Sophie de Grouchy's Political Thought in the Letters on Sympathy (1798).

This article proposes a reading of Sophie de Grouchy's moral, political, and economic thought as embedded in the tradition of natural jurisprudence, adapted to the context of the French First Republic. A close reading of her French translation of Adam Smith's Theory of Moral Sentiment and her eight Letters on Sympathy confirms that there are points to be made by reading her works in the context of the language of early modern natural law. This sheds light on the important question of how to read revolutionary republicanism emanating from multiple traditions other than the neo-Roman discourse of non-domination.

The Real Impact of the Alabama Supreme Court Decision in LePage v Center for Reproductive Medicine.

This Viewpoint breaks down the myriad ways the Alabama Supreme Court decision to declare frozen embryos as legal equivalents to children harms the health of mothers and fetuses, limits reproductive decision-making based on genetics and out-of-reach costs, and impedes research.

Litígios no Brasil: Provadores de Cigarro

No Rio de Janeiro, o Ministério Público do Trabalho propôs ação civil pública em 2003 a partir de ação individual movida por um ex-empregado da Souza Cruz que cobrou na Justiça indenização por problemas de saúde decorrentes de vários anos no "painel sensorial" A 15ª Vara do Trabalho do Rio de Janeiro condenou a empresa a deixar de contratar os provadores, a prestar-lhes assistência médica por 30 anos e a pagar indenização por danos morais difusos e coletivos. A condenação foi mantida pelo Tribunal Regional do Trabalho do Rio de Janeiro.

Technology Access and Perceptions of Telehealth Services Among Young Adults Involved in the Court System.

PURPOSE: This study examined access to technology and telehealth among young adults (ages 18-24) who were court-involved and were recruited from an alternative sentencing program in New York City. METHODS: Using sequential mixed methods design, we examined demographic factors linked with access to technology and perceived usefulness of the Internet among n = 321 young adults who were court-involved (75% male, 65% African American, 35% Latinx). We then conducted in-depth interviews with 27 young adults to elicit first-person account of their access to, interest in, and experience with technology and telehealth. RESULTS: Although most participants had access to a phone with a data plan, a substantial proportion reported inconsistent access to the technology critical to telehealth. Certain young adults were more likely to lack consistent access to the technology needed for telehealth, including Black young adults, males, those with less than a high school diploma, those with a history of homelessness, and those who had difficulties paying for basic necessities. Qualitative interviews revealed that most had a strong self-efficacy using technology, while distrust of technology, inexperience with and skepticism of telehealth, low perceived need for care, and medical mistrust were common significant barriers in this underserved population. DISCUSSION: Findings underscored the critical need to address medical mistrust and increase access to and utilization of care among young adults who are court-involved. Results can inform the development and implementation of interventions designed to improve accessibility and acceptability of telehealth.

Mass Probation: Effects of Sentencing Severity on Mental Health for Black and White Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Incarceration is associated with negative impacts on mental health. Probation, a form of community supervision, has been lauded as an alternative. However, the effect of probation versus incarceration on mental health is unclear. Our objective was to estimate the impact on mental health of reducing sentencing severity at individuals' first adult criminal-legal encounter. METHODS: We used the US National Longitudinal Survey on Youth 1997, a nationally representative dataset of youth followed into their mid-thirties. Restricting to those with an adult encounter (arrest, charge alone or no sentence, probation, incarceration), we used parametric g-computation to estimate the difference in mental health at age 30 (Mental Health Inventory-5) if (1) everyone who received incarceration for their first encounter had received probation and (2) everyone who received probation had received no sentence. RESULTS: Among 1835 individuals with adult encounters, 19% were non-Hispanic Black and 65% were non-Hispanic White. Median age at first encounter was 20. Under hypothetical interventions to reduce sentencing, we did not see better mental health overall (Intervention 1, incarceration to probation: RD = -0.01; CI = -0.02, 0.01; Intervention 2, probation to no sentence: RD = 0.00; CI = -0.01, 0.01) or when stratified by race. CONCLUSION: Among those with criminal-legal encounters, hypothetical interventions to reduce sentencing, including incremental sentencing reductions, were not associated with improved mental health. Future work should consider the effects of preventing individuals' first criminal-legal encounter.

Reconceituação da jornada de trabalho semanal de médicos especialistas no SUS: perspectiva histórico-cultural de estudo de caso / Reconceptualization of the weekly work hours for specialist physicians in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS): a historical-cultural case study

A escassez e a má distribuição geográfica de médicos no país (Stralen et al., 2017; Póvoa; Andrade, 2006; Scheffer et al., 2023), sua tradição de autonomia com múltiplos vínculos como profissionais liberais (Greer, 2008; Luiz; Bahia, 2009; Ney; Rodrigues; 2012) e os baixos salários praticados no setor público (Brasil, 1961, 2008b) estabeleceram uma realidade de disseminada inobservância ao cumprimento da jornada de trabalho definida pela nova legislação do Sistema Único de Saúde (Brasil, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2008a), gerando insegurança jurídica a gestores e médicos, com potenciais prejuízos na qualidade assistencial e na saúde ocupacional desses profissionais. A presente tese, na forma de três artigos, busca descrever e analisar esse cenário nacional, trazendo o estudo de caso de uma experiência municipal de nova legislação trabalhista (Praia Grande, 2015a) criada para o enfrentamento do problema. Em um primeiro artigo, investiga-se 20 anos de decisões exaradas nas bases informatizadas públicas dos Tribunais de Contas Estaduais das diversas regiões brasileiras, verificando-se que a adoção de medidas coercitivas ao descumprimento de jornada de trabalho médica no SUS está associada à formas de contratação irregular sem concurso público (p < 0,001), menor relação per capita de médicos (p = 0,003), menor porte populacional (p = 0,02) e distância dos centros urbanos da região sudeste do país (p < 0,0001). No segundo artigo, descreve-se os resultados de uma pesquisa etnográfica a usuários, gestores e trabalhadores do município objeto de estudo (Praia Grande, 2015b) colhendo-se, em 1012 min de entrevistas, a percepção dos atores sociais presentes na comunidade a respeito da nova legislação municipal (Praia Grande, 2015a). Finalmente, no terceiro artigo, analisa-se o cenário de contradição em âmbito nacional à luz da Teoria Histórico Cultural da Atividade (Leontiev, 1978) e apresenta o ciclo expansivo de reconceptualização da jornada de trabalho do ambulatório de especialidades médicas do município de Praia Grande/SP, sob a perspectiva da Teoria da Aprendizagem Expansiva (Engeström, 1987) e do modelo teórico-metodológico de Zona de Desenvolvimento Proximal (Engeström, 1987; Vygotsky, 1978)

The scarcity and uneven geographic distribution of physicians in the country (Stralen et al., 2017; Póvoa; Andrade, 2006; Scheffer et al., 2023), their tradition of autonomy with multiple professional affiliations as independent practitioners (Greer, 2008; Luiz; Bahia, 2009; Ney; Rodrigues; 2012), and the low salaries practiced in the public sector (Brazil, 1961, 2008b) have created a reality of widespread non-compliance with the work schedule defined by the new legislation of the Brazilian Unified Health System (Brazil, 1988, 1991, 2000, 2008a), leading to legal uncertainty for both managers and physicians, with potential implications for the quality of care and occupational health of these professionals. This thesis, in the form of three articles, aims to describe and analyze this national scenario, presenting a case study of a municipal experience with new labor legislation (Praia Grande, 2015a) designed to address the issue. In the first article, a 20-year investigation of decisions recorded in the public computerized databases of State Audit Courts across Brazilian regions is conducted. It is observed that the adoption of coercive measures against the non-compliance with medical work day in SUS is associated with forms of irregular hiring without public tender (p < 0.001), lower per capita physician ratios (p = 0.003), smaller population size (p = 0.02), and distance from urban centers in the Southeast region of the country (p < 0.0001). The second article presents the advantages and disadvantages identified in an ethnographic study of a municipal experience (Praia Grande, 2015b), which led to the retention of professionals and diversification of the offering of specialized medical services, receiving favorable feedback from the involved community. Finally, in the third article, the national contradictory scenario is analyzed in the light of the Cultural-Historical Activity Theory (Leontiev, 1978), and the expansive cycle of reconceptualization of the work schedule for the medical specialties outpatient clinic in the city of Praia Grande/SP is examined from the perspective of the Expansive Learning Theory (Engeström, 1987) and the theoretical-methodological model of the Zone of Proximal Development (Engeström, 1987; Vygotsky, 1978).

INCA edita nota pública contra “PL do Veneno”, que incentiva uso de agrotóxicos no Brasil

O Projeto de Lei 1.459, de 2022, que reduz as competências de órgãos fiscalizadores e flexibiliza o registro de produtos (agrotóxicos) mutagênicos, cancerígenos, teratogênicos e tóxicos para o sistema reprodutivo, foi aprovado pelo Senado no início do mês e seguiu para sanção presidente Lula da Silva. A aprovação pelo Senado ignorou consulta pública na qual 80% dos respondentes votaram contra o PL. A oposição do INCA ao PL do Veneno não é de agora, como o destaca a nota pública do Instituto: “Em 2015, o INCA publicou o seu primeiro posicionamento acerca dos agrotóxicos, ressaltando os impactos nocivos à saúde humana e ambiental decorrentes da exposição a esse contaminante químico. Na ocasião, recomendou a redução gradativa do seu uso até a sua eliminação por completo, bem como apoiou e incentivou a agricultura agroecológica, para a promoção da saúde e prevenção do câncer na população do campo e da cidade. Em 2018, manifestou-se oportunamente contrário ao PL 6.299/2002, destacando os problemas relacionados ao afrouxamento do processo de registros dos agrotóxicos no País para a saúde humana.”

Beyond Roe: Implications for End-of-Life Decision-Making During Pregnancy.

The end of Roe v. Wade has significant implications for the autonomy of pregnant patients at the end of life. At least thirty states restrict the choice to withhold/withdraw life-sustaining treatments from pregnant patients without decisional capacity, invalidating prior advance directives and prohibiting others from choosing these options for the patient. Many restrictions are based on the Roe framework, applying after "viability" or similar considerations of fetal development or prospect for live birth. Scholars have also relied on the abortion framework, arguing that the restrictions impose an undue burden. The end of Roe will free states from having to craft limited restrictions designed to work around prior abortion jurisprudence. Similarly, advocates will no longer be able to draw support from the abortion framework, forcing them to rely instead on cases supporting rights to autonomy/bodily integrity in medical decision-making.

Migración en Venezuela, marco normativo e indicadores 2000- 2022 / Migration in Venezuela, regulatory framework and indicators 2000 - 2022

El objetivo fue describir el estado actual del marco normativo de migración, y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela en el periodo 2000-2022.Métodos: Estudio descriptivo del marco normativo de migración y la tendencia de indicadores de población y migración en Venezuela. Indicadores: población total, tasa de dependencia demográfica (total, niñez, adulto mayor) y tasa de migración. Fuentes de datos: plataforma informativa salud y migración(marco normativo), Anuario estadístico de América Latina y el Caribe año 2000 al 2022 (indicadores de población).Resultados: El marco normativo de la migración en Venezuela está contenido en escasas leyes y Convenios Internacionales y regionales. La variación porcentual en la población venezolana fue descendente durante casi todo el periodo, donde se presentan incluso valores negativos para 2018-2021. La tasa anual decrecimiento poblacional, demostró un descenso constante y marcado desde el año 2000 hasta el año 2018, con altos valores negativos, luego asciende mostrando valores positivos a partir del año 2022, con un valor equivalente al año 2000. Conclusiones: El marco legal migratorio en Venezuela, es deficitario y no acorde a las necesidades de los migrantes. Los cambios ocurridos en la población venezolana de 2000 a 2022 fue debido a varios factores, siendo de gran impacto el fenómeno migratorio. La tasa de migración en Venezuela muestra tendencia negativa lo que indica que el país pierde población.

Objective Describe the current state of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of populationand migration indicators in Venezuela for the period2000-2022. Methods: Descriptive study of the regulatory framework for migration and the trend of population andmigration indicators in Venezuela. Sample of national and international documents (regulatory framework). Indicators: total population, demographic dependency rate (total,childhood, elderly) and migration rate. Data sources: health andmigration information platform (regulatory framework) LatinAmerica and the Caribbean Statistical Yearbook 2000 to 2022(population indicators) Results: The regulatory framework formigration in Venezuela is contained in few international andregional laws and agreements. The percentage variation in the Venezuelan population was downward during almost the entireperiod, where even negative values are presented for 2018-2021.The annual rate of population growth showed a constant andmarked decrease from the year 2000 to the year 2018 with highnegative values, then it ascends showing positive values from theyear 2022 with a value equivalent to the year 2000. Conclusions:The migratory legal framework in Venezuela is deficient anddoes not meet the needs of migrants. The changes that haveoccurred in the Venezuelan population from 2000 to 2022 wasdue to several factors, the migratory phenomenon being of greatimpact. the migration rate in Venezuela shows a negative trend,which indicates that the country is losing population.

An offer you cannot refuse: Plea offer size affects innocent but not guilty defendants' perceptions of voluntariness.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether various plea outcomes-including sentence reduction size (smaller, larger), type (traditional guilty plea, Alford plea), and frame (plea discount, trial penalty)-differentially affected innocent and guilty defendants' perceptions of the voluntariness of their guilty pleas. HYPOTHESES: We hypothesized (1) guilty defendants would rate guilty pleas as more voluntary than would innocent defendants; (2) defendants would rate larger sentence reductions either as more voluntary than smaller sentence reductions because they feel more fair or as less voluntary because they feel harder to reject; (3) defendants would rate guilty pleas as more voluntary when the plea offer was framed as a discount compared with a penalty; (4) penalty framing would differentially affect defendants offered large versus small sentence reductions; and (5) Alford pleas would differentially affect guilty versus innocent defendants. METHOD: Adults from Qualtrics Research Panels (N = 1,518; Mage = 59.22 years; 52% male; 83% White, non-Hispanic) played the role of a defendant in a simulated plea decision-making process. They were either innocent or guilty of the accusation. The prosecutor offered them a plea deal that varied in sentence reduction size (smaller, versus larger), type (traditional versus Alford plea), and frame (plea discount versus trial penalty). Participants then decided how to plead and rated the voluntariness of the decision-making process. RESULTS: Plea outcomes affected innocent and guilty defendants in slightly different ways. Innocent and guilty defendants were less likely to plead guilty when the plea offer had a smaller compared with a larger sentence reduction. However, innocent defendants were less likely to plead guilty overall, required more prompting from their defense attorney to plead guilty, and rated the plea decision-making process as less voluntary than did guilty defendants. Innocent defendants also rated the plea decision-making process as less voluntary when offered a smaller compared with larger sentence reduction and when they were offered an Alford plea compared with a traditional guilty plea. Framing the plea offer as a discount or a penalty did not affect defendants' perceptions of voluntariness. CONCLUSION: Variations in plea outcomes affect defendants' perceptions of voluntariness. Moreover, at least some courts' definitions of voluntariness do not align with how laypeople-and thus, possible defendants-view the same construct. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

A framework for the evidence-based practice of therapeutic jurisprudence: A legal therapeutic alliance.

This paper provides a theoretical rationale for using the constructs of procedural justice, trust and self-determination as a framework to guide the evidence-based practice of therapeutic jurisprudence (TJ). The overarching purpose of TJ is to provide therapeutic outcomes to all participants in the legal system. This paper proposes that in legal decision-making, running a procedurally just process that generates trust amongst participants and allows the parties to experience self-determination, creates a dynamic akin to the therapeutic alliance, which, in therapy, is a reliable predictor of therapeutic outcomes. The paper argues that when a legal therapeutic alliance forms in a legal decision-making process then positive therapeutic outcomes are possible, and the process can be classified as one that accords with the philosophy of TJ. A subsequent argument is that a therapeutic court can be defined as one that enacts such a process. The paper concludes by explaining how the framework can provide both a guide to courts in designing TJ processes and an assessment framework to analyse legal decision-making processes for their therapeutic value.

Texas' 2021 Ban on Abortion in Early Pregnancy and Changes in Live Births.

This study evaluates changes in the number of births in Texas after passage of Texas' Senate Bill 8 (SB8), which bans abortions as early as 5 weeks' gestation.

Violence-Related Death in Young Australians After Contact With the Youth Justice System: A Data Linkage Study.

Little is known outside of the United States about the risk of violence-related death among young people who have had contact with the youth justice system (justice-involved young people). We examined violence-related deaths among justice-involved young people in Queensland, Australia. In this study, youth justice records for 48,647 young people (10-18 years at baseline) who were charged, or experienced a community-based order or youth detention in Queensland, Australia (1993-2014) were probabilistically linked with death, coroner, and adult correctional records (1993-2016). We calculated violence-related crude mortality rates (CMRs) and age- and sex-standardized mortality ratios (SMRs). We constructed a cause-specific Cox regression model to identify predictors of violence-related deaths. Of 1,328 deaths in the cohort, 57 (4%) were from violence. The violence-related CMR was 9.5 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [95% CI] [7.4, 12.4]) and the SMR was 6.8 [5.3, 8.9]. Young Indigenous people had a greater risk of violence-related death than non-Indigenous people (cause-specific hazard ratio [csHR] 2.5; [1.5, 4.4]). Young people who experienced detention had more than twice the risk of violence-related death than those who were charged only (csHR 2.5; [1.2, 5.3]). We found that justice-involved young people have a risk of dying from violence that far exceeds that of the general population. The rate of violence-related death found in this study is lower than that in U.S.-based studies, which most likely reflects lower population level firearm violence in Australia. In Australia, young Indigenous people and those released from detention appear key groups to target for violence prevention efforts.

Evolving jurisprudence on conversion therapy: Reconsidering ethics in mental health systems.

Since the Delhi High Court judgement (2009), reading down IPC 377 that criminalised homosexuality, the Indian judiciary has been at the forefront of invoking constitutional morality to uphold LGBTQIA+ rights. In contrast, the mainstream mental health systems have failed to uphold human rights and protect LGBTQIA+ people ethically, except for a few position statements. Though the Supreme Court directed the mental health fraternity to exercise utmost sensitivity to LGBTQIA+ issues, they have not risen to the occasion. The absence of gender affirmative guidelines and failure to put in place punitive action against those practising conversion therapies set apart Indian mental health systems, in stark contrast to international mental health associations. Here, we review landmark judgments and the actions of professional mental health bodies regarding LGBTQIA+ rights in India, from 2009 to 2022 - especially those regarding conversion therapies and the discriminatory medical curriculum - to examine the deepening crisis of public health ethics.