From scarcity to solutions: Therapeutic strategies to restore adipose tissue functionality in rare disorders of lipodystrophy.

AIMS: Lipodystrophy is a rare disorder characterised by abnormal or deficient adipose tissue formation and distribution. It poses significant challenges to affected individuals, including the development of severe metabolic complications like diabetes and fatty liver disease. These conditions are often chronic, debilitating and life-threatening, with limited treatment options and a lack of specialised expertise. This review aims to raise awareness of lipodystrophy disorders and highlights therapeutic strategies to restore adipose tissue functionality. METHODS: Extensive research has been conducted, including both historical and recent advances. We have examined and summarised the literature to provide an overview of potential strategies to restore adipose tissue functionality and treat/reverse metabolic complications in lipodystrophy disorders. RESULTS: A wealth of basic and clinical research has investigated various therapeutic approaches for lipodystrophy. These include ground-breaking methods such as adipose tissue transplantation, innovative leptin replacement therapy, targeted inhibition of lipolysis and cutting-edge gene and cell therapies. Each approach shows great potential in addressing the complex challenges posed by lipodystrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Lipodystrophy disorders require urgent attention and innovative treatments. Through rigorous basic and clinical research, several promising therapeutic strategies have emerged that could restore adipose tissue functionality and reverse the severe metabolic complications associated with this condition. However, further research and collaboration between academics, clinicians, patient advocacy groups and pharmaceutical companies will be crucial in transforming these scientific breakthroughs into effective and viable treatment options for individuals and families affected by lipodystrophy. Fostering such interdisciplinary partnerships could pave the way for a brighter future for those battling this debilitating disorder.

Proceedings of the annual meeting of the European Consortium of Lipodystrophies (ECLip) Cambridge, UK, 7-8 April 2022.

Lipodystrophy syndromes are rare diseases with defects in the development or maintenance of adipose tissue, frequently leading to severe metabolic complications. They may be genetic or acquired, with variable clinical forms, and are largely underdiagnosed. The European Consortium of Lipodystrophies, ECLip, is a fully functional non-profit network of European centers of excellence working in the field of lipodystrophies. It provides a favorable environment to promote large Europe-wide and international collaborations to increase the basic scientific understanding and clinical management of these diseases. It works with patient advocacy groups to increase public awareness. The network also promotes a European Patient Registry of lipodystrophies, as a collaborative research platform for consortium members. The annual congress organized gives an update of the findings of network research groups, highlighting clinical and fundamental aspects. The talks presented during the meeting in Cambridge, UK, in 2022 are summarized in these minutes.

Lipodystrophies in Children.

BACKGROUND: Lipodystrophy includes a wide group of diseases characterized by reduction, absence, or altered distribution of adipose tissue. Lipodystrophies are classified into generalized or partial, according to the fat distribution, and congenital or acquired, considering the etiology. SUMMARY: Impaired glucose and lipid metabolism are typically present, thus severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis are frequent complications. Because of the rarity and the diversification of lipodystrophies, diagnosis might be challenging, typically for partial forms that cannot be easily recognized, leading to progression of the several metabolic abnormalities associated. First management of lipodystrophy is diet and lifestyle changes, followed by the treatment of metabolic complications. Replacement therapy with metreleptin, currently available in the USA and Europe, has shown improvement of metabolic profile in a great number of patients with lipodystrophy. KEY MESSAGES: The purpose of this review was to describe the phenotypic characteristics of all the known lipodystrophic types and to present specific steps for obtaining an early diagnosis and assessing the best treatment of lipodystrophy.

Effect of combined compression-vibration therapy using non-invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V on the subcutaneous tissue morphology in women with gynoid lipodystrophy (pilot study).

BACKGROUND: Gynoid lipodystrophy is one of the most common cosmetical problems in women. AIMS: The study aims to examine the pathomorphology and histology of subcutaneous tissue in women with gynoid lipodystrophy exposed to local compression/vibration therapy using a non-invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V medical device. METHODS: The study enrolled 25 virtually healthy women aged 25-45 years with gynoid lipodystrophy grades I and II. The women included in the study completed a 10-session month-long therapeutic course with a non-invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V medical device. Bioptic punch-size samples were taken from the gluteal region prior to and following the 10-session therapy course with the device. RESULTS: After completing a 10-session treatment course, a decrease in the mean adipocyte area from 123.08 ± 13.60 µm to 67.14 ± 4.20 µm was observed in punch bioptic samples of subcutaneous fat tissues of women with gynoid lipodystrophy as compared with the pre-treatment indices. CONCLUSION: Thus, local application of 10-session therapy with a non-invasive Beautylizer Therapy Cosmospheres V medical device in women with gynoid lipodystrophy demonstrated a positive effect on the histological structure of the hypodermis.

Metreleptin treatment of non-HIV lipodystrophy syndromes.

Lipodystrophy syndromes (LS) constitute a group of rare diseases of the adipose tissue, characterized by a complete or selective deficiency of the fat mass. These disorders are associated with important insulin resistance, cardiovascular and metabolic comorbidities that impact patient's survival and quality of life. Management is challenging and includes diet, physical activity, and specific pharmacological treatment of LS-associated comorbidities. Because of a common pathophysiology involving decreased concentration of the adipokine leptin, efforts have been made to develop therapeutic strategies with leptin replacement therapy. Metreleptin, a recombinant human leptin analogue, has been proposed in hypoleptinemic patients since the beginning of 2000's. The treatment leads to an improvement in metabolic parameters, more important in generalized than in partial LS forms. In this review, the current knowledge about the development of the drug, its outcomes in the treatment of lipodystrophic patients as well as the peculiarities of its use will be presented.

Autoimmunity in lipodystrophy syndromes.

Lipodystrophy syndromes are rare, heterogeneous disorders characterized by the complete or partial deficiency of adipose tissue and are classified according to the extent of fat loss in generalized or partial subtypes, or based on the pathogenic mechanisms in genetic or acquired. While in most cases of congenital forms of lipodystrophy a genetic alteration can be identified, the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for the acquired diseases are not fully clarified. Based on the evidence of a positive association between most acquired lipodystrophies and autoimmune disorders including immune mediated alterations in the adipose tissue of patients affected by acquired lipodystrophy, a reaction against white adipose tissue antigens is postulated. Recent acquisitions have shed new light on the possible pathogenic mechanisms and identified novel forms of acquired lipodystrophy which are possibly immune-mediated. The aim of this review is to give an update on acquired lipodystrophies describing pathogenic mechanisms involved and the relationships between acquired lipodystrophies and other autoimmune disorders. Larger studies based on international disease registries are needed to collect accurate information on the prevalence, risk factors, genetic predisposition, natural history, disease markers and treatment efficacy of these ultrarare disorders.

Cutaneous Manifestations of Diabetes.

Diabetes mellitus is a significant worldwide health concern and cutaneous manifestations are common. This review describes characteristic skin findings of diabetes, general skin findings related to diabetes, and findings related to diabetes treatment with a focus on clinical presentation, diagnosis, pathophysiology, epidemiology, and treatment. As the prevalence of diabetes continues to rise, cutaneous manifestations of diabetes mellitus likely will be encountered more frequently by physicians in all disciplines including dermatologists and primary care physicians. Accordingly, knowledge regarding the prevention, diagnosis, and management of cutaneous manifestations is an important aspect in the care of patients with diabetes.

Severe insulin resistance syndromes.

Severe insulin resistance syndromes are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by profound insulin resistance, substantial metabolic abnormalities, and a variety of clinical manifestations and complications. The etiology of these syndromes may be hereditary or acquired, due to defects in insulin potency and action, cellular responsiveness to insulin, and/or aberrations in adipose tissue function or development. Over the past decades, advances in medical technology, particularly in genomic technologies and genetic analyses, have provided insights into the underlying pathophysiological pathways and facilitated the more precise identification of several of these conditions. However, the exact cellular and molecular mechanisms of insulin resistance have not yet been fully elucidated for all syndromes. Moreover, in clinical practice, many of the syndromes are often misdiagnosed or underdiagnosed. The majority of these disorders associate with an increased risk of severe complications and mortality; thus, early identification and personalized clinical management are of the essence. This Review aims to categorize severe insulin resistance syndromes by disease process, including insulin receptor defects, signaling defects, and lipodystrophies. We also highlight several complex syndromes and emphasize the need to identify patients, investigate underlying disease mechanisms, and develop specific treatment regimens.

[Recognize rare diseases by the adipose tissue : Lipodystrophy-actually simple but nevertheless often overlooked]. / Seltene Erkrankungen am Fettgewebe erkennen : Lipodystrophie ­ eigentlich einfach und dennoch oft übersehen.

Lipodystrophy (LD) syndromes are a group of rare and heterogeneous diseases characterized by a congenital deficiency or acquired loss of adipose tissue. Due to the resulting disorder of metabolism, sometimes severe sequelae can develop, such as hypertriglyceridemia, marked insulin resistance and early manifestation of type 2 diabetes, recurrent pancreatitis, fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis. Lipodystrophies are clinically recognizable due to the complete lack of subcutaneous adipose tissue or a conspicuous pattern of the distribution of body fat. Acanthosis nigricans in slimly built persons, a high fasting triglyceride level and elevated concentrations of liver enzymes as well as a positive history of pancreatitis can be indications of LD.

Development of Antisense Oligonucleotide Gapmers for the Treatment of Dyslipidemia and Lipodystrophy.

Although technological advances in molecular genetics over the last few decades have greatly expedited the identification of mutations in many genetic diseases, the translation of the genetic mechanisms into a clinical setting has been quite challenging, with a minimum number of effective treatments available. The advancements in antisense therapy have revolutionized the field of neuromuscular disorders as well as lipid-mediated diseases. With the approval of splice-switching antisense oligonucleotide (AO) therapy for nusinersen and eteplirsen for the treatment of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), several modified AOs are now being evaluated in clinical trials for the treatment of a number of disorders. In order to activate RNase H-mediated cleavage of the target mRNA, as well as to increase the binding affinity and specificity, gapmer AOs are designed that have a PS backbone flanked with the modified AOs on both sides. Mipomersen (trade name Kynamro), a 2'-O-methoxyethyl (MOE) gapmer, was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (HoFH) in 2013. Volanesorsen, another 20-mer MOE gapmer has shown to be successful in lowering the levels of triglycerides (TGs) in several lipid disorders and has received conditional approval in the European Union for the treatment of Familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS) in May 2019 following successful results from phase II/III clinical trials. This chapter focuses on the clinical applications of gapmer AOs for genetic dyslipidemia and lipodystrophy.

Hepathic, biochemical, hematological, and histological effects of the ultracavitation in rabbits livers.

PURPOSE: To collect data capable of pointing out the effects of the ultracavitation treatment on the liver of rabbits after adipose tissue application, by means of histological analyses of the liver and hematological and biochemical exams. METHODS: This is an experimental study with 12 albino rabbits as sample, which were divided into 3 groups and submitted to a hypercaloric diet for one month. Subsequently, subjects underwent UCV treatment: 3 minutes, 30 W, continuous mode at 100%, every 2 ERAS = 441.02 J/cm2, intensity of 10w/cm2. They were then euthanized and underwent biopsy after 24 hours. RESULTS: After 48 hours from the ultracavitation treatment, the animals' livers presented greater amount of fat infiltration if compared to the amount presented 96 hours after the treatment. However, laboratory tests showed no alterations. Values were maintained within normal parameters of cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. CONCLUSIONS: This study has identified that infiltrates may appear on livers after the treatment, despite high hematological and biochemical tests results. The fat infiltrates reduction 96 h after treatment suggests lower risks to animal health, if the period between applications is respected.

[Leptin, adiponectin, lipodystrophic and severe insulin resistance syndromes]. / Leptine, adiponectine, syndromes lipodystrophiques et d'insulino-résistance sévère.

Leptin and adiponectin are two adipokines currently used as biomarkers for diagnostic orientation and phenotyping in syndromes of lipodystrophy and severe insulin resistance. The level of these biomarkers also has an impact on the therapeutic management of the patients. These aspects, as well as our experience as a reference center, are described in this brief overview.

Diagnostic strategies and clinical management of lipodystrophy.

Introduction: Lipodystrophy is a heterogeneous group of rare diseases characterized by various degrees of fat loss which leads to serious morbidity due to metabolic abnormalities associated with insulin resistance and subtype-specific clinical features associated with underlying molecular etiology.Areas covered: This article aims to help physicians address challenges in diagnosing and managing lipodystrophy. We systematically reviewed the literature on PubMed and Google Scholar databases to summarize the current knowledge in lipodystrophy management.Expert opinion: Adipose tissue is a highly active endocrine organ that regulates metabolic homeostasis in the human body through a comprehensive communication network with other organ systems such as the central nervous system, liver, digestive system, and the immune system. The adipose tissue is capable of producing and secreting numerous factors with important endocrine functions such as leptin that regulates energy homeostasis. Recent developments in the field have helped to solve some of the mysteries behind lipodystrophy that allowed us to get a better understanding of adipocyte function and differentiation. From a clinical standpoint, physicians who suspect lipodystrophy should distinguish the disease from several others that may present with similar clinical features. It is also important for physicians to carefully interpret clinical features, laboratory, and imaging results before moving to more sophisticated tests and making decisions about therapy.

Lipodystrophic syndromes: From diagnosis to treatment.

Lipodystrophic syndromes are acquired or genetic rare diseases, characterised by a generalised or partial lack of adipose tissue leading to metabolic alterations linked to strong insulin resistance. They encompass a variety of clinical entities due to primary defects in adipose differentiation, in the structure and/or regulation of the adipocyte lipid droplet, or due to immune-inflammatory aggressions, chromatin deregulations and/or mitochondrial dysfunctions affecting adipose tissue. Diagnosis is based on clinical examination, pathological context and comorbidities, and on results of metabolic investigations and genetic analyses, which together determine management and genetic counselling. Early lifestyle and dietary measures focusing on regular physical activity and avoiding excess energy intake are crucial. They are accompanied by multidisciplinary follow-up adapted to each clinical form. In case of hyperglycemia, antidiabetic medications, with metformin as a first-line therapy in adults, are used in addition to lifestyle and dietary modifications. When standard treatments have failed to control metabolic disorders, the orphan drug metreleptin, an analog of leptin, can be effective in certain forms of lipodystrophy syndrome. Metreleptin therapy indications, prescription and monitoring were recently defined in France, representing a major improvement in patient care.

Current Diagnosis, Treatment and Clinical Challenges in the Management of Lipodystrophy Syndromes in Children and Young People

Lipodystrophy is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by lack of body fat in characteristic patterns, which can be genetic or acquired. Lipodystrophy is associated with insulin resistance that can develop in childhood and adolescence, and usually leads to severe metabolic complications. Diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and hepatic steatosis ordinarily develop in these patients, and most girls suffer from menstrual abnormalities. Severe complications develop at a relatively young age, which include episodes of acute pancreatitis, renal failure, cirrhosis, and complex cardiovascular diseases, and all of these are associated with serious morbidity. Treatment of lipodystrophy consists of medical nutritional therapy, exercise, and the use of anti-hyperglycemic and lipid-lowering agents. New treatment modalities, such as metreleptin replacement, promise much in the treatment of metabolic abnormalities secondary to lipodystrophy. Current challenges in the management of lipodystrophy in children and adolescents include, but are not limited to: (1) establishing specialized centers with experience in providing care for lipodystrophy presenting in childhood and adolescence; (2) optimizing algorithms that can provide some guidance for the use of standard and novel therapies to ensure adequate metabolic control and to prevent complications; (3) educating patients and their parents about lipodystrophy management; (4) improving patient adherence to chronic therapies; (5) reducing barriers to access to novel treatments; and (5) improving the quality of life of these patients and their families.

Hepathic, biochemical, hematological, and histological effects of the ultracavitation in rabbits livers

Abstract Purpose To collect data capable of pointing out the effects of the ultracavitation treatment on the liver of rabbits after adipose tissue application, by means of histological analyses of the liver and hematological and biochemical exams. Methods This is an experimental study with 12 albino rabbits as sample, which were divided into 3 groups and submitted to a hypercaloric diet for one month. Subsequently, subjects underwent UCV treatment: 3 minutes, 30 W, continuous mode at 100%, every 2 ERAS = 441.02 J/cm2, intensity of 10w/cm2. They were then euthanized and underwent biopsy after 24 hours. Results After 48 hours from the ultracavitation treatment, the animals' livers presented greater amount of fat infiltration if compared to the amount presented 96 hours after the treatment. However, laboratory tests showed no alterations. Values were maintained within normal parameters of cholesterol, triglycerides, liver enzymes, hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Conclusions This study has identified that infiltrates may appear on livers after the treatment, despite high hematological and biochemical tests results. The fat infiltrates reduction 96 h after treatment suggests lower risks to animal health, if the period between applications is respected.

Translational science: Newly emerging science in biology and medicine - Lessons from translational research on the natriuretic peptide family and leptin.

Translation is the process of turning observations in the laboratory, clinic, and community into interventions that improve the health of individuals and the public, ranging from diagnostics and therapeutics to medical procedures and behavioral changes. Translational research is defined as the effort to traverse a particular step of the translation process for a particular target or disease. Translational science is a newly emerging science, distinct from basic and clinical sciences in biology and medicine, and is a field of investigation focused on understanding the scientific and operational principles underlying each step of the translational process. Advances in translational science will increase the efficacy and safety of translational research in all diagnostic and therapeutic areas. This report examines translational research on novel hormones, the natriuretic peptide family and leptin, which have achieved clinical applications or for which studies are still ongoing, and also emphasizes the lessons that translational science has learned from more than 30 years' experience in translational research.