Characterization of a putative metal-dependent PTP-like phosphatase from Lactobacillus helveticus 2126.

To date, there are very limited reports on sequence analysis and structure-based molecular modeling of phosphatases produced by probiotic bacteria. Therefore, a novel protein tyrosine-like phosphatase was characterized from L. helveticus 2126 in this study. The purified bacterial phosphatase was subjected to mass spectrometric analysis, and the identity of constructed sequence was analyzed using peptide mass fingerprint. The 3-D structure of protein was elucidated using homology modeling, while its stability was assessed using Ramachandran plot, VERIFY 3D, and PROCHECK. The bacterium produced an extracellular phosphatase of zone diameter 15 ± 0.8 mm on screening medium within 24 h of incubation. This bacterial phosphatase was highly specific towards sodium phytate as it yielded the lowest Km value of 299.50 ± 4.95 µM compared to other phosphorylated substrates. The activity was effectively stimulated in the presence of zinc, magnesium, and manganese ions thereby showing its PTP-like behavior. The phosphatase showed a molecular mass of 43 kDa, and the corresponding M/Z ratio data yielded 46% query coverage to Bacillus subtilis (3QY7). This showed a 61.1% sequence similarity to Ligilactobacillus ruminis (WP_046923835.1). The final sequence construct based on these bacteria showed a conserved motif "HCHILPGIDD" in their active site. In addition, homology modeling showed a distorted Tim barrel structure with a trinuclear metal center. The final model after energy minimization showed 90.9% of the residues in the favorable region of Ramachandran's plot. This structural information can be used in genetic engineering for improving the overall stability and catalytic efficiency of probiotic bacterial phosphatases.

The interaction among Kluyveromyces marxianus G-Y4, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GL1, and Lactobacillus helveticus SNA12 and signaling molecule AI-2 participate in the formation of biofilm.

In this study, two strains of lactic acid bacteria (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei GL1 and Lactobacillus helveticus SNA12) and one yeast strain of Kluyveromyces marxianus G-Y4 (G-Y4) isolated from Tibetan kefir grains were co-cultured. It was found that the addition of G-Y4 could not only promote the growth of lactic acid bacteria, but also increase the release of metabolites (lactic acid, ethanol, and amino nitrogen). Furthermore, the addition of live cells and cell-free fermentation supernatant (CFS) of G-Y4 could increase the ability of biofilm formation. Morever, the surface characteristics results showed that the addition of G-Y4 live cells could enhance the aggregation ability and hydrophobicity of LAB. Meanwhile, adding live cells and CFS of G-Y4 could promote the release of signaling molecule AI-2 and enhance the expression of the LuxS gene related to biofilm formation. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and chemical composition analysis were used to investigate the composition of the biofilm, and the results indicated that the biofilm was mainly composed of a small amount of protein but it was rich in polysaccharides including glucose, galactose, and mannose with different ratios. Finally, the formation of biofilm could delay the decline of the number of viable bacteria in storage fermented milk.

The structure of a Lactobacillus helveticus chlorogenic acid esterase and the dynamics of its insertion domain provide insights into substrate binding.

Chlorogenic acid esterases (ChlEs) are a useful class of enzymes that hydrolyze chlorogenic acid (CGA) into caffeic and quinic acids. ChlEs can break down CGA in foods to improve their sensory properties and release caffeic acid in the digestive system to improve the absorption of bioactive compounds. This work presents the structure, molecular dynamics, and biochemical characterization of a ChlE from Lactobacillus helveticus (Lh). Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that substrate access to the active site of LhChlE is modulated by two hairpin loops above the active site. Docking simulations and mutational analysis suggest that two residues within the loops, Gln145 and Lys164 , are important for CGA binding. Lys164 provides a slight substrate preference for CGA, whereas Gln145 is required for efficient turnover. This work is the first to examine the dynamics of a bacterial ChlE and provides insights on substrate binding preference and turnover in this type of enzyme.

Host-microbe interaction and pathogen exclusion mediated by an aggregation-prone surface layer protein of Lactobacillus helveticus.

Probiotic surface layer proteins (Slps) have multiple functions and bacterial adhesion to host cells is one of them. The precise role of Slps in cellular adhesion is not well understood due to its low native protein yield and self-aggregative nature. Here, we report the recombinant expression and purification of biologically active Slp of Lactobacillus helveticus NCDC 288 (SlpH) in high yield. SlpH is a highly basic protein (pI = 9.4), having a molecular weight of 45 kDa. Circular Dichroism showed a prevalence of beta-strands in SlpH structure and resistance to low pH. SlpH showed binding to human intestinal tissue, enteric Caco-2 cell line, and porcine gastric mucin, but not with fibronectin, collagen type IV and laminin. SlpH inhibited the binding of the enterotoxigenic E. coli by 70 % and 76 % and that of Salmonella Typhimurium SL1344 by 71 % and 75 % to enteric Caco-2 cell line in the exclusion and competition assays, respectively. The pathogen exclusion and competition activity and tolerance to harsh gastrointestinal conditions show the potential for developing SlpH as a prophylactic or therapeutic agent against enteric pathogens.

Niche-specific adaptation of Lactobacillus helveticus strains isolated from malt whisky and dairy fermentations.

Lactobacillus helveticus is a well characterized lactobacillus for dairy fermentations that is also found in malt whisky fermentations. The two environments contain considerable differences related to microbial growth, including the presence of different growth inhibitors and nutrients. The present study characterized L. helveticus strains originating from dairy fermentations (called milk strains hereafter) and malt whisky fermentations (called whisky strains hereafter) by in vitro phenotypic tests and comparative genomics. The whisky strains can tolerate ethanol more than the milk strains, whereas the milk strains can tolerate lysozyme and lactoferrin more than the whisky strains. Several plant-origin carbohydrates, including cellobiose, maltose, sucrose, fructooligosaccharide and salicin, were generally metabolized only by the whisky strains, whereas milk-derived carbohydrates, i.e. lactose and galactose, were metabolized only by the milk strains. Milk fermentation properties also distinguished the two groups. The general genomic characteristics, including genomic size, number of coding sequences and average nucleotide identity values, differentiated the two groups. The observed differences in carbohydrate metabolic properties between the two groups correlated with the presence of intact specific enzymes in glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH1, GH4, GH13, GH32 and GH65. Several GHs in the milk strains were inactive due to the presence of stop codon(s) in genes encoding the GHs, and the inactivation patterns of the genes encoding specific enzymes assigned to GH1 in the milk strains suggested a possible diversification manner of L. helveticus strains. The present study has demonstrated how L. helveticus strains have adapted to their habitats.

Functional characterization and immunomodulatory properties of Lactobacillus helveticus strains isolated from Italian hard cheeses.

Lactobacillus helveticus carries many properties such as the ability to survive gastrointestinal transit, modulate the host immune response, accumulate biopeptides in milk, and adhere to the epithelial cells that could contribute to improving host health. In this study, the applicability as functional cultures of four L. helveticus strains isolated from Italian hard cheeses was investigated. A preliminary strain characterization showed that the ability to produce folate was generally low while antioxidant, proteolytic, peptidase, and ß-galactosidase activities resulted high, although very variable, between strains. When stimulated moDCs were incubated in the presence of live cells, a dose-dependent release of both the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12p70 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, was shown for all the four strains. In the presence of cell-free culture supernatants (postbiotics), a dose-dependent, decrease of IL-12p70 and an increase of IL-10 was generally observed. The immunomodulatory effect took place also in Caciotta-like cheese made with strains SIM12 and SIS16 as bifunctional (i.e., immunomodulant and acidifying) starter cultures, thus confirming tests in culture media. Given that the growth of bacteria in the cheese was not necessary (they were killed by pasteurization), the results indicated that some constituents of non-viable bacteria had immunomodulatory properties. This study adds additional evidence for the positive role of L. helveticus on human health and suggests cheese as a suitable food for delivering candidate strains and modulating their anti-inflammatory properties.

Acetate kinase and peptidases are associated with the proteolytic activity of Lactobacillus helveticus isolated from fermented food.

Lactobacillus (L.) helveticus is widely used in food industry due to its high proteolytic activity. However, such activity varies greatly between isolates, and the determining factors regulating the strength of proteolytic activity in L. helveticus are unclear. This study sequenced the genomes of 60 fermented food-originated L. helveticus and systemically examined the proteolytic activity-determining factors. Our analyses found that the strength of proteolytic activity in L. helveticus was independent of the isolation source, geographic location, phylogenetic closeness between isolates, and distribution of cell envelope proteinases (CEPs). Genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified two genes, the acetate kinase (ackA) and a hypothetical protein, and 15 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that were associated with the strength of the proteolytic activity. Further investigating the functions of these gene components revealed that ackA and two cysteine peptidases coding genes (pepC and srtA) rather than the highly heterogeneous and intraspecific CEPs were linked to the level of proteolytic activity. Moreover, the sequence type (ST) defined by SNP analysis revealed a total of ten STs, and significantly weaker proteolytic activity was observed among isolates of ST2. This study provides practical information for future selection of L. helveticus of strong proteolytic activity.

Higher microbial diversity in raw than in pasteurized milk Raclette-type cheese enhances peptide and metabolite diversity after in vitro digestion.

Numerous bacteria are responsible for hydrolysis of proteins during cheese ripening. The raw milk flora is a major source of bacterial variety, starter cultures are needed for successful acidification of the cheese and proteolytic strains like Lactobacillus helveticus, are added for flavor improvement or acceleration of ripening processes. To study the impact of higher bacterial diversity in cheese on protein hydrolysis during simulated human digestion, Raclette-type cheeses were produced from raw or heat treated milk, with or without proteolytic L. helveticus and ripened for 120 days. Kinetic processes were studied with a dynamic (DIDGI®) in vitro protocol and endpoints with the static INFOGEST in vitro digestion protocol, allowing a comparison of the two in vitro protocols at the level of gastric and intestinal endpoints. Both digestion protocols resulted in comparable peptide patterns after intestinal digestion and higher microbial diversity in cheeses led to a more diverse peptidome after simulated digestion.

Biodiversity of Lactobacillus helveticus isolates from dairy and cereal fermentations reveals habitat-adapted biotypes.

For the present study, we collected 22 Lactobacillus helveticus strains from different dairy (n = 10) and cereal (n  = 12) fermentations to investigate their biodiversity and to uncover habitat-specific traits. Biodiversity was assessed by comparison of genetic fingerprints, low-molecular-weight subproteomes, metabolic and enzymatic activities, growth characteristics and acidification kinetics in food matrices. A clear distinction between the dairy and cereal strains was observed in almost all examined features suggesting that the different habitats are domiciled by different L. helveticus biotypes that are adapted to the specific environmental conditions. Analysis of the low-molecular-weight subproteome divided the cereal isolates into two clusters, while the dairy isolates formed a separate homogeneous cluster. Differences regarding carbohydrate utilization were observed for lactose, galactose, sucrose and cellobiose as well as for plant-derived glucosides. Enzymatic differences were observed mainly for ß-galactosidase and ß-glucosidase activities. Further, growth temperature was optimal in the range from 33 to 37°C for the cereal strains, whereas the dairy strains showed optimal growth at 40°C. Taken together, adaptation of the various biotypes results in a growth benefit in the particular environment. Acidification and growth tests using either sterile skim milk or a wheat flour extract confirmed these results. Differentiation of these biotypes and their physiological characteristics enables knowledge-based starter culture development for cereal versus dairy products within one species.

Structural Comparison of Different Galacto-oligosaccharide Mixtures Formed by ß-Galactosidases from Lactic Acid Bacteria and Bifidobacteria.

The LacLM-type ß-galactosidase from Lactobacillus helveticus DSM 20075 expressed in both Escherichia coli (EcoliBL21Lhß-gal) and Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp609Lhß-gal) was tested for their potential to form galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) from lactose. The Lh-GOS mixture formed by ß-galactosidase from L. helveticus, together with three GOS mixtures produced using ß-galactosidases of both the LacLM and the LacZ type from other lactic acid bacteria, namely, L. reuteri (Lr-GOS), L. bulgaricus (Lb-GOS), and Streptococcus thermophilus (St-GOS), as well as two GOS mixtures (Br-GOS1 and Br-GOS2) produced using ß-galactosidases (ß-gal I and ß-gal II) from Bifidobacterium breve, was analyzed and structurally compared with commercial GOS mixtures analyzed in previous work (Vivinal GOS, GOS I, GOS III, and GOS V) using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD), high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with a refractive index (RI) detector (HPSEC-RI), and one-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy. ß-Galactosidases from lactic acid bacteria and B. breve displayed a preference to form ß-(1→6)- and ß-(1→3)-linked GOS. The GOS mixtures produced by these enzymes consisted of mainly DP2 and DP3 oligosaccharides, accounting for ∼90% of all GOS components. GOS mixtures obtained with ß-galactosidases from lactic acid bacteria and B. breve were quite similar to the commercial GOS III mixture in terms of product spectrum and showed a broader product spectrum than the commercial GOS V mixture. These GOS mixtures also contained a number of GOS components that were absent in the commercial Vivinal GOS (V-GOS).

Long-read based de novo assembly of low-complexity metagenome samples results in finished genomes and reveals insights into strain diversity and an active phage system.

BACKGROUND: Complete and contiguous genome assemblies greatly improve the quality of subsequent systems-wide functional profiling studies and the ability to gain novel biological insights. While a de novo genome assembly of an isolated bacterial strain is in most cases straightforward, more informative data about co-existing bacteria as well as synergistic and antagonistic effects can be obtained from a direct analysis of microbial communities. However, the complexity of metagenomic samples represents a major challenge. While third generation sequencing technologies have been suggested to enable finished metagenome-assembled genomes, to our knowledge, the complete genome assembly of all dominant strains in a microbiome sample has not been demonstrated. Natural whey starter cultures (NWCs) are used in cheese production and represent low-complexity microbiomes. Previous studies of Swiss Gruyère and selected Italian hard cheeses, mostly based on amplicon metagenomics, concurred that three species generally pre-dominate: Streptococcus thermophilus, Lactobacillus helveticus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii. RESULTS: Two NWCs from Swiss Gruyère producers were subjected to whole metagenome shotgun sequencing using the Pacific Biosciences Sequel and Illumina MiSeq platforms. In addition, longer Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION reads had to be generated for one to resolve repeat regions. Thereby, we achieved the complete assembly of all dominant bacterial genomes from these low-complexity NWCs, which was corroborated by a 16S rRNA amplicon survey. Moreover, two distinct L. helveticus strains were successfully co-assembled from the same sample. Besides bacterial chromosomes, we could also assemble several bacterial plasmids and phages and a corresponding prophage. Biologically relevant insights were uncovered by linking the plasmids and phages to their respective host genomes using DNA methylation motifs on the plasmids and by matching prokaryotic CRISPR spacers with the corresponding protospacers on the phages. These results could only be achieved by employing long-read sequencing data able to span intragenomic as well as intergenomic repeats. CONCLUSIONS: Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of complete de novo genome assembly of all dominant strains from low-complexity NWCs based on whole metagenomics shotgun sequencing data. This allowed to gain novel biological insights and is a fundamental basis for subsequent systems-wide omics analyses, functional profiling and phenotype to genotype analysis of specific microbial communities.

Investigating the bacterial microbiota of traditional fermented dairy products using propidium monoazide with single-molecule real-time sequencing.

Traditional fermented dairy foods have been the major components of the Mongolian diet for millennia. In this study, we used propidium monoazide (PMA; binds to DNA of nonviable cells so that only viable cells are enumerated) and single-molecule real-time sequencing (SMRT) technology to investigate the total and viable bacterial compositions of 19 traditional fermented dairy foods, including koumiss from Inner Mongolia (KIM), koumiss from Mongolia (KM), and fermented cow milk from Mongolia (CM); sample groups treated with PMA were designated PKIM, PKM, and PCM. Full-length 16S rRNA sequencing identified 195 bacterial species in 121 genera and 13 phyla in PMA-treated and untreated samples. The PMA-treated and untreated samples differed significantly in their bacterial community composition and α-diversity values. The predominant species in KM, KIM, and CM were Lactobacillus helveticus, Streptococcus parauberis, and Lactobacillus delbrueckii, whereas the predominant species in PKM, PKIM, and PCM were Enterobacter xiangfangensis, Lactobacillus helveticus, and E. xiangfangensis, respectively. Weighted and unweighted principal coordinate analyses showed a clear clustering pattern with good separation and only minor overlapping. In addition, a pure culture method was performed to obtain lactic acid bacteria resources in dairy samples according to the results of SMRT sequencing. A total of 102 LAB strains were identified and Lb. helveticus (68.63%) was the most abundant, in agreement with SMRT sequencing results. Our results revealed that the bacterial communities of traditional dairy foods are complex and vary by type of fermented dairy product. The PMA treatment induced significant changes in bacterial community structure.

Establishment of a high throughput-screening system for nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase II mutant enzymes with altered substrate specificity.

Nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase II (NDT) catalyzes the transglycosylation reaction of the 2'-deoxyribose moiety between purine and/or pyrimidine bases and has been widely used in the synthesis of nucleoside analogs. The high specificity of NDT for 2'-deoxyribose limits its applications. Because 2'C- and/or 3'C-modified nucleosides have been widely used as antiviral or antitumour agents, improving the activity of NDT towards these modified nucleosides by protein engineering is an area of interest to the pharmaceutical industry. NDT engineering is hindered by a lack of effective screening methods. This study developed a high-throughput screening system, which was established by nucleoside deoxyribosyltransferase II-cytidine deaminase co-expression, indophenol colorimetric assay and whole-cell catalysis. A high-throughput screening system for NDT was established for the first time. This system can be applied to detect NDT-specific activity for a variety of cytidine analogs with glycosyl and base modifications, such as 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, 2',3'-dideoxycytidine, cytosine-ß-d-arabinofuranoside. In this study, we adopted the semi-rational design of NDT and constructed a mutant library of NDT from Lactobacillus helveticus (LhNDT) by site-saturation mutagenesis. Over 600 mutants were screened, and a variant with up to a 5.2-fold higher conversion rate of 2',3'-dideoxyinosine was obtained.

Survey on the CRISPR arrays in Lactobacillus helveticus genomes.

Lactobacillus helveticus is a homofermentative thermophilic lactic acid bacteria that is mainly used in the manufacture of Swiss type and long-ripened Italian hard cheeses. In this study, the presence of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) were analysed in 25 L. helveticus genomes and identified in 23 of these genomes. A total of 40 CRISPR loci were identified and classified into five main families based on CRISPR repeats: Ldbu1, Lsal1, Lhel1, Lhel2 and a new repeat family named Lhel3. Spacers had a size between 30 and 40 bp whereas repeats have an average size of 30 bp, with three longer repeats. The analysis displayed the presence of conserved spacers in 23 of the 40 CRISPR loci. A geographical distribution of L. helveticus isolates with similar CRISPR spacer array profiles were not observed. Based on the presence of the signature protein Cas3, all CRISPR loci belonged to Type I. This analysis demonstrated a great CRISPR array variability within L. helveticus, which could be a useful tool for genotypic strain differentiation. A next step will be to understand the possible role of CRISPR/Cas system for the resistance of L. helveticus to phage infection. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Lactobacillus helveticus, a lactic acid bacteria species widely used as starter culture in the dairy industry has recently also gained importance as health-promoting culture in probiotic and nutraceutical food products. The CRISPR/Cas system, a well-known molecular mechanism that provides adaptive immunity against exogenous genetic elements such as bacteriophages and plasmids in bacteria, was recently found in this species. In this study, we investigated the presence and genetic heterogeneity of CRISPR loci in 25 L. helveticus genomes. The results presented here represent an important step on the way to manage phage resistance, plasmid uptake and genome editing in this species.

One-Pot Synthesis of Phenylglyoxylic Acid from Racemic Mandelic Acids via Cascade Biocatalysis.

Phenylglyoxylic acid (PGA) are key building blocks and widely used to synthesize pharmaceutical intermediates or food additives. However, the existing synthetic methods for PGA generally involve toxic cyanide and complex processes. To explore an alternative method for PGA biosynthesis, we envisaged cascade biocatalysis for the one-pot synthesis of PGA from racemic mandelic acid. A novel mandelate racemase named ArMR showing higher expression level (216.9 U·mL-1 fermentation liquor) was cloned from Agrobacterium radiobacter and identified, and six recombinant Escherichia coli strains were engineered to coexpress three enzymes of mandelate racemase, d-mandelate dehydrogenase and l-lactate dehydrogenase, and transform racemic mandelic acid to PGA. Among them, the recombinant E. coli TCD 04, engineered to coexpress three enzymes of ArMR, LhDMDH, and LhLDH, can transform racemic mandelic acid (100 mM) to PGA with 98% conversion. Taken together, we provide a green approach for one-pot biosynthesis of PGA from racemic mandelic acid.

Gut Bacterial Microbiota and its Resistome Rapidly Recover to Basal State Levels after Short-term Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid Treatment in Healthy Adults.

Clinical effects of antimicrobials and probiotics in combination have been reported, however, little is known about their impact on gut microbiota and its resistome. In this study 16S rRNA gene amplicon, shotgun metagenomics sequencing and antibiotic resistance (ABR) microarray were used on fecal samples of 70 healthy participants, taken at four time points in probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 and Lactobacillus helveticus R0052) and placebo groups to profile the gut bacterial microbiota and its resistome following administration of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for one week. Significant shifts in microbiota family composition caused by the antimicrobial in both groups that included decreases in the proportion of Lachnospiraceae, Coriobacteriaceae and unidentified Clostridiales; and notable increases for the proportion of Enterobacteriaceae, Bacteroidaceae and Porphyromonadaceae compared to baseline levels. Resistome showed a corresponding enrichment of ABR genes compared to baseline from such classes as aminoglycosides and beta-lactams that were linked, by in silico inference, to the enrichment of the family Enterobacteriaceae. Despite perturbations caused by short-term antibiotic treatment, both gut microbiota and resistome showed prompt recovery to baseline levels one week after cessation of the antimicrobial. This rapid recovery may be explained by the hypothesis of community resilience.

Distribution of Cell Envelope Proteinases Genes among Polish Strains of Lactobacillus helveticus.

Most of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are able to grow in milk mainly due to the activity of a complex and well-developed proteolytic system. Cell envelope-associated proteinases (CEPs) begin casein hydrolysis and allow for releasing the peptides, enclosed in the structure of native milk proteins that are essential for growth of Lactobacillus helveticus. The biodiversity of genes encoding CEPs among L. helveticus strains can have an effect on some technological parameters such as acid production, bacterial growth rate in milk as well as liberation of biologically active peptides. The study reveals significant differences in the presence of various variants of CEPs encoding genes among ten novel Polish strains and indicates the intraspecific diversity exhibited by L. helveticus. In terms of distribution of CEPs genes, four different genetic profiles were found among the microorganisms analyzed. Furthermore, the strains exhibited also various levels of proteolytic activity. Molecular analysis revealed that prtH3 is the most abundant CEPs-encoding gene among the strains investigated. The results indicate also that ecological niche and environmental conditions might affect proteolytic properties of L. helveticus strains. The greatest variety in terms of quantity of the detected CEP encoding genes was noticed in L. helveticus 141, T105 and T104 strains. In these strains, the combination of three nucleotide gene sequences (prtH/prtH2/prtH3) was identified. Interestingly, T104 and T105 exhibited the highest proteolytic activity and also the fastest dynamic of milk acidification among the tested strains of L. helveticus.

Genome-wide motif predictions of BCARR-box in the amino-acid repressed genes of Lactobacillus helveticus CM4.

BACKGROUND: A BCARR (branched-chain amino acid responsive repressor) identified in proteolytic gene expressions in Lactobacillus helveticus is considered to negatively control transcriptions by binding to operator sites at the promoter regions in the presence of BCAAs. However, the distributions and regulatory potential of the BCARR in all genes repressed by BCAAs in CM4 remains unclear. RESULTS: A genome-wide search for the BCARR-box was conducted to clarify the contribution of BCARR in the regulation of amino acid metabolism in L. helveticus CM4. Among all 2174 genes of CM4, 390 genes repressed by amino acids were selected for the search of the BCARR-box. The annotated 33 genes among the 67 predicted BCARR-boxes were mainly linked to amino acid metabolism. The BCARR-boxes were mainly located adjacent to the -35 sequence of the promoter; however, the repressive effects in different locations were similar. Notably, the consensus BCARR-box motif, 5'-A1A2A3A4A5W6N7N8N9W10T11T12W13T14T15-3', observed in highly repressed genes, revealed more frequent A-T base pairing and a lower free energy than that in lowly repressed genes. A MEME analysis also supported the lower frequency of T at positions 12, 14, 13 and 15 in the BCARR-box sequence of the lowly repressed gene group. These results reveal that genes with a more stable palindromic structure might be preferable targets for BCARR binding and result in higher repressions in the target gene expressions. CONCLUSIONS: Our genome-wide search revealed the involvement of the proteolytic system, transporter system and some transcriptional regulator systems in BCARR-box regulation in L. helveticus CM4.

Safety Assessment of Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS1.8701 Based on Whole Genome Sequencing and Oral Toxicity Studies.

Lactobacillus helveticus KLDS1.8701 isolated from Chinese traditional fermented dairy product has been shown earlier to possess probiotic potentials but it is important to evaluate its safety in view of its possible use as a probiotic. The aim of the present study is to critically assess the safety of L. helveticus KLDS1.8701 through multiple perspectives. The complete genome of L. helveticus KLDS1.8701 was sequenced to mine for safety-associated genes. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15 antimicrobials and the adverse metabolites were determined. Standard acute oral and subacute toxicity studies were conducted in rats. The results in silico disclosed that the genome of L. helveticus KLDS1.8701 carries no transferable antibiotic resistance genes, no virulence factors and only 3 genes related to adverse metabolites. In vitro results showed that L. helveticus KLDS1.8701 was resistant against 6 antimicrobials and did not raise safety concerns about biogenic amine, D-lactic acid and nitroreductase. The results in vivo revealed that no adverse effects on experimental rats were observed in the oral toxicity tests. Overall, findings from this study suggest that L. helveticus KLDS1.8701 is safe and can be used as a potential probiotic for human consumption.

In vitro analysis of 4-methylumbelliferone as a sole carbon source for Lactobacillus helveticus 2126.

In the recent years, 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) has been gaining importance, both as an anti-cancer agent and as a dietary supplement. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of 4-MU as a carbon source for potential probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus helveticus 2126. For this purpose, a series of plate assays and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used for 4-MU before and after the treatment with L. helveticus 2126. The plate assays indicated an initial inhibition followed by utilization of 4-MU that stimulated bacterial growth. A significant shift was observed in the FTIR peaks, which also have suggested possible extracellular activity of the bacteria for 4-MU utilization. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: 4-Methylumbelliferone (4-MU) is a widely used chloretic and is currently under research for treating colon cancer. Preliminary studies suggest that it has the potential to be used as an effective and sustainable prebiotic for the human microbiome, as it can be naturally obtained from plants. This manuscript describes the effectiveness of 4-MU as a carbon source for the probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus helveticus. Our study also suggests the role of bacterial superoxide dismutase in transforming 4-MU as a possible prebiotic for the human microbiome.