Devosia salina sp. nov., isolated from South China Sea sediment.

An aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and motile strain, designated SCS-3T, was isolated from deep-sea sediment of the South China Sea. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities revealed that strain SCS-3T represented a novel species of the genus Devosia, with closely related strains 'Devosia sediminis' MSA67T (98.61 %), Devosia riboflavina IFO13584T (98.22 %) and Devosia indica IO390501T (97.72 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 63.44 mol%. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with 'D. sediminis' MSA67T, D. riboflavina IFO13584T and D. indica IO390501T were 24.50, 21.8 and 24.80 %, respectively. The major polar lipids of strain SCS-3T were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. Ubiquinone-10 was the sole isoprenoid quinone, and C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) were the major fatty acids. Based on polyphasic taxonomic data, strain SCS-3T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia salina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SCS-3T (=JCM 34403T=GDMCC 1.2221T).

Devosia rhizoryzae sp. nov., and Devosia oryziradicis sp. nov., novel plant growth promoting members of the genus Devosia, isolated from the rhizosphere of rice plants.

Two novel Gram-negative, aerobic, asporogenous, motile, rod-shaped, orange and white pigmented, designated as LEGU1T and G19T, were isolated from the roots of rice plants, collected from Goyang, South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on their 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that they belonged to the genus Devosia and formed a different lineage and clusters with different members of the genus Devosia. These strains shared common chemotaxonomic features. In particular, they had Q-10 as the sole quinone, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol as the principal polar lipids and C16:0, C18:1ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 8 (comprising C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c) as the main fatty acids. The draft genome sequences of strains LEGU1T and G19T were 3,524,978 and 3,495,520 bp in size, respectively. Their average nucleotide identity (ANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were 72.8-81.9% and 18.7-25.1%, respectively, with each other and type strains of related species belonging to the genus Devosia, suggesting that these two strains represent novel species. The G + C content of strains LEGU1T and G19T were 62.1 and 63.8%, respectively. Of the two strains, only LEGU1T produced carotenoid and flexirubin-type pigment. Both strains produced siderophore and indole acetic acid (IAA) in the presence of L-tryptophan. Siderophore biosynthesis genes, auxin responsive genes and tryptophan biosynthesis genes were present in their genomes. The present study aimed to determine the detailed taxonomic positions of the strains using the modern polyphasic approach. Based on the results of polyphasic analysis, these strains are suggested to be two novel bacterial species within the genus Devosia. The proposed names are D. rhizoryzae sp. nov., and Devosia oryziradicis sp. nov., respectively. The plant growth promoting effects of these strains suggest that they can be exploited to improve rice crop productivity. The type strain of D. rhizoryzae is LEGU1T (KCTC 82712T = NBRC 114485T) and D. oryziradicis is G19T (KCTC 82688T = NBRC 114842T).

Devosia equisanguinis sp. nov., isolated from horse blood.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-endospore-forming organism isolated from horse blood was studied for its taxonomic allocation. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity comparisons, strain M6-77T grouped within the genus Devosia and was most closely related to Devosia elaeis (97.6 %) and Devosia indica (97.55 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to type strains of other Devosia species was below 97.5 %. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between the M6-77T genome assembly and those of the closest relative Devosia type strains were <85 and <25 %, respectively. Strain M6-77T grew optimally at 25-37 °C (range: 10-36 °C), at a pH range of pH 6.5-10.5 and in the presence of up to 3 % (w/v) NaCl. The fatty acid profile from whole-cell hydrolysates supported the allocation of the strain to the genus Devosia. Major fatty acids were C18 : 1 ω7c, 11-methyl C18 : 1 ω7c and C16 : 0. The quinone system consisted exclusively of ubiquinone Q-10. The polar lipid profile was composed of the major lipids diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and three unidentified glycolipids. In the polyamine pattern, putrescine was predominant and spermidine was detected in moderate amounts. The diamino acid of the peptidoglycan was meso-diaminopimelic acid. In addition, the results of physiological and biochemical tests also allowed phenotypic differentiation of strain M6-77T from the closely related species. Hence, M6-77T represents a new species of the genus Devosia, for which we propose the name Devosia equisanguinis sp. nov., with M6-77T (=CIP 111628T=LMG 30659T=CCM 8868T) as the type strain.

Devosia beringensis sp. nov., isolated from surface sediment of the Bering Sea.

Strain S02T was isolated from a surface sediment sample collected from the Bering Sea (64.3361° N, 170.9541° W). The cells were Gram-stain-negative, motile and rod-shaped. The temperature range for growth was 4-25 °C and the pH for growth was 5.5-9.0, with optimum growth occurring at 20-25 °C and pH 7.0-8.0. Growth occurred in the presence of 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2-5 %). Strain S02T had menaquinone-8 as the major respiratory quinone and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), C16:0, C17 : 0 cyclo, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c /C16 : 1 ω7c), C17 : 0 and C18 : 0 as major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was approximately 63.8 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S02T belonged to the genus Devosia. Strain S02T showed the highest sequence similarities to Devosia psychrophila Cr7-05T (97.5 %), Devosia naphthalenivorans CM5-1T (97.7 %), Devosia submarina KMM 9415T (97.4 %), Devosia epidermidihirudinis E84T (97.44 %), Devosia euplotis LIV5T (97.1 %) and Devosia limi DSM 17137T (96.7 %). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and phenotypic characteristics, a novel species of the genus Devosia, Devosia beringensis sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain S02T (=JCM 33772=CCTCC AB 2019343).

Description of Devosia faecipullorum sp. nov., harboring antibiotic- and toxic compound-resistace genes, isolated from poultry manure.

A polyphasic taxonomic approach was used to characterize a Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated strain CC-YST696T, harbouring antibiotic- and toxic compound-resistace genes, isolated from poultry manure in Taiwan. Cells of CC-YST696T were short rods, motile with polar flagella, catalase- and oxidase-positive. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °Ð¡, pH 9 and with 1 % NaCl. The results of phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes revealed a distinct taxonomic position attained by CC-YST696T associated with Devosia chinhatensis (97.9 % sequence identity), Devosia riboflavina (97.3 %) and Devosia indica (97.2 %), and with lower sequence similarity values to other species. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 72.8-80.0 % (n=17) compared within the type strains of species of of the genus Devosia. CC-YST696T contained C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω7c 11-methyl and C18:1ω6c/ C18:1ω7c as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified aminolipids, three unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified phospholipids and three unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 62.2 mol% and the predominant quinone was ubiquinone Q-10. On the basis of its distinct phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic traits together with results of comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence and ANI analyses, strain CC-YST696T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia faecipullorum sp. nov. (type strain CC-YST696T=BCRC 81284T=JCM 34167T) is proposed.

Pelagibacterium limicola sp. nov., isolated from a soda alkali-saline soil.

A Gram-staining negative, motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterium, designated NAJP-14T, was isolated from the alkali-saline soil in Heilongjiang, Northeast China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing illustrated that strain NAJP-14T was a member of the genus Pelagibacterium, and shared 94.6-96.6% sequence identities to species from the genus Pelagibacterium. Strain NAJP-14T grew at 20-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 7.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of up to 5% w/v NaCl. The menaquinone was determined to be Q (10). The major fatty acids were identified as C18:1w6c (38.7%), C16:0 (16.2%) and C19:0 cyclo w8c (13.9%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA was 61.2%. Out of the 3442 predicted genes, 3391 were protein-coding genes and 51 were ncRNA. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) estimation and average nucleotide identity (ANI) of the strain NAJP-14T and the type strains of related species in the same family ranged between 17.9 and 21.8% and between 61.4 and 78.7%, respectively. Based on these data, it is concluded that strain NAJP-14T possesses sufficient characteristics to differentiate it from all recognized Pelagibacterium species, and should be considered as a novel species for which the name Pelagibacterium limicola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NAJP-14T (= CGMCC 1.16631T, = JCM 33746T).

Devosia marina sp. nov., isolated from deep seawater of the South China Sea, and reclassification of Devosia subaequoris as a later heterotypic synonym of Devosia soli.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strain, designated L53-10-65T, was isolated from deep seawater of the South China Sea. Strain L53-10-65T was found to grow at 4-41 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (pH 7.0-8.0) and in 0-7 % (w/v) NaCl (2 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain L53-10-65T fell within the genus Devosia, with the highest similarity to Devosia indica IO390501T (98.4 %), followed by 'Devosia lucknowensis' L15T (97.7 %) and Devosia riboflavina IFO 13584T (96.8 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values between strain L53-10-65T and the three relatives above were 43.7, 21.5 and 20.9 %, respectively; the average nucleotide identity (ANI) values were 91.3, 78.4 and 76.8 %, respectively. These values were below the 70 % dDDH and 95-96 % ANI thresholds for bacterial species delineation. The major cellular fatty acids of strain L53-10-65T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), C18 : 1 ω7c 11-methyl and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipids. The respiratory quinone was identified as Q-10. The DNA G+C content of strain L53-10-65T was 61.3 mol%. Based on the results of phylogenetic analysis and distinctive phenotypic characteristics, strain L53-10-65T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the species is L53-10-65T (=MCCC 1A05139T=KCTC 72888T). Moreover, we propose that Devosia subaequoris is a later heterotypic synonym of Devosia soli based on the present results.

Devosia ginsengisoli sp. nov., isolated from ginseng cultivation soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, motile, ivory-coloured and rod-shaped bacterium (designated Gsoil 520T) isolated from ginseng cultivation soil was characterized by using a polyphasic approach to clarify its taxonomic position. Strain Gsoil 520T was observed to grow optimally at 30 °C and pH 7.0 on Reasoner's 2A agar medium. The results of phylogenetic analysis, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, indicated that Gsoil 520T belongs to the genus Devosia of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae and was most closely related to Devosia epidermidihirudinis E84T (98.0 %), Devosia yakushimensis Yak96BT (97.7 %), Devosia neptuniae J1T (97.7 %) and Devosia chinhatensis IPL18T (96.8 %). The complete genome of strain Gsoil 520T is a presumptive circular chromosome of 4 480 314 base pairs having G+C content of 63.7 mol%. A total of 4 354 genes, 4 303 CDS and 43 rRNA genes were assigned a putative function. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified aminolipids (AL1 and AL3). The predominant fatty acids of strain Gsoil 520T were C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl, C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c (summed feature 8) supporting the affiliation of strain Gsoil 520T to the genus Devosia. The low values of DNA-DNA hybridization distinguished strain Gsoil 520T from the recognized species of the genus Devosia. Thus, the novel isolate represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia ginsengisoli sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain Gsoil 520T (=KACC 19440T=LMG 30329T).

Devosia indica sp. nov., isolated from surface seawater in the Indian Ocean.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated IO390501T, was isolated from a sea water sample from the Indian Ocean and taxonomically characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain is phylogenetically close to 'Devosia lucknowensis' L15 and Devosia chinhatensis IPL18T, with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.7 and 97.4 %, respectively. The genome of IO390501T has a DNA G+C content of 61.9 mol% for the 3.9 Mb chromosome. Genome-based phylogenetic trees indicated that IO390501T clusters as an independent lineage with 'D. lucknowensis' L15. Genomic relatedness of in silico DNA-DNA hybridization between IO390501T and phylogenetic neighbours ranged from 18.8 to 21.5 %, below the cutoff of 70 %, and corresponding average nucleotide identity values were between 71.4 and 79.0 %, lower than the 95.0 % threshold. The predominant cellular fatty acids of IO390501T are summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/C18  : 1ω6c) and C16  :  0. IO390501T contains ubiquinone-10 as the sole respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipids as the major polar lipids. On the basis of the results of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic analyses, strain IO390501T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia for which the name Devosia indica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is IO390501T.

Pelagibacterium sediminicola sp. nov., isolated from tidal flat sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, obligately aerobic, cream-coloured, non-gliding, motile with a single polar flagellum and rod-shaped bacterium, designated IMCC34151T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain IMCC34151T belonged to the genus Pelagibacterium of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae and shared 94.7-96.8 % sequence similarities to Pelagibacterium species. Whole-genome sequencing of strain IMCC34151T revealed a genome size of 3.2 Mbp and a DNA G+C content of 62.6 mol%. The strain contained summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c), C19 : 0cyclo ω8c and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids and ubiquinone-10 (Q-10) as the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipids detected in the strain were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified glycolipids and 12 unidentified lipids. On the basis of its phylogenetic and phenotypic characteristics, strain IMCC34151T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pelagibacterium, for which the name Pelagibacteriumsediminicola sp. nov. (type strain IMCC34151T =KACC 19595T=NBRC 113420T) is proposed.

Devosia naphthalenivorans sp. nov., isolated from East Pacific Ocean sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated CM5-1T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the East Pacific Ocean. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain CM5-1T belongs to the genus Devosia, with closely related type strains Devosia submarina KMM 9415T (98.6 %), Devosia psychrophilaCr7-05T (98.6 %) and Devosia psychrophilaE84T (98.2 %). Up-to-date bacterial core gene set analysis revealed that strain CM5-1T represents one independent lineage with D. submarina KMM 9415T. The average nucleotide identity values of CM5-1T with D. submarina KMM 9415T and D. psychrophila Cr7-05T are 80.1 and 77.9 %, respectively. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain CM5-1T and D. submarina KMM 9415T and D. psychrophila Cr7-05T are 23.8 and 21.9 %, respectively. Strain CM5-1T contains diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipid as major polar lipids. The sole isoprenoid quinone is ubiquinone-10, and C18 : 1ω7c and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c are the dominant cellular fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA is 61.4 mol%. Differential phylogenetic distinctiveness and chemotaxonomic differences, together with the phenotypic properties observed in this study, revealed that strain CM5-1T could be differentiated from closely related species. Therefore, we propose strain CM5-1T as a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia naphthalenivorans sp. nov. is suggested. The type strain is CM5-1T (=JCM32509T=CGMCC 1.13553T).

Pelagibacterium lacus sp. nov., isolated from lake water.

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, oxidase- and catalase-positive, non-gliding, motile with a single polar flagellum, and short rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated XYN52T, was isolated from a freshwater lake in the west of China. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene determined that strain XYN52T was a member of the genus Pelagibacterium within the family Hyphomicrobiaceae. Strain XYN52T was able to grow at 4-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6.0-9.0 (pH 7.5) and in the presence of up to 7.0 % w/v NaCl (0.5 %).The major quinone was ubiquinone 10. The major cellular fatty acids were C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c, C19 : 0ω8c cyclo and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and three kinds of glycolipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 64.5 mol%. On the basis of these data, strain XYN52T represents a novel species in the genus Pelagibacterium, for which the name Pelagibacterium lacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is XYN52T (=KCTC 62845T=MCCC 1H00348T).

Pelagibacterium montanilacus sp. nov., an alkaliphilic bacterium isolated from Lake Cuochuolong on the Tibetan Plateau.

A Gram-stain negative, alkaliphilic and halotolerant bacterium, designated CCL18T, was isolated from Lake Cuochuolong on the Tibetan Plateau. The strain was aerobic, short rod-shaped, catalase- and oxidase-positive, and motile by means of several polar flagella. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that strain CCL18T belongs to the genus Pelagibacterium, with its two closest neighbours being Pelagibacterium halotolerans B2T (96.6 %, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Pelagibacterium luteolum 1_C16_27T (96.1 %). The predominant respiratory quinone of strain CCL18T was Q-10, with Q-9 as a minor component. The major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c (60.4 %), C19 : 0cyclo ω8c (8.1 %) and C18 : 0 (6.8 %). The polar lipids included phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, seven kinds of unidentified lipids and three kinds of glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 60.1 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization showed 35.2 % relatedness between strain CCL18T and P. halotolerans B2T and 24.6 % relatedness to P. luteolum 1_C16_27T. Based on phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization and a range of physiological and biochemical characteristics, strain CCL18T was clearly distinguishable from the other strains of the genus Pelagibacterium. It was evident that strain CCL18T could be classified as a novel species of the genus Pelagibacterium, for which the name Pelagibacterium montanilacus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCL18T (=CGMCC 1.16231T=KCTC 62030T).

Symbiont replacement between bacteria of different classes reveals additional layers of complexity in the evolution of symbiosis in the ciliate Euplotes.

Symbiosis is a diverse and complex phenomenon requiring diverse model systems. The obligate relationship between a monophyletic group of Euplotes species ("clade B") and the betaproteobacteria Polynucleobacter and "Candidatus Protistobacter" is among the best-studied in ciliates, and provides a framework to investigate symbiont replacements. Several other Euplotes-bacteria relationships exist but are less understood, such as the co-dependent symbiosis between Euplotes magnicirratus (which belongs to "clade A") and the alphaproteobacterium "Candidatus Devosia euplotis". Here we describe a new Devosia inhabiting the cytoplasm of a strain of Euplotes harpa, a clade B species that usually depends on Polynucleobacter for survival. The novel bacterial species, "Candidatus Devosia symbiotica", is closely related to the symbiont of E. magnicirratus, casting a different light on the history of bacteria colonizing ciliates of this genus. The two Devosia species may have become symbionts independently or as the result of a symbiont exchange between hosts, in either case replacing a previous essential bacterium in E. harpa. Alternatively, both may be remnants of an ancient symbiotic relationship between Euplotes and Devosia, in which case Polynucleobacter and "Ca. Protistobacter" are recent invaders. Either way, symbiont replacement between bacteria belonging to different classes must be evoked to explain this fascinating system.

Limoniibacter endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., an alphaproteobacterium isolated from the roots of Limonium otolepis.

A Gram-negative bacterium, designated as strain YIM 690229T, was isolated from the roots of Limonium otolepis. The strain was able to grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 28-37 °C), pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, 7.0) and in the presence of up to 7% NaCl (w/v) (optimum, up to 2.5%). Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain YIM 690229T shared less than 93.9% sequence similarities with members within the order Rhizobiales, and was remotely related to members of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae. Strain YIM 690229T was characterized by the presence of Q-10 as the predominant respiratory lipoquinone. The major fatty acids (> 10%) detected were C18:1 ω7c, C16:0, anteiso-C15:0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17:1 I and/or anteiso-C17:1 B). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanoamine and two unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G + C content was 57.2 mol%. Data from this polyphasic taxonomy study suggested that strain YIM 690229T should be classified as a new species of a new genus within the family Hyphomicrobiaceae for which the name Limoniibacter endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type species of the genus Limoniibacter gen. nov. is Limoniibacter endophyticus. The type strain of the species Limoniibacter endophyticus sp. nov. is YIM 690229T (= KCTC 42097T = JCM 30141T = CCTCC AB 2014130T = CGMCC 1.12906T).

Characterization of thermotolerant phototrophic bacteria, Rhodoplanes tepidicaeni sp. nov. and Rhodoplanes azumiensis sp. nov., isolated from a geothermal spring.

Two strains of thermotolerant phototrophic alphaproteobacteria, designated strains TUT3542T and TUT3581T, were isolated from sediment mud and cyanobacterial mats in a geothermal spring in Japan, respectively, and taxonomically characterized. Both the strains were budding motile rods and were able to grow at 45 °C. Phototrophically grown cells of strains TUT3542T and TUT3581T produced pink and brownish red cultures, respectively, and showed in vivo absorption maxima at 800, 858-859 and 892-895 nm in the near infrared region, indicating the presence of a core reaction centre and peripheral pigment complexes with bacteriochlorophyll a. The intracytoplasmic membrane system was of the lamellar type parallel to the cytoplasmic membrane. 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons showed that strains TUT3542T and TUT3581T had the highest similarity level to Rhodoplanes oryazae NBRC 109406T (99.6 %) and Rhodoplaneselegans AS130T (99.3 %), respectively. Genomic DNA-DNA reassociation studies revealed that strains TUT3542T and TUT3581T had hybridization levels of less than 62 and 56 % to the type strains of all established species of the genus Rhodoplanes, respectively. The G+C contents of genomic DNA were 67.7 mol% for strain TUT3542T and 70.4 mol% for strain TUT3581T. Results of phenotypic studies showed that the two novel strains could be differentiated from any of the previously described Rhodoplanes species. Thus, the author proposes the names Rhodoplanes tepidicaeni sp. nov. for strain TUT3542T and Rhodoplanes azumiensis sp. nov. for strain TUT3581T. The type strain of Rhodoplanes tepidicaeni is TUT3542T (=KCTC 15602T=NBRC 112815T) and the type strain of Rhodoplanes azumiensis is TUT3581T (=KCTC 15603T=NBRC 112816T).

Proposal of Rhodoplanes tepidamans sp. nov. to accommodate the thermotolerant phototrophic bacterium previously referred to as 'Rhodoplanes (Rhodopseudomonas) cryptolactis'.

Previously we proposed the reclassification of a thermotolerant phototrophic bacterium, 'Rhodopseudomonas cryptolactis' Stadtwald-Demchick et al. 1990, as 'Rhodoplanes cryptolactis' nom. rev., comb. nov. with strain DSM 9987T (ATCC 49414T) as the type strain. However, while both the names 'Rhodopseudomonas cryptolactis' and 'Rhodoplanes cryptolactis' have not been validated, strain ATCC 49414T is no longer available from the culture collection. This situation indicates that the taxonomic status of the bacterium with both the names to be validated has been lost. In this study, we re-examined the taxonomic characteristics of strain DSM 9987T (TUT3520T as our own collection number) compared with those of six species of the genus Rhodoplanes with validly published names. The results of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that TUT3520T had a 99.0 % level of similarity to the type strains of Rhodoplanes oryzae and Rhodoplanes elegans as its closest relatives and 98.9-96.2 % similarities to other species of the genus Rhodoplanes. Genomic DNA-DNA similarities between TUT3520T and the type strains of the species of the genus Rhodoplanes were less than 50 %. Results of phenotypic testing indicated that TUT3520T could be differentiated from any species of the genus Rhodoplanes by a combination of in vivo absorption spectra, growth temperature, vitamin requirements, carbon nutrition and some other characteristics. Thus, we propose Rhodoplanes tepidamans sp. nov. to accommodate the bacterium previously referred to as 'Rhodoplanes (Rhodopseudomonas) cryptolactis'. The type strain is strain TUT3520T (=DSM 9987T=NBRC 104267T).

Devosia elaeis sp. nov., isolated from oil palm rhizospheric soil.

A bacterial isolate, designated strain S37T, was isolated from the rhizosphere of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis). Strain S37T was found to be Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod shaped. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain S37T was most closely related to Devosia albogilva IPL15T (97.3 %), Devosia chinhatensis IPL18T (96.8 %) and Devosia subaequoris HST3-14T (96.5 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 63.0 mol%, and dominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10), and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid and phospholipids. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic data, it is clear that strain S37T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia within the family Hyphomicrobiaceae, for which we propose the name Devosia elaeis sp. nov., with strain S37T (=TBRC 5145T=LMG 29420T) as the type strain.

Arsenicitalea aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family Hyphomicrobiaceae, isolated from high-arsenic sediment.

A novel arsenic-resistant bacterium, designated 42-50T, was isolated from the high-arsenic sediment of Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Phylogenetic and biochemical analysis indicated that this bacterium represents the first species of a novel genus belonging to the family Hyphomicrobiaceae. The 16S rRNA gene of strain 42-50T shares 96.3-94.2, 96.3, 96.2 and 94.9-93.8 % sequence identities to those of species from the genera Devosia, Youhaiella, Paradevosia and Pelagibacterium, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids are C16 : 0, C18 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 8 (comprising C18 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1ω6c). The predominant polar lipids are diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified glycolipids. The predominant respiratory quinone is ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). The DNA G+C content of strain 42-50T is 73.7 mol%. The distinct phylogenetic lineage and unique cellular fatty acids suggest that strain 42-50T represents a novel species of a new genus affiliated with the family Hyphomicrobiaceae, for which the name Arsenicitalea aurantiaca gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 42-50T (=CCTCC AB 2014325T=KCTC 42825T).

Devosia confluentis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater lake, and reclassification of two Vasilyevaea species as Devosia enhydra comb. nov. and Devosia mishustinii comb. nov.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and pleomorphic bacterium, designated HJR-2T, was isolated from a junction between the ocean and a freshwater lake on the East Sea, South Korea. It grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain HJR-2T clustered with the type strains of Vasilyevaea enhydra and Vasilyevaea mishustinii and this cluster fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Devosia species. Strain HJR-2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.2 and 97.0 % to the type strains of V. enhydra and V. mishustinii, respectively, and 93.9-96.2 % to the type strains of Devosia species. Strain HJR-2T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 as major fatty acids. Major polar lipids of strain HJR-2T were phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 66.0 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of V. enhydra and V. mishustinii were 11-17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylo genetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain HJR-2T is separated from V. enhydra, V. mishustinii and Devosia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain HJR-2T (=KCTC 52211T=NBRC 112271T) is considered to be the type strain of a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosiaconfluentis sp. nov. is proposed. In this study, it is also proposed that V. enhydra and V. mishustinii be reclassified as members of the genus Devosia.