Freshly collected marine animals were extracted with methanol. A portion of the crude extract was fractionated into four fractions by macerating with hexane, chloroform, and n-butanol successively. All fractions were evaluated for spermicidal activity. Because maximum activity was localized in the n-butanol soluble fraction, it was chromatographed over a silica gel column, and elution with chloroform-methanol-water (35:10:2, v/v) yielded the major compound bivittoside D (400 mg). Bivittoside D [molecular weight (MW) 1426] is a lanostane triterpenoid with six monosaccharide units. The structure of the compound was established on the basis of physicochemical data, acid hydrolysis of saponin, identification of sugar units and aglycon, melting point, and by comparison with data reported in the literature. RESULTS: The aqueous methanol extract of the Bohadschia vitiensis caused 100% mortality of human sperm at 0.01% concentration in vitro, whereas N-9 (reference control) exhibited an equivalent activity at 0.05%. On further fractionation, activity was localized in n-butanol soluble fraction from which the major compound purified was a lanostane triterpenoid called bivittoside D. Bivittoside D was found to be a more potent spermicide (approximately 2.3 times) than N-9 and killed 100% human sperm at the concentration of 350 muM in approximately 20 sec in vitro. Supravital staining and hypoosmotic swelling test revealed sperm membrane permeabilization by bivittoside D as the major mode of spermicidal action. However, bivittoside D was much safer than N-9 towards normal vaginal flora (Lactobacillus) in vitro, although it affected the viability of HeLa cells like other surfactants. CONCLUSION: Bivittoside D from B. vitiensis can adequately replace N-9 in vaginal contraceptives to make them more vaginally safe and ecofriendly.

Antileishmanial activity in vitro and in vivo of constituents of sea cucumber Actinopyga lecanora.

In the search of new antileishmanial drugs from marine resources, we have investigated Actinopyga lecanora, a coral reef sea cucumber, for its in vitro and in vivo activities. Methanol extract and n-butanol fraction of A. lecanora exhibited excellent Leishmania donovani inhibition. Among the two glycosides isolated from n-butanol fraction, holothurin B (2) displayed excellent in vitro and moderate in vivo leishmanicidal activity, whereas holothurin A (1) revealed only moderate action. These findings provide an important marine lead toward the development of new antileishmanial drugs and necessitate the further exploration of rich and diverse marine resources for more potent bioactive molecules.

Holothurins B(2), B(3), and B(4), new triterpene glycosides from mediterranean sea cucumbers of the genus holothuria.

Triterpene glycosides of three species of the Mediterranean sea cucumbers Holothuria polii, Holothuria tubulosa, and Holothuria sp. were studied. Three new monosulfated biosides, holothurins B(2) (1), B(3) (2), and B(4) (3), along with the previously known holothurins A (4) and B (5) were isolated from the sea cucumber H. polii. Triterpene glycosides belonging to holothurin A and B groups were found in H. tubulosa, while only one individual glycoside, holothurin A (4), was isolated from Holothuria sp. Structures of new substances were elucidated on the basis of spectral data (2D NMR and MS). The significance of holothurins as chemotaxonomic markers of the animals belonging to the genus Holothuria and taxonomic status of some representatives of the holothurians studied are discussed.

Hemolytic activities of triterpene glycosides from the holothurian order Dendrochirotida: some trends in the evolution of this group of toxins.

Hemolysis and K+ loss from mouse erythrocytes, induced by triterpene glycosides and their derivatives from this order of sea cucumbers were studied. Sulfate groups, attached to position 4 of the first xylose residue and to position 6 of the third glucose residue of the branched pentaosides, having 3-O-methyl-groups in terminal monosaccharide moieties increase K+ loss. A sulfate group at C-4 of the first xylose residue increases the hemolytic activity while a sulfate at C-6 of the third monosaccharide unit decreases it. A sulfate group at C-6 of terminal 3-O-methylglucose drastically decreases the hemolytic activity and rate of K+ loss. The presence of a sulfate group at the first xylose residue in glycosides having no 3-O-methyl group at the terminal monosaccharide decreases hemolytic activity and rate of K+ loss. The presence of the 16-ketone group in aglycones having the 7(8)-double bond significantly decreases activity. These results correlate with the previously proposed trends in evolution of sea cucumber glycosides from substances having sulfate groups at C-6 of glucose and 3-O-methylglucose units to substances sulfated at C-4 of the first xylose or having no sulfate groups, and from substances with aglycone 16-ketone to substances having no oxygen functions in this position.

Pharmacological action of the heptapeptide GFSKLYFamide in the muscle of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima (Echinodermata).

The holothurian neuropeptide GFSKLYFamide (Gly-Phe-Ser-Lys-Leu-Tyr-Phe-NH2), GFSKLYFa, was characterized recently and shown to be present in nerve fibers that apparently innervate various muscle systems. We have studied the potential neurotransmitter role of this peptide by assaying its effects on the contractility of visceral and somatic muscles. GFSKLYFa in nanomolar concentrations induces a relaxation of the muscle tension in the intestine. A similar effect is observed on the longitudinal muscle bands of the body wall of the sea cucumber. The relaxing action of GFSKLYFa is dose dependent suggesting that its action is mediated by receptors present in the muscle cells. In addition, GFSKLYFa induces the relaxation of the acetylcholine contracted intestine. Our investigation provides additional evidence indicating that GFSKLYFa might be a neurotransmitter acting at the neuromuscular junctions of the sea cucumber Holothuria glaberrima.