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1.
J Allergy Clin Immunol ; 131(4): 977-93, 993.e1-5, 2013 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23540616

RESUMO

The cause of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains unclear. Study of the genetic susceptibility to CRS might be a valuable strategy to understand the pathogenesis of this burdensome disorder. The purpose of this review is to critically evaluate the current literature regarding the genetics of CRS in a comprehensive fashion. The most promising findings from candidate gene studies include the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR), as well as genes involved in antigen presentation, innate and adaptive immune responses, tissue remodeling, and arachidonic acid metabolism. We also review the few hypothesis-independent genetic studies of CRS (ie, linkage analysis and pooling-based genome-wide association studies). Interpretation of the current literature is limited by challenges with study design, sparse replication, few functional correlates of associated polymorphisms, and inadequate examination of linkage disequilibrium or expression quantitative trait loci for reported associations. Given the relationship of CRS to other airway disorders with well-characterized genetic components (eg, asthma), study of the genetics of CRS deserves increased attention and investment, including the organization of large, detailed, and collaborative studies to advance knowledge of the mechanisms that underlie this disorder.


Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Loci Gênicos , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Rinite/genética , Sinusite/genética , Imunidade Adaptativa/genética , Apresentação de Antígeno , Antígenos/genética , Antígenos/imunologia , Ácido Araquidônico/genética , Ácido Araquidônico/metabolismo , Doença Crônica , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/genética , Regulador de Condutância Transmembrana em Fibrose Cística/imunologia , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Humanos , Imunidade Inata/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/imunologia , Rinite/imunologia , Rinite/patologia , Sinusite/imunologia , Sinusite/patologia
2.
J Innate Immun ; 3(3): 227-35, 2011.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21422751

RESUMO

The natural killer gene complex (NKC) encodes several dozens of C-type lectin-like receptors that, in various ways, tune the reactivity of NK cells and other cytotoxic lymphocytes depending on the cellular environment. Among these are C-type lectin-like receptors such as NKG2D, CD94/NKG2A and the murine Ly49 receptors that bind to cell surface glycoproteins of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I family and thereby facilitate detection of stressed cells or cells exhibiting aberrant MHC class I expression. In contrast, NKRP1 receptors including the prototypic NK1.1 do not engage ligands with an MHC class-I-like fold, but rather interact with the likewise C-type lectin-like CLEC2 glycoproteins. Notably, CLEC2 and NKRP1 molecules not only share the same fold, but are also genetically linked in the NKC. Recent research efforts began to systematically elucidate the expression and function of the numerous NKRP1 and CLEC2 family members in rodents and revealed previously unnoticed corresponding receptor/ligand pairs in humans. Here, we provide a snapshot of the current knowledge on receptors of the NKRP1 family and their genetically linked CLEC2 ligands in mouse and man.


Assuntos
Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Lectinas Tipo C/imunologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Receptores de Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Animais , Redes Reguladoras de Genes/imunologia , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Ligantes , Camundongos , Especificidade de Órgãos , Receptor Cross-Talk
3.
J Immunol ; 186(6): 3563-71, 2011 Mar 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21321107

RESUMO

ß2-Microglobulin (ß2M) is believed to have arisen in a basal jawed vertebrate (gnathostome) and is the essential L chain that associates with most MHC class I molecules. It contains a distinctive molecular structure called a constant-1 Ig superfamily domain, which is shared with other adaptive immune molecules including MHC class I and class II. Despite its structural similarity to class I and class II and its conserved function, ß2M is encoded outside the MHC in all examined species from bony fish to mammals, but it is assumed to have translocated from its original location within the MHC early in gnathostome evolution. We screened a nurse shark bacterial artificial chromosome library and isolated clones containing ß2M genes. A gene present in the MHC of all other vertebrates (ring3) was found in the bacterial artificial chromosome clone, and the close linkage of ring3 and ß2M to MHC class I and class II genes was determined by single-strand conformational polymorphism and allele-specific PCR. This study satisfies the long-held conjecture that ß2M was linked to the primordial MHC (Ur MHC); furthermore, the apparent stability of the shark genome may yield other genes predicted to have had a primordial association with the MHC specifically and with immunity in general.


Assuntos
Genes MHC da Classe II/imunologia , Genes MHC Classe I/imunologia , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Tubarões/genética , Tubarões/imunologia , Microglobulina beta-2/química , Microglobulina beta-2/genética , Animais , Sequência de Bases , Bovinos , Galinhas , Sequência Conservada/genética , Sequência Conservada/imunologia , Cães , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Gambás , Filogenia , Ratos , Tubarões/metabolismo , Peixe-Zebra
4.
J Immunol ; 186(1): 382-9, 2011 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21135167

RESUMO

Day 3 thymectomy (D3Tx) results in a loss of peripheral tolerance mediated by natural regulatory T cells (nTregs) and development of autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis (AOD) and autoimmune dacryoadenitis (ADA) in A/J and (C57BL/6J × A/J) F(1) hybrids (B6A), but not in C57BL/6J (B6) mice. Previously, using quantitative trait locus (QTL) linkage analysis, we showed that D3Tx-AOD is controlled by five unlinked QTL (Aod1-Aod5) and H2. In this study, using D3Tx B6-Chr(A/J)/NaJ chromosome (Chr) substitution strains, we confirm that QTL on Chr16 (Aod1a/Aod1b), Chr3 (Aod2), Chr1 (Aod3), Chr2 (Aod4), Chr7 (Aod5), and Chr17 (H2) control D3Tx-AOD susceptibility. In addition, we also present data mapping QTL controlling D3Tx-ADA to Chr17 (Ada1/H2), Chr1 (Ada2), and Chr3 (Ada3). Importantly, B6-ChrX(A/J) mice were as resistant to D3Tx-AOD and D3Tx-ADA as B6 mice, thereby excluding Foxp3 as a susceptibility gene in these models. Moreover, we report quantitative differences in the frequency of nTregs in the lymph nodes (LNs), but not spleen or thymus, of AOD/ADA-resistant B6 and AOD/ADA-susceptible A/J, B6A, and B6-Chr17(A/J) mice. Similar results correlating with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis and orchitis susceptibility were seen with B10.S and SJL/J mice. Using H2-congenic mice, we show that the observed difference in frequency of LN nTregs is controlled by Ada1/H2. These data support the existence of an LN-specific, H2-controlled mechanism regulating the prevalence of nTregs in autoimmune disease susceptibility.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Antígenos H-2/fisiologia , Linfonodos/citologia , Linfonodos/imunologia , Ooforite/imunologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/citologia , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Timectomia , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Doenças Autoimunes/cirurgia , Diferenciação Celular/genética , Diferenciação Celular/imunologia , Células Cultivadas , Cromossomos/genética , Dacriocistite/genética , Dacriocistite/imunologia , Suscetibilidade a Doenças/imunologia , Feminino , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Linfonodos/metabolismo , Contagem de Linfócitos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos A , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Transgênicos , Ooforite/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia
5.
J Neuroimmunol ; 223(1-2): 115-9, 2010 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20452682

RESUMO

UNLABELLED: The reason behind the initiation of autoimmunity, which may have a role in autism, is not well understood. There is an association between some autoimmune disorders and complement (C) 4B null allele. We aimed to study the association between C4B null allele and autism. In addition, we are the first to investigate the association between this allele and a family history of autoimmune diseases in autistic children. Therefore, we examined the frequency of C4B null allele, by quantitative real-time PCR, in 80 autistic patients and 80 healthy matched-children. The frequency of C4B null allele was significantly higher in autistic patients (37.5%) than healthy controls (8.75%), P<0.001. The frequency of autoimmune diseases in families of autistic children (40%) was significantly higher than healthy children (10%), P<0.001. In addition, a family history of autoimmunity had a significant risk for association with autism (odds ratio=6, 95%, CI=2.5-14.1). C4B null allele had a significant risk for association with autism (odds ratio=6.26, 95% CI=2.55-15.36) and with a family history of autoimmunity (odds ratio=21, 95% CI=6.5-67.8). CONCLUSIONS: the link of C4B null allele to autism and to a family history of autoimmunity may indicate its possible contributing role to autoimmunity in autism.


Assuntos
Alelos , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Transtorno Autístico/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Complemento C4b/deficiência , Complemento C4b/genética , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Transtorno Autístico/epidemiologia , Doenças Autoimunes/epidemiologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Egito/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Fatores de Risco
6.
J Immunol ; 184(9): 5038-46, 2010 May 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20357248

RESUMO

Type I and III IFNs are structurally related cytokines with similar antiviral functions. They have different genomic organizations and bind to distinct receptor complexes. It has been vigorously debated whether the recently identified intron containing IFN genes in fish and amphibians belong to the type I or III IFN family or diverged from a common ancestral gene, that subsequently gave rise to both types. In this report, we have identified intron containing type III IFN genes that are tandemly linked in the Xenopus tropicalis genome and hence demonstrate for the first time that intron containing type I and III genes diverged relatively early in vertebrate evolution, and at least by the appearance of early tetrapods, a transition period when vertebrates migrated from an aquatic environment to land. Our data also suggest that the intronless type I IFN genes seen in reptiles, birds, and mammals have originated from a type I IFN transcript via a retroposition event that led to the disappearance of intron-containing type I IFN genes in modern vertebrates. In vivo and in vitro studies in this paper show that the Xenopus type III IFNs and their cognate receptor are ubiquitously expressed in tissues and primary splenocytes and can be upregulated by stimulation with synthetic double-stranded RNA, suggesting they are involved in antiviral defense in amphibians.


Assuntos
Citocinas/genética , Evolução Molecular , Interferon Tipo I/genética , Interferons/genética , Íntrons/imunologia , Retroelementos/genética , Retroelementos/imunologia , Proteínas de Xenopus/genética , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Antivirais/isolamento & purificação , Antivirais/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biossíntese , Citocinas/isolamento & purificação , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Humanos , Interferon Tipo I/biossíntese , Interferon Tipo I/isolamento & purificação , Interferons/biossíntese , Interferons/isolamento & purificação , Íntrons/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Poli I-C/síntese química , Poli I-C/genética , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/síntese química , RNA de Cadeia Dupla/fisiologia , Homologia de Sequência do Ácido Nucleico , Baço/citologia , Baço/imunologia , Baço/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/genética , Regulação para Cima/imunologia , Xenopus , Proteínas de Xenopus/biossíntese , Proteínas de Xenopus/isolamento & purificação
7.
J Immunol ; 183(5): 3317-23, 2009 Sep 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19675160

RESUMO

Infection with the trematode parasite Schistosoma mansoni results in a distinct heterogeneity of disease severity, both in humans and in an experimental mouse model. Severe disease is characterized by pronounced hepatic egg-induced granulomatous inflammation in a proinflammatory cytokine environment, whereas mild disease corresponds with reduced hepatic inflammation in a Th2 skewed cytokine environment. This marked heterogeneity indicates that genetic differences play a significant role in disease development, yet little is known about the genetic basis of dissimilar immunopathology. To investigate the role of genetic susceptibility in murine schistosomiasis, quantitative trait loci analysis was performed on F(2) progeny derived from SJL/J and C57BL/6 mice, which develop severe and mild pathology, respectively. In this study, we show that severe liver pathology in F(2) mice 7 wk after infection significantly correlated with an increase in the production of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-17, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha by schistosome egg Ag-stimulated mesenteric lymph node cells. Quantitative trait loci analysis identified several genetic intervals controlling immunopathology as well as IL-17 and IFN-gamma production. Egg granuloma size exhibited significant linkage to two loci, D4Mit203 and D17Mit82, both of which were inherited in a BL/6 dominant manner. Furthermore, a significant reduction of hepatic granulomatous inflammation and IL-17 production in interval-specific congenic mice demonstrated that the two identified genetic loci have a decisive effect on the development of immunopathology in murine schistosomiasis.


Assuntos
Interleucina-17/biossíntese , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/imunologia , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/patologia , Óvulo/imunologia , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/imunologia , Esquistossomose mansoni/patologia , Animais , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Feminino , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Granuloma/genética , Granuloma/imunologia , Granuloma/patologia , Granuloma/prevenção & controle , Interleucina-17/antagonistas & inibidores , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/genética , Hepatopatias Parasitárias/prevenção & controle , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Congênicos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Esquistossomose mansoni/genética , Esquistossomose mansoni/prevenção & controle , Especificidade da Espécie
8.
Arthritis Res Ther ; 11(3): R60, 2009.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19409079

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: The gene MICA encodes the protein major histocompatibility complex class I polypeptide-related sequence A. It is expressed in synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its implication in autoimmunity is discussed. We analyzed the association of genetic variants of MICA with susceptibility to RA. METHODS: Initially, 300 French Caucasian individuals belonging to 100 RA trio families were studied. An additional 100 independent RA trio families and a German Caucasian case-control cohort (90/182 individuals) were available for replication. As MICA is situated in proximity to known risk alleles of the HLA-DRB1 locus, our analysis accounted for linkage disequilibrium either by analyzing the subgroup consisting of parents not carrying HLA-DRB1 risk alleles with transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) or by implementing a regression model including all available data. Analysis included a microsatellite polymorphism (GCT)n and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs3763288 and rs1051794. RESULTS: In contrast to the other investigated polymorphisms, the non-synonymously coding SNP MICA-250 (rs1051794, Lys196Glu) was strongly associated in the first family cohort (TDT: P = 0.014; regression model: odds ratio [OR] 0.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.25 to 0.82, P = 0.007). Although the replication family sample showed only a trend, combined family data remained consistent with the hypothesis of MICA-250 association independent from shared epitope (SE) alleles (TDT: P = 0.027; regression model: OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.83, P = 0.003). We also replicated the protective association of MICA-250A within a German Caucasian cohort (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.1 to 0.7, P = 0.005; regression model: OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.96, P = 0.032). We showed complete linkage disequilibrium of MICA-250 (D' = 1, r2= 1) with the functional MICA variant rs1051792 (D' = 1, r2= 1). As rs1051792 confers differential allelic affinity of MICA to the receptor NKG2D, this provides a possible functional explanation for the observed association. CONCLUSIONS: We present evidence for linkage and association of MICA-250 (rs1051794) with RA independent of known HLA-DRB1 risk alleles, suggesting MICA as an RA susceptibility gene. However, more studies within other populations are necessary to prove the general relevance of this polymorphism for RA.


Assuntos
Alelos , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Antígenos HLA-DR/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Classe I/genética , Adulto , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Família , Feminino , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Variação Genética/imunologia , Cadeias HLA-DRB1 , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único/genética , Fatores de Risco
9.
J Immunol ; 182(5): 3016-23, 2009 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19234197

RESUMO

Murine collagen induced arthritis (CIA) is a widely used model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Identification of CIA susceptibility genes will aid in the understanding of RA pathogenesis and development of therapeutic targets. This study aims to identify and refine quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling CIA. Major CIA clinical traits were evaluated in both (DBA/1xFVB/N) F(2) and advanced intercross line (AIL) mice; QTLs were confirmed and refined in AIL. To search for candidate genes, we applied multiple approaches, including gene expression profiling, identification of nonsynonymous polymorphism, and comparative genomic mapping. We identified six suggestive QTLs controlling CIA clinical traits in the F(2) progeny; one of these was confirmed and refined in AIL. This QTL is located on chromosome 6 and overlaps with Cia3, which was identified previously. We refined the 2-log support interval of Cia3 into a 5.6 Mb genomic region; 15 of 77 genes are differentially expressed or carry nonsynonymous polymorphisms between two parental strains. The counterpart genomic region of Cia3 on the rat and human genomes are linked to RA. Twenty-nine of 77 genes are located in the arthritis-linked genomic regions of all three species. Five of those 29 genes are differentially expressed or carry nonsynonymous polymorphisms between parental strains: Timp4, Tmem40, Mbd4, Cacna1c, and Lrtm2. Taken together, we refined Cia3 into a 5.6 Mb genomic region on mouse chromosome 6 and identified candidate genes. This will aid in the search for susceptibility gene(s) controlling arthritis development within Cia3 and its counterpart regions in rat and human genomes.


Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/genética , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia , Idade de Início , Animais , Artrite Experimental/diagnóstico , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Artrite Reumatoide/genética , Artrite Reumatoide/imunologia , Hibridização Genômica Comparativa , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Marcadores Genéticos/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo/métodos , Polimorfismo Genético/imunologia , Ratos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
10.
Curr Dir Autoimmun ; 10: 244-57, 2008.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18460890

RESUMO

Generalized vitiligo is an acquired disorder in which patches of depigmented skin, overlying hair and oral mucosa result from progressive autoimmune loss of melanocytes from the involved areas. Perhaps the most common pigmentary disorder, vitiligo results from a complex interaction of environmental, genetic and immunologic factors that ultimately contribute to melanocyte destruction, resulting in the characteristic depigmented lesions. In the past few years, studies of the genetic epidemiology of generalized vitiligo have led to the recognition that vitiligo is part of a broader, genetically determined, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diathesis. Attempts to identify genes involved in vitiligo susceptibility have involved gene expression studies, allelic association studies of candidate genes and genome-wide linkage analyses to discover new genes, and these studies have begun to shed light on the mechanisms of vitiligo pathogenesis. It is anticipated that the discovery of biological pathways of vitiligo pathogenesis will provide novel therapeutic and prophylactic targets for future approaches to the treatment and prevention of vitiligo and its associated autoimmune diseases.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Ligação Genética , Genoma Humano , Pigmentação/genética , Vitiligo/genética , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/etiologia , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Doenças Autoimunes/patologia , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Genoma Humano/imunologia , Humanos , Melanócitos/imunologia , Melanócitos/patologia , Vitiligo/etiologia , Vitiligo/imunologia , Vitiligo/patologia
11.
Autoimmunity ; 40(8): 550-9, 2007 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18075789

RESUMO

The application of genetic techniques to the study of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has identified candidate genes with diverse immunological function. There is a growing understanding that susceptibility to SLE is due to a complex interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors, and that many of these may be shared with other autoimmune diseases. In this first of a series of review articles we outline our current understanding of SLE genetics, in particular summarising the results of recent association studies.


Assuntos
Ligação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Meio Ambiente , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Humanos , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Camundongos
12.
Int Immunol ; 19(9): 1135-44, 2007 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17698560

RESUMO

Autoimmune gastritis is a CD4+ T cell-mediated disease induced in genetically susceptible mice by thymectomy on the third day after birth. Previous linkage analysis indicated that Gasa1 and Gasa2, the major susceptibility loci for gastritis, are located on mouse chromosome 4. Here we verified these linkage data by showing that BALB.B6 congenic mice, in which the distal approximately 40 Mb of chromosome 4 was replaced by C57BL/6 DNA, were resistant to autoimmune gastritis. Analysis of further BALB.B6 congenic strains demonstrated that Gasa1 and Gasa2 can act independently to cause full expression of susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Gasa1 and Gasa2 are located between D4Mit352-D4Mit204 and D4Mit343-telomere, respectively. Numerical differences in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells were apparent between the BALB/c and congenic strains, but it is unlikely that this phenotype accounted for differences in autoimmune susceptibility. The positions of Gasa1 and Gasa2 correspond closely to the positions of Idd11 and Idd9, two autoimmune diabetes susceptibility loci in nonobese diabetic (NOD), mice and this prompted us to examine autoimmune gastritis in NOD mice. After neonatal thymectomy, NOD mice developed autoimmune gastritis, albeit at a slightly lower incidence and severity of disease than in BALB/c mice. Diabetes-resistant congenic NOD.B6 mice, harbouring a B6-derived interval encompassing the Gasa1/2-Idd9/11 loci, demonstrated a slight reduction in the incidence of autoimmune gastritis. This reduction was not significant compared with the reduction observed in BALB.B6 congenic mice, suggesting a difference in the genetic aetiology of autoimmune gastritis in NOD and BALB mice.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Gastrite/genética , Gastrite/imunologia , Ligação Genética/genética , Animais , Doenças Autoimunes/cirurgia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Gastrite/cirurgia , Genes Dominantes , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Congênicos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Linfócitos T Reguladores/imunologia , Timectomia
14.
Methods Mol Biol ; 371: 321-48, 2007.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17634591

RESUMO

Understanding the genetic basis of the effects of aging on the decline in the immune response is an enormous undertaking. The most prominent age-related change in the immune system is thymic involution. This chapter will focus on the use of C57BL/6 J X DBA/2 J (BXD) recombinant inbred (RI) strains of mice to map genetic loci associated with age-related thymic involution in mice. Strategies to improve the power and precision in which complex traits such as the age-related decline in the immune response have been applied to the large set of BXD RI strains to detect quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that underlie thymic involution. More importantly, approaches have been developed to enable higher resolution mapping of these QTLs and, in some cases, may be adequate to carry out direct identification of candidate genes. It is likely that, given the complexity of the immune system development, the number of cells involved in an immune response, and especially the changes in the immune system with aging, multiple genetic loci and genes will contribute to the age-related changes in the immune response. This chapter outlines ongoing and general quantitative genetic linkage strategies that can be used for mapping and identification of the quantitative trait loci that may have a significant impact on age-related alteration of the immune system.


Assuntos
Envelhecimento/genética , Envelhecimento/imunologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Endogamia , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia , Animais , Camundongos
15.
J Immunol ; 178(5): 3084-90, 2007 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17312155

RESUMO

Linkage analysis of F(2) crosses has led to identification of large numbers of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for complex diseases, but identification of the underlying genes has been more difficult. Reasons for this could be complications that arise from separation of interacting or neighboring loci. We made a partial advanced intercross (PAI) to characterize and fine-map linkage to collagen-induced arthritis in two chromosomal regions derived from the DBA/1 strain and crossed into the B10.Q strain: Cia7 on chromosome 7 and a locus on chromosome 15. Only Cia7 was detected by a previous F(2) cross. Linkage analysis of the PAI revealed a different linkage pattern than the F(2) cross, adding multiple loci and strong linkage to the previously unlinked chromosome 15 region. Subcongenic strains derived from animals in the PAI confirmed the loci and revealed additional subloci. In total, no less than seven new loci were identified. Several loci interacted and three loci were protective, thus partly balancing the effect of the disease-promoting loci. Our results indicate that F(2) crosses do not reveal the full complexity of identified QTLs, and that detection is more dependent on the genetic context of a QTL than the potential effect of the underlying gene.


Assuntos
Artrite Experimental/genética , Cromossomos/genética , Ligação Genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Animais , Artrite Experimental/imunologia , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Cromossomos/imunologia , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia
16.
J Immunol ; 175(2): 1329-36, 2005 Jul 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16002738

RESUMO

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is a platelet/immunodeficiency disease arising from mutations of WAS protein (WASP), a hemopoietic cytoskeletal protein. Clinical symptoms vary widely from mild (X-linked thrombocytopenia) to life threatening. In this study, we examined the molecular effects of individual mutations by quantifying WASP in peripheral lymphocytes of 44 patients and identifying the molecular variant (collectively called proteotype). Nonpredicted proteotypes were found for 14 genotypes. These include WASP-negative lymphocytes found for five missense genotypes and WASP-positive lymphocytes for two nonsense, five frameshift, and two splice site genotypes. Missense mutations in the Ena/VASP homology 1 (EVH1) domain lead to decreased/absent WASP but normal mRNA levels, indicating that proteolysis causes the protein deficit. Because several of the EVH1 missense mutations alter WIP binding sites, the findings suggest that abrogation of WIP binding induces proteolysis. Whereas platelets of most patients were previously shown to lack WASP, WASP-positive platelets were found for two atypical patients, both of whom have mutations outside the EVH1 domain. WASP variants with alternative splicing and intact C-terminal domains were characterized for eight nonsense and frameshift genotypes. One of these, a nonsense genotype in a mild patient, supports expression of WASP lacking half of the proline-rich region. With one notable exception, genotype and proteotype were linked, indicating that a genotype-proteotype registry could be assembled to aid in predicting disease course and planning therapy for newly diagnosed infants. Knowledge of the molecular effect of mutations would aid also in identifying disease-modifying genes.


Assuntos
Ligação Genética , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/genética , Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Processamento Alternativo/genética , Plaquetas/metabolismo , Plaquetas/patologia , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Códon sem Sentido , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Mutação da Fase de Leitura , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Genótipo , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína/genética , Proteínas/metabolismo , Sítios de Splice de RNA/genética , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/sangue , Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/imunologia , Proteína da Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich
17.
J Immunol ; 174(11): 7129-40, 2005 Jun 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15905556

RESUMO

Many human autoimmune diseases are more frequent in females than males, and their clinical severity is affected by sex hormone levels. A strong female bias is also observed in the NOD mouse model of type I diabetes (T1D). In both NOD mice and humans, T1D displays complex polygenic inheritance and T cell-mediated autoimmune pathogenesis. The identities of many of the insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd) loci, their influence on specific stages of autoimmune pathogenesis, and sex-specific effects of Idd loci in the NOD model are not well understood. To address these questions, we analyzed cyclophosphamide-accelerated T1D (CY-T1D) that causes disease with high and similar frequencies in male and female NOD mice, but not in diabetes-resistant animals, including the nonobese diabetes-resistant (NOR) strain. In this study we show by genetic linkage analysis of (NOD x NOR) x NOD backcross mice that progression to severe islet inflammation after CY treatment was controlled by the Idd4 and Idd9 loci. Congenic strains on both the NOD and NOR backgrounds confirmed the roles of Idd4 and Idd9 in CY-T1D susceptibility and revealed the contribution of a third locus, Idd5. Importantly, we show that the three loci acted at distinct stages of islet inflammation and disease progression. Among these three loci, Idd4 alleles alone displayed striking sex-specific behavior in CY-accelerated disease. Additional studies will be required to address the question of whether a sex-specific effect of Idd4, observed in this study, is also present in the spontaneous model of the disease with striking female bias.


Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/fisiopatologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença/genética , Caracteres Sexuais , Alelos , Animais , Biotransformação/imunologia , Ciclofosfamida/metabolismo , Ciclofosfamida/toxicidade , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/imunologia , Feminino , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Marcadores Genéticos/imunologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/imunologia , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Ilhotas Pancreáticas/patologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Congênicos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos NOD , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Especificidade da Espécie
18.
Scand J Immunol ; 61(2): 128-38, 2005 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15683449

RESUMO

The BXD2 strain of mice is one of approximately 80 BXD recombinant inbred (RI) mouse strains derived from an intercross between C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2) strains. We have discovered that adult BXD2 mice spontaneously develop generalized autoimmune disease, including glomerulonephritis (GN), increased serum titres of rheumatoid factor (RF) and anti-DNA antibody, and a spontaneous erosive arthritis characterized by mononuclear cell infiltration, synovial hyperplasia, and bone and cartilage erosion. The features of lupus and arthritis developed by the BXD2 mice segregate in F2 mice generated by crossing BXD2 mice with the parental B6 and D2 strains. Genetic linkage analysis of the serum levels of anti-DNA and RF by using the BXD RI strains shows that the serum titers of anti-DNA and RF were influenced by a genetic locus on mouse chromosome (Chr) 2 near the marker D2Mit412 (78 cm, 163 Mb) and on Chr 4 near D4Mit146 (53.6 cm, 109 Mb), respectively. Both loci are close to the B-cell hyperactivity, lupus or GN susceptibility loci that have been identified previously. The results of our study suggest that the BXD2 strain of mice is a novel model for complex autoimmune disease that will be useful in identifying the mechanisms critical for the immunopathogenesis and genetic segregation of lupus and erosive arthritis.


Assuntos
Doenças Autoimunes/genética , Doenças Autoimunes/imunologia , Albuminúria , Animais , Anticorpos Antinucleares/sangue , Artrite/genética , Artrite/imunologia , Autoanticorpos/sangue , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Glomerulonefrite/genética , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Lúpus Vulgar/genética , Lúpus Vulgar/imunologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Endogâmicos DBA , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia , Fator Reumatoide/sangue , Linfócitos T/imunologia
19.
J Immunol ; 174(2): 918-24, 2005 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15634914

RESUMO

To investigate effects of a 16.8-Mb region on rat chromosome 4q42-43 on encephalomyelitis, we performed a high-resolution mapping using a 10th generation advanced intercross line between the susceptible DA strain and the MHC identical but resistant PVG.1AV1 strain. Clinical signs of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) developed in 29% of 772 F(10) rats. Three regions controlling disease, Eae20, Eae21, and Eae22, were mapped using 15 microsatellite markers spanning 16.8 Mb. Eae20 was a major genetic determinant within the region whereas Eae21 modified disease severity. Eae22 was identified as an epistatic region because it only displayed an effect together with Piebald Virol Glaxo (PVG) alleles on Eae20. Disease down-regulation by PVG alleles in the telomeric part of Eae20 was also demonstrated in DA rats made congenic for a approximately 1.44-Mb chromosomal region from PVG. As the region containing Eae20-Eae22 also regulates arthritis, together with the fact that the syntenic mouse 6F(2)-F(3) region regulates experimental lupus and diabetes, and the syntenic human 12p13.31-13.2 region regulates multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, the present data point to genes that control several inflammatory diseases. The pairscan analyses of interaction, which here identified Eae22, are novel in the encephalomyelitis field and of importance in the design of further studies of this region in other diseases and species. The limited number of genes identified in Eae20, Eae21, and Eae22 enables focused examination of their relevance in mechanistic animal studies and screening of their association to human diseases.


Assuntos
Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/genética , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/imunologia , Epistasia Genética , Mapeamento Físico do Cromossomo/métodos , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia , Animais , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Regulação para Baixo/genética , Regulação para Baixo/imunologia , Encefalomielite Autoimune Experimental/epidemiologia , Feminino , Ligação Genética/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Genótipo , Incidência , Masculino , Proteínas da Mielina , Glicoproteína Associada a Mielina/imunologia , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito , Fenótipo , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos , Índice de Gravidade de Doença
20.
J Immunol ; 174(2): 1111-7, 2005 Jan 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15634937

RESUMO

By assessing the development of Y-linked autoimmune acceleration (Yaa) gene-induced systemic lupus erythematosus in C57BL/6 (B6) x (New Zealand Black (NZB) x B6.Yaa)F(1) backcross male mice, we mapped three major susceptibility loci derived from the NZB strain. These three quantitative trait loci (QTL) on NZB chromosomes 1, 7, and 13 differentially regulated three different autoimmune traits: anti-nuclear autoantibody production, gp70-anti-gp70 immune complex (gp70 IC) formation, and glomerulonephritis. Contributions to the disease traits were further confirmed by generating and analyzing three different B6.Yaa congenic mice, each carrying one individual NZB QTL. The chromosome 1 locus that overlapped with the previously identified Nba2 (NZB autoimmunity 2) locus regulated all three traits. A newly identified chromosome 7 locus, designated Nba5, selectively promoted anti-gp70 autoantibody production, hence the formation of gp70 IC and glomerulonephritis. B6.Yaa mice bearing the NZB chromosome 13 locus displayed increased serum gp70 production, but not gp70 IC formation and glomerulonephritis. This locus, called Sgp3 (serum gp70 production 3), selectively regulated the production of serum gp70, thereby contributing to the formation of nephritogenic gp70 IC and glomerulonephritis, in combination with Nba2 and Nba5 in NZB mice. Among these three loci, a major role of Nba2 was demonstrated, because B6.Yaa Nba2 congenic male mice developed the most severe disease. Finally, our analysis revealed the presence in B6 mice of an H2-linked QTL, which regulated autoantibody production. This locus had no apparent individual effect, but most likely modulated disease severity through interaction with NZB-derived susceptibility loci.


Assuntos
Ligação Genética/imunologia , Nefrite Lúpica/genética , Nefrite Lúpica/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos NZB/genética , Locos de Características Quantitativas/imunologia , Cromossomo Y/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Antinucleares/sangue , Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/sangue , Autoantígenos/sangue , Cromatina/imunologia , Cruzamentos Genéticos , Marcadores Genéticos/imunologia , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Glomerulonefrite/genética , Glomerulonefrite/imunologia , Glicoproteínas/sangue , Glicoproteínas/genética , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/genética , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/imunologia , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Congênicos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Chaperonas Moleculares/genética , Mutação , Síndrome , Regulação para Cima/genética , Regulação para Cima/imunologia
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