Autochthonous Cutaneous Larva Migrans in France and Europe.

Cutaneous larva migrans is a dermatitis, typically acquired in warm tropical or sub-tropical countries, caused by migration of the larvae of nematodes (hookworm; mainly Ancylostoma braziliense and, occasionally, Ancylostoma caninum or Uncinaria stenocephala), which are parasitic on animals such as cats and dogs, into the patient's skin. The larvae penetrate the skin after contact with infected soil and cause a typical creeping eruption. Patients with cutaneous larva migrans seen in Europe have usually acquired the disease following a stay in a tropical or sub-tropical area. How-ever, some cases of cutaneous larval migrans are acquired in Europe. We report here 5 autochthonous cases in France and give an overview of European autochthonous cases.

What's eating you? Cutaneous larva migrans.

This article provides a focused update and clinical review on cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), including atypical clinical presentations and newer management recommendations. The results and recommendations are subject to modification based on future studies.

Tropical dermatology: cutaneous larva migrans, gnathostomiasis, cutaneous amebiasis and trombiculiasis.

In today's world, many people can travel easily and quickly around the globe. Most travel travel-related illnesses include fever, diarrhea, and skin disease, which are relatively uncommon in returning travelers. We review four of the most common emerging infestations and skin infections in the Americas, which are important to the clinical dermatologist, focusing on the clinical presentation and treatment of cutaneous larva migrans, gnathostomiasis, cutaneous amebiasis, and trombiculiasis.

Toxocara spp. infections in paratenic hosts.

The zoonotic roundworms Toxocara canis and T. cati are not only present worldwide in their definitive hosts; they also frequently occur in other animal species, including humans. In those so-called paratenic hosts, the larvae do not develop into the adult stage, but rather migrate throughout the somatic tissue and persist as infectious L3 stage for extensive periods. Those arrested larvae may lead to severe inflammatory reactions and consequently to a wide range of pathological and clinical manifestations. However, the infected paratenic hosts also constitute a potential source of infection for the definitive hosts or humans who may also function as paratenic hosts. In the present review, current knowledge of larval migration in a variety of possible paratenic hosts is summarized including variations of migration routes and susceptibilities. Furthermore, information about the clinical and pathological changes for the presented species and possible consequences of the somatic migration of larvae, i.e. the resulting tissue damage as well as adverse host reactions to arrested larvae are reviewed. There are still many questions unanswered regarding larval behaviour in hosts other than their definitive host. Therefore, it is of great importance to continue further elaboration on the biology of Toxocara spp. to prevent further spreading of larvae in both the paratenic and the definitive host.

Zoonotic diseases associated with free-roaming cats.

Free-roaming cat populations have been identified as a significant public health threat and are a source for several zoonotic diseases including rabies, toxoplasmosis, cutaneous larval migrans because of various nematode parasites, plague, tularemia and murine typhus. Several of these diseases are reported to cause mortality in humans and can cause other important health issues including abortion, blindness, pruritic skin rashes and other various symptoms. A recent case of rabies in a young girl from California that likely was transmitted by a free-roaming cat underscores that free-roaming cats can be a source of zoonotic diseases. Increased attention has been placed on trap-neuter-release (TNR) programmes as a viable tool to manage cat populations. However, some studies have shown that TNR leads to increased immigration of unneutered cats into neutered populations as well as increased kitten survival in neutered groups. These compensatory mechanisms in neutered groups leading to increased kitten survival and immigration would confound rabies vaccination campaigns and produce naïve populations of cats that can serve as source of zoonotic disease agents owing to lack of immunity. This manuscript is a review of the various diseases of free-roaming cats and the public health implications associated with the cat populations.

Cutaneous larva migrans among devotees of the Nallur temple in Jaffna, Sri Lanka.

BACKGROUND: Many cases of Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM) have been observed among devotees, during and immediately after the annual festival at the Nallur Hindu temple in Jaffna. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the risk factors associated with infestation and devotees' knowledge and practices regarding the condition. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: A cross-sectional study using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and observation was conducted in August 2010. Out of 200 selected devotees 194(97%) responded. Soil and dog faecal samples were collected from the temple premises and examined for the presence of nematode larva and egg respectively. Among 194 male respondents, 58.2%(95% CI: 51.2%-65.0%) had lesions of CLM. One hundred and thirty (67%) respondents performed the ritual everyday; whereas 33% did so on special days. One hundred and twelve (57.7%) participants performed the ritual before 5.00am and remaining 42.3% performed after 5.00am. Among the participants, 77(36.7%) had the similar condition in previous years. One hundred and fifty seven (80.9%) were aware about this disease and 52(27%) devotees adopted some kind of precautionary measures. Bivariate analysis showed significant association between occurrence of CLM lesions and frequency of performing the ritual (p<0.001, OR-15.1; 95% CI:7.2-32.0), the timing of ritual performance (p = 0.022, OR-1.96; 95% CI:1.10-3.52), similar condition in previous year (p<0.001, OR-6.83; 95% CI: 3.39-13.76) and previous awareness of the condition (p = 0.005; OR-0.59;95% CI:0.43-0.82). Multivariate analysis showed that the frequency of ritual performance (OR-11.75; 95% CI 5.37-25.74) and similar conditions in previous years (OR-4.71; 95% CI: 2.14-10.39) were the independent risk factors. Two of the 20 soil samples were positive for the nematode larvae and three out of five dog faeces were positive for hookworm eggs. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Deworming the stray dogs around the temple premises combined with the awareness programs among the public may be the effective and feasible precautionary measures to control similar epidemics in future.

Hookworms of dogs and cats as agents of cutaneous larva migrans.

Dogs and cats are hosts to hookworms that may cause zoonotic disease, most notably, cutaneous larva migrans. Ancylostoma braziliense is most often implicated in dermatological lesions, and Ancylostoma caninum has been associated with eosinophilic enteritis and suggested as a possible cause of diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis in humans. Other manifestations include eosinophilic pneumonitis, localized myositis, folliculitis, erythema multiforme, or ophthalmological manifestations. Ancylostoma eggs are morphologically indistinguishable, which complicates epidemiological studies. Surveys of dermatologists, gastroenterologists, and ophthalmologists would help to define the incidence of these zoonotic infections. Improved diagnostic tests are needed to identify the causative species involved and understand the epidemiology of hookworm disease. This review describes the discovery of the disease, the biology of the agents, and how that biology may impact disease.

[Toxocariasis as a cause of hypereosinophilia].

Toxocariasis is one of the causes of eosinophilia in peripheral blood and provokes eosinophilic infiltration in internal organs. In Israel, the number of cases of toxocariasis is very low, 3 cases annually, according to the records at the Ministry of Health. Many cases of eosinophilia might be misdiagnosed as hypereosinophilia syndrome (HES), if serological testing for Toxocara is not conducted, leading to inappropriate treatment. The test is for specific serum IgG antibody of Toxocara canis antigen measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The authors present a 4 year old girl with hypereosinophilia of 40,000 cell/microl, without involvement of target organs. The authors found that toxocara was the cause of hypereosinophilia. After appropriate treatment the number of eosinophils decreases, presenting a measurement of the parasite activity.

Outbreak of cutaneous larva migrans at a children's camp--Miami, Florida, 2006.

On July 19, 2006, the director of a children's aquatic sports day camp notified the Miami-Dade County Health Department (MDCHD) of three campers who had received a diagnosis of cutaneous larva migrans (CLM), or "creeping eruption," a skin condition typically caused by dog or cat hookworm larvae of the genus Ancylostoma. MDCHD conducted an investigation to determine the source and magnitude of the outbreak and prevent additional illness. This report summarizes the results of that investigation, which identified exposure to cat feces in a playground sandbox as the likely source of infection. Although CLM outbreaks are reported rarely to the Florida Department of Health, evidence indicates that CLM is a potential health hazard in Florida. This disease cluster highlights the importance of appropriate environmental hygiene practices and education in preventing CLM.

[Visceral and cutaneous larva migrans]. / Larva migrans viscérales et cutanées.

The syndrome of visceral larva migrans was described for the first time in 1952 by Beaver. He demonstrated that the presence of nematodes larvae, particularly in the liver, were those of Toxocara canis and T. cati. Baylisascaris procyonis, the common racoon ascarid in the U.S.A. can also cause serious diseases in human. Digestive and respiratory clinical symptoms are usually moderate, however severe disease resulting from invasion of the myocardium or the brain has been reported. A blood hypereosinophilia is usually present the first few years after infection. Diagnosis uses serological methods, among them the ELISA test. Ocular larva is also possible with in that case, immunological modifications of the aqueous. Cutaneous larva migrans characterized by a linear, progressing, serpigenous eruption and intense itching is easy to diagnose. Larva migrans is due to dogs, cats and horses helminths. Dogs and cats (referred here as pets) now receive antihelmintitic treatments and parasites are now in decrease.

Contaminação por fezes caninas das praças públicas de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso / Contamination for faecal samples dogs of the public squares of Cuiabá, Mato Grosso

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar a contaminação das praças públicas de Cuiabá, Estado de Mato Grosso, por fezes de cães. Foram pesquisadas 55 praças, de agosto a novembro de 2006. Destas, 14 localizavam-se no centro da cidade e 41 em diversos bairros periféricos do município. As amostras foram coletadas pela manhã, armazenadas em sacos plásticos sob refrigeração e processadas no Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias do Hospital Veterinário da UFMT, através das técnicas de Willis-Mollay e Hoffmann, Pons e Janer, 1934. Das 55 praças, 40 possuíam amostras de fezes de cães. Ao todo foram coletadas 121 amostras e em 45 foram observados ovos de helmintos. Destas, 38 (84,4%) apresentaram ovos de Ancylostoma sp; 07 (15,5%) de Toxocara sp; 09 (20%) de Trichuris vulpis e 01 (2,2%) de Platynossomum sp e Cystoisospora sp. Vinte e duas das 121 amostras encontradas foram nas praças centrais e 99 nas de bairros periféricos, entretanto não houve diferença estatística significativa (p>0,05) entre as mesmas. Este estudo revelou alta contaminação de praças públicas da cidade de Cuiabá por ovos de helmintos, incluindo os de importância em saúde pública, o que indica risco de transmissão dessas zoonoses a população.

The present work had the objective to evaluate the contamination of the public squares of Cuiabá, State of Mato Grosso, for faecal samples of dogs. Fifty five squares had been searched, of August the November of 2006. Of these, 14 beed situated in the center of city and 41 in diverse outlying areas of the city. The samples were collected per the morning, stored in processed plastic bags under refrigeration and in the Laboratory of Parasitic Illnesses of the Hospital Veterinarian of the UFMT, through the techniques of Willis-Mollay and Hoffmann, Pons and Janer, 1934. Of the 55 squares, 40 had faecal samples of dogs. To 121 samples had been all collected and in 45 eggs of helminths had been observed. Of these, 38 (84,4%) had presented eggs of Ancylostoma sp; 07 (15,5%) of Toxocara sp; 09 (20%) of Trichuris vulpis ones and 01 (2,2%) of Platynossomum sp and Cystoisospora sp. Twenty and two of the 121 joined samples had been in the squares central offices and 99 in the ones of outlying areas, however did not have difference significant statistics (p>0,05) between the same ones. This study it disclosed high contamination of public squares of the city of Cuiabá for eggs of helminths, including of importance in public health, what it indicates risk of transmission of these zoonosis the population.