Coronel (SM-M) Doctor Waldemar Vanini Perrone: segundo Director Técnico del Servicio de Sanidad Militar (1974 - 1978) / Colonel (SM-M) Dr. Waldemar Vanini Perrone: second Technical Director of the Military Health Service (1974 - 1978) / Coronel (SM-M) Dr. Waldemar Vanini Perrone: segundo Diretor Técnico do Serviço de Saúde Militar (1974 - 1978)

El 23 de diciembre de 1918 se creó por ley el Servicio de Sanidad del Ejército y la Armada, dependencia del Ministerio respectivo y remoto antecedente de la actual Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas de Uruguay. Un Director General con título médico fue designado como jerarca del nuevo Servicio y presidente de su Consejo de Administración. Fue asimilado al grado militar acorde con su jerarquía administrativa: coronel. Mientras la dirección general estuvo a cargo de médicos, éstos fueron designados por ley como Directores Científicos de Sanidad Militar. El Director General Científico tuvo amplísimas atribuciones técnicas y administrativas: reglamentación de los servicios a crearse; representación de la institución; superintendencia técnica de todos los establecimientos; propuesta de nombramientos; asesoramiento del ministerio respectivo; remoción y propuesta de destituciones. El primer Director General de Sanidad fue el médico Francisco Fernández Enciso (1878-1925) quien ejerció el cargo entre 1918 y 1920. Y el último, el médico Guillermo Rodríguez Guerrero, entre 1948 y 1953. Desde entonces, y en forma definitiva, la dirección general quedó a cargo de militares de carrera, pero no médicos, asistidos de un Consejo Técnico Consultivo por médicos del hospital central. El 24 de abril de 1962, se insertó en la Orden del Servicio de Sanidad el nombramiento del coronel médico Hugo Brugnini como Subdirector del Servicio e Inspector General de Servicios de Sanidad. De acuerdo a esta documentación, la Subdirección Técnica del Servicio de Sanidad Militar se inició en 1962 y su primer titular fue el médico Hugo Brugnini. Desde entonces se han nombrado numerosos profesionales para ocupar el cargo de subdirección o lisa y llanamente dirección técnica. Quien sucedió al doctor Brugnini fue el coronel médico Waldemar Vanini, nacido en Montevideo el 16 de febrero de 1924 y fallecido en 1979 en la misma ciudad a la edad de 55 años.

El campo inglés / The English countryside / O campo inglês

This article is a historical research that focuses on the site where the National Directorate of Health of the Armed Forces, the Central Hospital, the General Directorate of Peripheral Care, the Supply Division and the Directorate of Architecture and Hospital Engineering are currently located. It has belonged to the Uruguayan State since its creation. During the decades of 1880 and 1890, it was given on loan to one of the oldest clubs in our country, the Montevideo Cricket Club. The first two soccer matches of which there are historical references took place there. Of those first years, there are no photographs of that area, but there is an oil painting made around 1930-34 by a member of the Cricket that until now the only thing that is known of the person is the name, A.W. Hall. Hall. This painting is currently located in the aforementioned clubhouse.

Este artigo é uma pesquisa histórica que se concentra no local onde se encontram atualmente a Diretoria Nacional de Saúde das Forças Armadas, o Hospital Central, a Diretoria Geral de Atenção Periférica, a Divisão de Abastecimento e a Diretoria de Arquitetura e Engenharia Hospitalar. Pertence ao Estado uruguaio desde sua criação. Durante os anos 1880 e 1890, ela foi emprestada a um dos clubes mais antigos de nosso país, o Montevideo Cricket Club. As duas primeiras partidas de futebol, das quais há referências históricas, aconteceram ali. Desde aqueles primeiros anos, não há fotografias desta área, mas há uma pintura a óleo feita por volta de 1930-34 por um membro do Cricket Club, cujo único nome conhecido é A.W. Hall. Salão. A pintura está atualmente alojada na sede do clube acima mencionado.

El presente artículo es una investigación histórica que tiene como eje el predio donde actualmente se erige la Dirección Nacional de Sanidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Hospital Central, Dirección General de Atención Periférica, División Abastecimientos y Dirección de Arquitectura e Ingeniería Hospitalaria. El mismo pertenece al Estado Uruguayo desde su creación. Durante las décadas de 1880 y 1890, se entregó en comodato a uno de los clubes más antiguos de nuestro país, el Montevideo Cricket Club. En él se llevaron a cabo los dos primeros partidos de fútbol de los cuales se tienen referencias históricas. De esos primeros años, no existen fotografías de dicha área, sí, un óleo realizado alrededor de 1930-34 por un miembro del Cricket que hasta el momento lo único que se conoce de la persona es el nombre, A.W. Hall. Dicha pintura, se localiza actualmente en la sede del club mencionado.

D-Day to December 1944: The odyssey of the third auxiliary surgical group in World War II.

ABSTRACT: As a Major in the US Army Medical Corps, Darrell A. Campbell, MD, led Team 13 of the Third Auxiliary Surgical Group in Europe in World War II. The team began work on June 7, 1944, in a clearing station tent near the beach at Normandy. Subsequently, over the next 7 months, it was assigned to mobile hospitals in 15 different locations in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany. Major Campbell kept the log books used to record all of the operations done by his team during this time and brought them home where three were discovered more than 70 years later. These log books contain descriptions of more than 500 consecutive operations done by Team 13. They provide a unique insight into the activities of the surgeons who worked to save lives on the front lines of battle in the European Theater of Operations between June and December 1944 and form the basis for this historical perspective.This is an article on the history of surgery.

Oficiais enfermeiros no hospital militar no ano de 1995 / Oficiales enfermeros en el hospital militar en el año de 1995 / Nursing officers at the military hospital in the year of 1995

Resumo Objetivo analisar a lotação e distribuição da primeira turma de oficiais enfermeiros, ao término do Curso de Formação de Oficiais, com a patente de 2º Tenente, no Hospital Central da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, em 1995. Método estudo histórico em fontes documentais escritas e orais produzidas por meio de 19 entrevistas, sendo 18 oficiais enfermeiros e um civil. Os conceitos de poder simbólico e capital de Pierre Bourdieu consubstanciaram a análise dos achados. Resultados a classificação obtida no curso de formação de oficiais e a experiência profissional, embora com menor peso, foram preponderantes na distribuição nos setores do hospital. Considerações finais e implicações para prática os critérios de antiguidade da vida militar influenciaram na configuração da equipe de enfermagem no hospital militar. Destaca-se que a ocupação das chefias pelos oficiais enfermeiros foi determinada pelo capital incorporado no estágio probatório, o qual foi institucionalizado pela patente.

Resumen Objetivo analizar la capacidad y la distribución de la primera clase de oficiales enfermeros al término del Curso de Formación de Oficiales, con el grado de 2º Teniente, en el Hospital Central da Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, en 1995. Método estudio histórico en fuentes de documentos escritos y orales producidos a través de 19 entrevistas, 18 de las cuales fueron enfermeras y una civil. Los conceptos de poder simbólico y capital de Pierre Bourdieu fundamentaron el análisis de los hallazgos. Resultados la clasificación obtenida en el curso de formación para oficiales y la experiencia profesional predominaron en la distribución en los sectores hospitalarios, aunque con menor peso. Conclusión e implicaciones para práctica los criterios de antigüedad en la vida militar influyeron en la configuración del equipo de enfermería. Se destaca que la ocupación de los comandos por oficiales enfermeros fue determinada por el capital incorporado en la etapa probatoria, institucionalizada por el grado.

Abstract Objective to analyze the capacity and distribution of the first class of nurse officers, at the end of the Officer Training Course, with the rank of 2nd Lieutenant, at the Hospital Central da Polícia Militar of the State of Rio de Janeiro, in 1995. Method historical study in written and oral documentary sources produced through 19 interviews, of which 18 are nurse officers and one civilian. Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of symbolic power and capital substantiated the analysis of the findings. Results the classification obtained in the training course for officers and professional experience, although with less weight, were preponderant for the distribution in the hospital sectors. Final considerations and implications for practice the criteria of seniority in military life influenced the configuration of the nursing team at the military hospital. It is noteworthy that the occupation of the heads by the nurse officers was determined by the capital incorporated in the probationary period, which was institutionalized by the patent.

The Scottish Women's Hospitals: the first World War and the careers of early medical women.

The Scottish Women's Hospitals for Foreign Service (SWH) was a women's organization that equipped fourteen women's hospital units across Europe during the First World War. About one hundred female doctors of different backgrounds served with the SWH. The aim of this study is to investigate how the experiences of women doctors during the First World War affected their later careers. This retrospective cohort study included the 92 women doctors who survived the War, as well as another 6 volunteers who qualified in medicine shortly after the War. By studying their publications, (auto)biographies, obituaries, genealogical databases and entries in the Medical Directory, their lives and careers are reconstructed. This study argues that, even though wartime service undoubtedly had an enormous impact on this group of brave and forward-thinking women, the beneficial effects on the position of women doctors, as a whole, were negligible.

[The military health service in the process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army (1888-1938)]. / El servicio de sanidad militar en el proceso de modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del ejército argentino (1888-1938).

At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, a process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army was initiated. As a result of this process, Army divisions were formed, which are autonomous military organizations composed of units of various weapons, combat support elements and services. Included among the latter was the military health service, which acted both in the operational units of the military districts in order to incorporate citizens into the Compulsory Military Service as well as in military hospitals. This article aims to: 1) characterize this process in relation to the concepts of defense, organization, functions and territorial deployment of the Army; 2) analyze, within that framework, the formation of the military health service between 1888 -when the Organic Law of the Sanitary Corp of the Army and the Navy was sanctioned - and 1938 - when the Army's organic design was changed on the eve of the Second World War.

Hacia fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX se inició la modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del Ejército Argentino. Como resultado de ese proceso se conformaron las divisiones del Ejército, esto es, organizaciones militares autónomas entre sí, compuestas por unidades de diferentes armas, elementos de apoyo de combate y de servicios. Entre estos últimos estaba el de sanidad militar, que actuaba en las unidades operativas de los distritos militares para el reconocimiento de los ciudadanos para el Servicio Militar Obligatorio y en los hospitales militares. Este artículo tiene por objetivos: 1) caracterizar ese proceso en sus relaciones con las concepciones de la defensa, organización, funciones y despliegue territorial del Ejército; 2) analizar, en ese marco, la conformación del servicio de sanidad militar entre 1888, con la sanción de la Ley Orgánica del Cuerpo de Sanidad del Ejército y la Armada, y 1938, con los cambios en el diseño orgánico del Ejército en vísperas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

The Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital in the Korean War (1951-1954): Military Hospital or Humanitarian "Sanctuary?"

During the Korean War (1950-1953) the Norwegian government sent a mobile army surgical hospital (MASH) to support the efforts of the United Nations (UN) Army. From the first, its status was ambiguous. The US-led military medical services believed that the "Norwegian Mobile Army Surgical Hospital" (NORMASH) was no different from any other MASH; but both its originators and its staff regarded it as a vehicle for humanitarian aid. Members of the hospital soon recognized that their status in the war zone was primarily that of a military field hospital. Yet they insisted on providing essential medical care to the local civilian population as well as trauma care to UN soldiers and prisoners of war. The ambiguities that arose from the dual mission of NORMASH are explored in this article, which pays particular attention to the experiences of nurses, as expressed in three types of source: their contemporary letters to their Matron-in-Chief; a report written by one nurse shortly after the war; and a series of oral history interviews conducted approximately 60 years later. The article concludes that the nurses of NORMASH experienced no real role-conflict. They viewed it as natural that they should offer their services to both military and civilian casualties according to need, and they experienced a sense of satisfaction from their work with both types of patient. Ultimately, the experience of Norwegian nurses in Korea illustrates the powerful sense of personal agency that could be experienced by nurses in forward field hospitals, where political decision-making did not impinge too forcefully on their clinical and ethical judgment as clinicians.

El servicio de sanidad militar en el proceso de modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del ejército argentino (1888-1938) / The military health service in the process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army (1888-1938)

RESUMEN Hacia fines del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX se inició la modernización, burocratización y profesionalización del Ejército Argentino. Como resultado de ese proceso se conformaron las divisiones del Ejército, esto es, organizaciones militares autónomas entre sí, compuestas por unidades de diferentes armas, elementos de apoyo de combate y de servicios. Entre estos últimos estaba el de sanidad militar, que actuaba en las unidades operativas de los distritos militares para el reconocimiento de los ciudadanos para el Servicio Militar Obligatorio y en los hospitales militares. Este artículo tiene por objetivos: 1) caracterizar ese proceso en sus relaciones con las concepciones de la defensa, organización, funciones y despliegue territorial del Ejército; 2) analizar, en ese marco, la conformación del servicio de sanidad militar entre 1888, con la sanción de la Ley Orgánica del Cuerpo de Sanidad del Ejército y la Armada, y 1938, con los cambios en el diseño orgánico del Ejército en vísperas de la Segunda Guerra Mundial.

ABSTRACT At the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century, a process of modernization, bureaucratization and professionalization of the Argentine Army was initiated. As a result of this process, Army divisions were formed, which are autonomous military organizations composed of units of various weapons, combat support elements and services. Included among the latter was the military health service, which acted both in the operational units of the military districts in order to incorporate citizens into the Compulsory Military Service as well as in military hospitals. This article aims to: 1) characterize this process in relation to the concepts of defense, organization, functions and territorial deployment of the Army; 2) analyze, within that framework, the formation of the military health service between 1888 -when the Organic Law of the Sanitary Corp of the Army and the Navy was sanctioned - and 1938 - when the Army's organic design was changed on the eve of the Second World War.

The Knights Hospitaller of Rhodes and the Black Death of 1498: a poetic description of the plague.

The study is a presentation of the sole written testimony of the great plague epidemic that struck the island of Rhodes in 1498, at the time when the Order of the Knights of St. John was settled there. The Greek poem "The Thanatikon (i.e., plague) of Rhodes", which was written by Emmanuel Georgillas Limenitis in the late 15th century and recounts the terrible events of the epidemic, was used as a source of information. Among the 644 verses of the poem, elements like the place, time, duration and how the epidemic spread can be identified. Within the historical context of the era, evaluation and analysis of the data reveal the correlation between human activities and the physical history of the disease in the Mediterranean during the 15th century. The Plague of Rhodes confirms the value of non-medical sources in the medico-historical and historico-epidemiological study of the evolution of the disease caused by Yersinia pestis while highlighting an enduring intrinsic weakness of surveillance systems. Despite modern means of epidemiological surveillance, the risk of relaxation of a health system after a long period of absence of an infectious disease constitutes a major factor for future resurgence of the specific disease.

El cuidado de la salud del Ejército de los Andes del general San Martín / The health care of the Army of Andes of General San Martín

A través de la revisión de documentos históricos y otras fuentes bibliográficas, y desde la perspectiva de la enfermería, se describen los recursos y prácticas sanitarias con que contaba el equipo de salud que acompañó al cuerpo del Ejército de los Andes al mando del general José de San Martín desde el inicio del cruce de los Andes el 19 de enero en las Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, hasta finalizada la batalla de Chacabuco, en la Capitanía General de Chile, el 12 de febrero de 1817. Este trabajo nos permite conocer el trabajo de los primeros sanitarios militares que asistieron en el cuidado de los soldados de los ejércitos patrios y contribuir así a difundir la historia de la Medicina Argentina. (AU)

Through the review of historical documents and other bibliographic sources, and from the perspective of nursing, we describe the health resources and practices held by the health team that accompanied the Army of Los Andes under the command of General José de San Martín, from the start of crossing Los Andes on January 19th in the Provincias Unidas del Río de la Plata, to finish in the battle of Chacabuco, in the General Captaincy of Chile on February 12th, 1817. This work allows us to know the work of the first military health professionals who assisted in the care of the soldiers of the patriotic armies and contribute to spread the history of the Argentine Medicine. (AU)

Massacre of Canadian Army Medical Corps personnel after the sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle and the evolution of modern war crime jurisprudence.

SUMMARY: Events after the sinking of the hospital ship Llandovery Castle on June 27, 1918, by the German submarine U-86 outraged Canadians. Survivors aboard a single life raft gave evidence that many of the 234 souls lost had made it to lifeboats but were rammed and shot by the submarine. Many of those who died were nurses. Three German officers were charged with war crimes after the war. The submarine's captain evaded capture. The remaining two officers' defence that they were following the captain's orders failed and they were convicted. This ruling was used as a precedent to dismiss similar claims at the war crime trials after the Second World War. It is also the basis of the order given to members of modern militaries, including the Canadian Armed Forces, that it is illegal to carry out an illegal order.

The Canadian Army Medical Corps affair of 1916 and Surgeon General Guy Carleton Jones.

SUMMARY: The rapid expansion of military medical service in the First World War, successfully completed under the direction of Surgeon General Guy Carleton Jones, remains an extraordinary achievement in Canada's history. In 1916, a conflict of personalities threatened confidence in the service. Eventually Prime Minister Sir Robert Borden's intervention restored the status quo, but the affair eclipsed Jones's outstanding career.

Entre a engenharia militar e a arquitetura médica: representações de Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira sobre a cidade de Belém no final do século XVIII / Between military engineering and medical architecture: representations by Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira about the city of Belém in the late eighteenth century

Resumo O artigo analisa as concepções de Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira sobre a urbanização de Belém, fundamentadas na história natural e na medicina social, sintetizadas na obra de Antônio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches. Primeiramente, destaca-se a influência da engenharia militar na constituição do núcleo seiscentista da cidade e na irradiação da cidade-fortaleza, ressaltando as críticas de Ferreira à centralidade geoestratégica na constituição urbana. Num segundo momento, as reformas urbanas setecentistas realizadas sob preceitos da arquitetura médica, como a construção do Hospital Real Militar e os projetos de abastecimento de água. Por fim, é pensado um conceito de cidade-civilidade, expresso nas reformas urbanas com a construção de símbolos de poder estatal e de áreas de lazer e sociabilidade, incluindo as observações sobre as moradias.

Abstract This paper discusses Alexandre Rodrigues Ferreira's conceptions about the urbanization of Belém, rooted in natural history and social medicine, as expressed in the work of Antônio Nunes Ribeiro Sanches. The influence of military engineering on its constitution in the 1600s and the spread of this fortress town are investigated, emphasizing Ferreira's criticisms of the geostrategic centrality in the development of the city. The urban reforms of the 1700s under the precepts of medical architecture are then presented, such as the building of the Royal Military Hospital and the water supply system. The concept of the civil city is presented, as expressed in the urban redevelopments, with the building of symbols of state power, areas for leisure and conviviality, and housing.

No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) in the Great War: service and sacrifice.

SUMMARY: During the Great War, McGill University fielded a full general hospital to care for the wounded and sick among the Allied forces fighting in France and Belgium. The unit was designated No. 3 Canadian General Hospital (McGill) and included some of the best medical minds in Canada. Because the unit had a relationship with Sir William Osler, who was a professor at McGill from 1874 to 1885, the unit received special attention throughout the war, and legendary Canadian medical figures, such as John McCrae, Edward Archibald and Francis Scrimger, VC, served on its staff. The unit cared for thousands of victims of the war, and its trauma care advanced through the clinical innovation and research demanded by the nature of its work. Although No. 3 Canadian General Hospital suffered tragedies as well, such as the deaths of John McCrae and Osler's only son Revere, by the war's end the McGill hospital was known as one of the best medical units within the armies in France.

St Hugh's Military Hospital (Head Injuries), Oxford 1940-1945.

Despite being open for only five years, St Hugh's Military Hospital (Head Injuries) has a seminal place in the history of neurology, neurosurgery and rehabilitation medicine. At its peak, during the Normandy campaign of 1944, it provided 430 beds for the treatment of service personnel. Between 1940 and 1945, 13,000 patients were referred to St Hugh's providing a unique opportunity for ground-breaking research into the management of head injuries. The doctors at St Hugh's collaborated with research scientists at Oxford University in many areas of fundamental research including the treatment of infection, the mechanics of brain injury, brain surgery, neuropsychiatry and rehabilitation, and the use of electroencephalograms. This paper documents these scientific advances and considers their influence on the practice of neurology and neurosurgery in the UK.

A uniquely Canadian military moment: Sam Hughes and the No. 7 General Hospital, 1915-1916.

SUMMARY: Universities across Canada actively supported the call to arms in 1914, and Queen's University in Kingston, Ontario, was no different. Though a myriad of units composed of Queen's faculty and students were created, the university perceived the military hospital raised by the school's medical faculty to be among its most vital contributions to the First World War. This commentary describes the engagement of the No. 7 General Hospital with the Minister of Militia, Sam Hughes, which has become an almost unknown footnote to its illustrious story. This commentary has an Appendix, available at canjsurg.ca.