Rhinitis medicamentosa.

Sales of over-the-counter decongestant nasal sprays in Denmark from 2011 to 2023 have doubled. This article highlights the potential risks associated with prolonged use of decongestant nasal sprays, such as rhinitis medicamentosa. We conclude that there is an urgent need for increased patient education on proper use and possible side effects of over-the-counter decongestant nasal sprays, as well as a need for more substantial data on side effects related to decongestant nasal sprays to guide health authorities in future regulation.

Pearls and pitfalls of over-the-counter nasal sprays for seasonal allergy.

ABSTRACT: Allergic rhinitis (AR), commonly called hay fever, is primarily caused by the release of histamine after exposure to an allergen. This article reviews over-the-counter nasal spray options for the prevention and treatment of AR, including mechanisms of action, risks and benefits, and patient education.

Bilateral simultaneous acute angle closure glaucoma triggered by an over-the-counter cold and influenza medication.

A woman in her mid-60s who is a high hypermetrope presented with bilateral eye pain and headache approximately 1 hour after taking a single dose of a widely available decongestant containing paracetamol, guaifenesin and phenylephrine hydrochloride for coryzal symptoms. She had previous successful bilateral peripheral iridotomies performed for narrow angles. At presentation, her intraocular pressures (IOPs) were significantly raised at 72 mm Hg and 66 mm Hg in the right and left eye, respectively, with bilateral corneal oedema. Her IOP was normalised with urgent treatment using 500 mg intravenous acetazolamide, pilocarpine 2%, dexamethasone 0.1% and IOP-lowering drops. She was listed for cataract surgery and was advised to avoid the precipitating agent and other over-the-counter decongestants. This is the first reported case of bilateral angle closure triggered by a decongestant with such a combination of ingredients. Clinicians should be aware of this rare side effect for prompt diagnosis and management.

The validity of over-the-counter skin, hair, and nail recommendations for adult patients with cancer: A systematic review.

IMPORTANCE: Patients undergoing cancer treatment experience a multitude of skin, hair, and nail adverse events, prompting them to use non-evidence-based and often restrictive over-the-counter (OTC) recommendations to alleviate their symptoms. Comprehensively assessing evidence-based OTC modalities is crucial to enable cancer patients to comfortably resume their lives post-treatment and integrate clinically sound practices into their self-care routines. OBJECTIVE: Perform a systematic review and assessment of evidence-based OTC skin, hair, and nail care recommendations for adult patients undergoing cancer treatment. EVIDENCE REVIEW: PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Medline databases were searched in March 2023 to identify English articles addressing OTC skin, hair, and nail care recommendations for adult patients before, during, and after cancer chemotherapy or radiation therapy (RT). Quality was assessed with Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine criteria. FINDINGS: 2192 unique articles were screened, of which 77 met inclusion criteria consisting of 54 randomized controlled trials (RCT), 8 non-randomized controlled cohorts, 1 non-randomized controlled clinical trial, 3 controlled prospective cohorts, 4 prospective cohorts, 2 controlled clinical trials, 1 prospective comparative study, 2 case reports, and 2 case series discussing 9322 patients. An additional article outside of our database search was included for a total of 78 articles. OTC skin care treatments with the best quality of evidence included moisturizing creams. Our review revealed a paucity of evidence-based hair and nail care practices. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This systematic review serves to highlight the efficacy of diverse OTC skin, hair, and nail care recommendations for adult cancer patients while encouraging further clinical trials to establish evidence-based management guidelines.

Real-world evidence evaluation on consumer experience and prescription journey of diclofenac gel in Sweden.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to understand profiles of topical Voltaren gel diclofenac (VGD) 2.32 and 1.16% consumers through analyzing prescription patterns and to characterize treatment satisfaction, functional impairment, and pain relief after over-the-counter (OTC) VGD use in Sweden under real-world conditions. METHODS: This observational, real-world study conducted in Sweden had retrospective and prospective segments. The retrospective secondary data segment utilized 12-month diclofenac gel prescription data from the Swedish eHealth Agency (E-hälsomyndigheten). The prospective segment included electronic surveys completed at baseline and weeks 4 and 12 by adult consumers who purchased OTC VGD to treat their pain. RESULTS: Secondary data analyses (n = 12,145) showed that 56.7% of patients receiving diclofenac gel were females ≥70 years old. Most patients did not switch pain treatments; the mean time between diclofenac gel refills was about 2.5 months. From the surveys (n = 264), VGD provided pain relief, indicated by improvement in 11-point pain numeric rating scale scores. Average pain severity at baseline was 5.8 - improving by a mean of 1.3 and 1.9 points at weeks 4 and 12, respectively. The majority of consumers reported improvement in daily functioning (i.e., health-related quality of life [HRQoL]), and most were at least somewhat satisfied with VGD treatment results. CONCLUSIONS: This real-world study provides important insights into the prescription patterns of diclofenac gel and the consumer experience with OTC VGD in Sweden. Patients rarely switched to other topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and VGD consumers reported pain relief and improved HRQoL compared to baseline - resulting in treatment satisfaction.

The impact of codeine rescheduling on non-opioid analgesic use by people who regularly use codeine: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Codeine was rescheduled in Australia to prescription only in February 2018. Initial studies reported an increase in population level paracetamol and ibuprofen sales following codeine upscheduling. However, to date no study has been able to investigate changes in non-opioid analgesic use at the individual patient level to determine if sales data reflect actual consumption patterns. AIM: To address this gap, we aimed to determine the impact of codeine rescheduling on non-opioid analgesic use in people who regularly used over-the-counter codeine, primarily for pain, prior to the rescheduling change. METHOD: We conducted a prospective cohort study with 260 participants who reported regular over-the-counter codeine consumption at cohort entry. Surveys were completed at baseline (November 2017, 3 months before rescheduling) and at 1 month (February 2018), 4 months (June 2018), and 12 months (February 2019), following rescheduling. The primary outcomes were mean daily doses of non-opioid analgesics, captured through a 7 day medication diary. RESULTS: The mean daily paracetamol dose decreased from 1754.4 mg (95% CI 1300.5-2208.3) at baseline to 1023.8 mg (95% CI 808.5-1239.1) at the final time-point (+ 12 months) (p = .009). The mean daily ibuprofen dose decreased from 305.1mg (95% CI 217.9-392.4) at baseline to 161.2 mg (95% CI 98.5-224.0) 12 months after rescheduling (p = .03). No significant change in doses of other medications remained was found. CONCLUSION: In people who regularly consumed over-the-counter codeine, doses of non-opioid analgesics either reduced or remained stable following codeine rescheduling, suggesting concerns of medication substitution or overuse following the change were not realised.

[Actual Access and Usage of Antipyretic Analgesics before and after COVID-19 Vaccination: Pharmacist's Roles in Promoting Proper Use of Medicines during the Infodemic].

An overwhelming surge of information regarding preparedness for postvaccination side effects had caused widespread confusion approximately since April 2021, when the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination had started for the general population in Japan. Notably, this resulted in a remarkably increased shortage of OTC acetaminophen formulations. The aim of this study was to elucidate the actual responses of the public in such an environment, how individuals acquired and understood information related to the management of postvaccination side effects, and how they obtained and used antipyretic analgesics before and after COVID-19 vaccination. We conducted a web-based survey in January 2022, targeting 400 individuals aged ≥20 years, who had received two COVID-19 vaccine doses, and excluded qualified professionals such as physicians and pharmacists. The results revealed that 67% of the respondents had obtained antipyretic analgesics in anticipation of adverse effects after vaccination, whereas 38% had taken these medicines before and/or after the second vaccination. Possible misappropriation of medicines from others, preventive administration, and lack of dosage and administration confirmation are the problems identified in medication acquisition and usage. Additionally, avoidance of antipyretic analgesics based on information without scientific evidence was observed. This study revealed no small amount of inappropriate use of medicines in situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, where there is an "infodemic" of mixed-quality information. Pharmacists, as experts in medication, should play a crucial role in promoting appropriate medication usage by consistently staying updated with the latest scientific evidence and proactively supporting OTC drug selection and counseling medication.

An Over-the-Counter Healing Ointment: Benefits in Dry Skin and Wound Healing.

BACKGROUND: The use of ointments can be beneficial for dry, chapped, or cracked skin and also for supporting wound healing. We describe the results of 2 studies with an over-the-counter healing ointment (HO) to evaluate the effects on skin hydration and in the setting of wound healing after dermatologic procedures.  Methods: Study 1 was a single-center, in-use study using HO on qualified areas at least once daily for 4 weeks in subjects with dry, cracked body skin and self-perceived sensitive skin. Study 2 was a multi-center study of wound healing in subjects using HO on a daily basis after having dermatologic surgical procedures.  Results: In Study 1, there was a significant reduction in skin dryness after 1 and 4 weeks of HO use (P<0.05). Image analysis of the skin revealed a significant increase in skin smoothness after the first application of HO in 100% of subjects (P<0.05). Tolerability and safety were excellent, and HO was well-perceived by subjects throughout the study. In Study 2, HO improved clinical assessments at all time points compared with baseline with a decrease in erythema, edema, scabbing/crusting, and an improvement in overall wound appearance (P<0.05). There was no worsening or significant increase in measures for tolerability parameters at any study visits. Additionally, HO achieved a favorable perception by study subjects.  Conclusions: HO has a well-established safety profile and has been shown to improve both skin hydration and the overall wound healing process after dermatologic surgical procedures. J Drugs Dermatol. 2024;23(5):360-365. doi:10.36849/JDD.8224.

Rx -to- OTC switch increased access and lowered cost of topical adapalene.

Topical adapalene gel is an effective and well tolerated acne treatment that transitioned from prescription to over-the-counter (OTC) availability in 2016. Historically, prescription to OTC transitions have lowered costs to patients and payers and increased access to medications. This study used sales and prescriber data to assess access to topical retinoid therapies and their costs in the pre- and post- Rx-to-OTC transition. We demonstrate that the prescription to OTC transition of adapalene gel increased access to this medication, while lowering costs to patients and payers, including Medicare patients. These results provide a necessary call to action for future OTC shifts with other high safety profile, well-tolerated medications in ultimate efforts and hopes of cost savings for patients, insurers, and Medicare within our healthcare industry.

A randomized controlled double-blinded split-face prospective clinical trial to assess the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a novel 3-step routine compared to benzoyl peroxide for the treatment of mild to moderate acne vulgaris.

Adult acne vulgaris affects up to 43-51% of individuals. While there are numerous treatment options for acne including topical, oral, and energy-based approaches, benzoyl peroxide (BPO) is a popular over the counter (OTC) treatment. Although BPO monotherapy has a long history of efficacy and safety, it suffers from several disadvantages, most notably, skin irritation, particularly for treatment naïve patients. In this prospective, randomized, controlled, split-face study, we evaluated the comparative efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a novel 3-step azelaic acid, salicylic acid, and graduated retinol regimen versus a common OTC BPO-based regimen over 12 weeks. A total of 37 adult subjects with self-reported mild to moderate acne vulgaris were recruited. A total of 21 subjects underwent a 2-week washout period and completed the full study with 3 dropping out due to product irritation from the BPO routine, and 13 being lost to follow-up. Detailed tolerability surveys were conducted at Week 4. Additional surveys on tolerability and product preferences were collected monthly, at Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12. A blinded board-certified dermatologist objectively scored the presence and type of acne lesions (open or closed comedones, papules, pustules, nodules, and cysts) at baseline, Week 4, Week 8, and Week 12. Patients photographed themselves and uploaded the images using personal mobile phones. Detailed Week 4 survey results showed across 25 domains of user-assessed product performance, the novel routine outperformed the BPO routine in 19 (76%) which included domains in preference (e.g. "I would use this in the future) and performance ("my skin improved" and "helped my acne clear up faster"). Users of the novel routine reported less facial redness, itching, and burning, though differences did not reach statistical significance. In terms of efficacy, both products performed similarly, reducing total acne lesions by 36% (novel routine) and 40% (BPO routine) by Week 12. Overall, accounting for user preferences and tolerability the novel routine was more preferred than the BPO routine in 79% of domains (22/28). Differences in objective acne lesion reduction were not statistically significant (p = 0.97). In a randomized split-face study, a 3-step azelaic acid, salicylic acid, and graduated retinol regimen delivered similar acne lesion reduction, fewer user dropouts, greater user tolerability, and higher use preference compared to a 3-step BPO routine based in a cohort of participants with mild-to-moderate acne vulgaris.

[Network Meta-analysis of Chinese patent medicine in treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction].

This study systematically evaluated the efficacy and safety of different Chinese patent medicines combined with conventional western medicine in the treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction(HFpEF) and ranked for the drug selection. Randomized controlled trial(RCT) on Chinese patent medicines in treatment of HFpEF were obtained from the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, SinoMed, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMbase, Web of Science, and other databases from the inception to October 9, 2022. The included RCT was quantitatively analyzed using gemtc and rjags packages of R software for the network Meta-analysis. 74 RCTs were included, with a total of 7 192 patients enrolled, involving 11 different Chinese patent medicines(Shenfu Injection, Shenmai Injection, Qili Qiangxin Capsules, Shexiang Baoxin Pills, Xuezhikang Capsules, Salvia Miltiorrhiza Polyphenols Injection, Tanshinone Ⅱ_A Sulfonate Injection, Xinmailong Injection, Yangxinshi Tablets, Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills, and Yixinshu Capsules). The results of network Meta-analysis are shown as followed.(1)In terms of improving clinical effective rate, for injection preparations, Xinmailong Injection + conventional western medicine was recommended. while for oral preparations, Shexiang Baoxin Pills + conventional western medicine, Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills + conventional western medicine, and Qili Qiangxin Capsules + conventional western medicine were preferred.(2)In terms of improving the mitral ratio of peak early to late diastolic filling velocity(E/A), for injection preparations, Shenmai Injection + Salvia Miltiorrhiza Polyphenols Injection + conventional western medicine, Shenmai Injection + conventional western medicine, Shenfu Injection + conventional western medicine were preferred. While for oral preparations, Yixinshu Capsules + conventional western medicine was preferred.(3)In terms of reducing the ratio of early diastolic mitral inflow to early diastolic mitral annular velocity(E/e'), Shenfu Injection + conventional western medicine could be used as injection preparation, and Qili Qiangxin Capsules + conventional western medicine, Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills + conventional western medicine for oral preparations.(4)In terms of improving 6-minute walking trail(6MWT), the injection preparations such as Shenmai Injection + conventional western medicine, Xinmailong Injection + conventional western medicine were suitable, while oral preparations like Qishen Yiqi Dripping Pills + conventional western medicine, Qili Qiangxin Capsules + conventional western medicine were recommended.(5)In terms of reducing N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP), Qili Qiangxin Capsules + conventional western medicine were preferred.(6)In terms of reducing B-type natriuretic peptide(BNP), Xinmailong Injection + conventional western medicine could be used for injection preparation and Qili Qiangxin Capsules + conventional western medicine can be used for oral preparation. In terms of adverse drug reactions, there was no significant difference between Chinese patent medicine combined with conventional western conventional and traditional western medicine alone. The results showe that Chinese patent medicine combined with conventional western medicine in treating HFpEF is superior to conventional western medicine alone in reducing clinical symptoms, improving cardiac function, and improving exercise tolerance, which also has good drug safety. However, the existing evidence is still limited by the quality and quantity of included studies, so the above conclusion requires further validation through more prospective RCT.

Plant-based compositions for the treatment of local and topical bacterial infections: a patent review.

Aim: To examine recent patents related to plants with antimicrobial effects. Methods: Our investigation was carried out using the Espacenet database, searching patents related to International Patent Classification (IPC) codes A61P31/04, and A61K36/00 between 2008 and 2023. Results: The study began with 360 patents, of which 15 were found to be duplicates; 144 were not related to the research topic and six were not available. Then, 48 patents were related to other administration routes. The final selection was 47 patents related to local administration compositions. The potential for these herbal compositions to be marketed as over-the-counter medicines was evident. Conclusion: Developing new plant-origin anti-infective agents could provide promising solutions for combating resistant infections and offer accessible treatment options.

[Box: see text].

Topical Nonprescription Pain Medications for Adults.

This JAMA Patient Page describes the types of topical nonprescription pain medications and tips for using them.

Oral Nonprescription Pain Medications for Adults.

This JAMA Patient Page describes the common oral nonprescription pain medications acetaminophen, aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium.

Prevalence of Polypharmacy and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions Associated with Risk Factors in the Era of HIV Integrase Inhibitors: A Prospective Clinical Study.

People living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLWH), with the availability of modern antiretroviral drugs, have multiple comorbidities, which increase the risk of polypharmacy and potential drug-drug interactions (PDDIs). This is a particularly important issue for the aging population of PLWH. This study aims to review the prevalence and risk factors for PDDIs and polypharmacy in the era of HIV integrase inhibitors. A cross-sectional, two-center, prospective observational study was conducted on Turkish outpatients between October 2021 and April 2022. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of ≥5 non-HIV medications, excluding over-the-counter (OTC) drugs, and PDDIs were classified using the University of Liverpool HIV Drug Interaction Database (harmful/red flagged and potentially clinically relevant/amber flagged). The median age of the 502 PLWH included in the study was 42 ± 12.4 years and 86.1% were males. Most individuals (96.4%) were given integrase-based regimens (unboosted 68.7% and boosted 27.7%). In total, 30.7% of individuals were taking at least one OTC drug. The prevalence of polypharmacy was 6.8% (9.2% when OTC drugs were included). During the study period, the prevalence of PDDIs was 1.2% for red flag PDDIs and 16% for amber flag PDDIs. CD4+ T cell count >500 cells/mm3, number of comorbidities ≥3, comedication with drugs affecting blood and blood-forming organs, cardiovascular drugs, and vitamin/mineral supplements were associated with red flag or amber flag PDDIs. Drug interaction prevention is still important in HIV care. Individuals with multiple comorbidities should be closely monitored for non-HIV medications to prevent PDDIs.

Sources of knowledge and truth related to anabolic/androgenic steroid use among two-spirit, gay, bisexual, queer, and other men who have sex with men.

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to explore how two-spirit, gay, bisexual, and queer cisgender and transgender (2SGBQ+) men engage with information related to non-prescribed anabolic/androgenic steroid (AAS) use, and how discourses of risk surrounding AASs influence their AAS use practices. Two objectives were achieved: (1) Sources of information that 2SGBQ+ men consulted when considering using AASs were identified and (2) the ways in which discourses of risk shaped 2SGBQ+ men's experiences of using AASs were revealed. METHODS: Participants were recruited for semi-structured interviews online and through word of mouth. A critical poststructural methodology and theories of risk discourse and biopolitics were used to identify themes and interpret data. RESULTS: Seventeen interviews were conducted with adult 2SGBQ+ cis and trans men. Three themes emerged: (1) Unauthoritative sources of knowledge and truth sought by current and prospective AAS users were inconsistent and difficult to evaluate; (2) Authoritative sources, including health care providers, reacted inconsistently; and (3) 2SGBQ+ men generated and shared lay knowledges as a form of community-led harm reduction. CONCLUSION: The complexities of seeking and evaluating information highlight the privileged nature of trustworthy, accurate information on the topic. Risk-as a discursive regime-places 2SGBQ+ male AAS users in the position to produce lay knowledge and cultivate their own "truths" on the topic, which can lead to preventable harm. Public health needs to address these biopolitical effects by considering these lay forms of knowledge as an untapped resource and design accessible and judgement-free AAS use harm reduction programs for 2SGBQ+ AAS users.

RéSUMé: OBJECTIFS: Cette étude visait à explorer le rapport des hommes gais, bisexuels, queer, trans, bispirituels et autres hommes cisgenres et transgenres qui aiment les hommes (GBTQ2+) avec les informations sur l'utilisation des stéroïdes anabolisants/androgéniques (SAA) vendus sans ordonnance, et en quoi le discours sur le risque posé par les SAA influence leurs pratiques d'utilisation des SAA. L'étude avait deux objectifs : 1) trouver les sources d'informations consultées par les hommes GBTQ2+ qui songent à utiliser des SAA; et 2) révéler comment le discours du risque modifie l'expérience d'utilisation des SAA par les hommes GBTQ2+. MéTHODE: Les participants ont été recrutés en ligne et de bouche à oreille pour se prêter à des entretiens semi-directifs. Une méthode critique poststructurale et les théories du discours du risque et de la biopolitique ont servi à repérer les thématiques et à interpréter les données. RéSULTATS: En tout, 17 entretiens ont été menés auprès d'hommes adultes GBTQ2+ cisgenres et transgenres. Trois thèmes en sont ressortis : 1) Les sources de savoir et de vérité non autorisées consultées par les utilisateurs actuels et éventuels des SAA se contredisaient et étaient difficiles à évaluer; 2) Les sources autorisées, dont les professionnels de santé, réagissaient contradictoirement; et 3) Les hommes GBTQ2+ produisaient et partageaient des savoirs non professionnels ­ une forme de réduction des méfaits d'inspiration communautaire. CONCLUSION: La complexité des tâches de recherche et d'évaluation des informations fait ressortir la nature privilégiée des informations fiables et exactes à ce sujet. Le discours du risque met les hommes GBTQ2+ qui font usage de SAA dans la position de devoir produire des savoirs non professionnels et cultiver leurs propres « vérités ¼ à ce sujet, ce qui peut causer des méfaits évitables. La santé publique doit se pencher sur ces effets biopolitiques en considérant ces formes de savoirs non professionnelles comme une ressource non exploitée et en concevant des programmes de réduction des méfaits accessibles et sans jugements pour les personnes GBTQ2+ qui utilisent des SAA.