Reoperation rates for recurrence of fibroids after abdominal myomectomy in women with large uterus.

BACKGROUND: The population of women undergoing abdominal myomectomy for symptomatic large fibroid uterus is unique. We seek to characterize the timing, risk factors as well as the presenting symptoms which led patients to undergo repeat surgery in this patient population. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We followed 592 patients who underwent an abdominal myomectomy from March 1998 to June 2010 at St. Vincent's Catholic Medical Center and presented later during the study period with a recurrence of symptoms attributable to a reemergence of fibroids and who chose to undergo repeat surgical management. Twelve percent of patients exhibited symptoms of fibroid uterus which led to reoperation within the study period. The mean age at repeat surgery was 44.1 ± 0.6 years old (n = 69) and the mean time between operations was 7.9 ± 0.3 years. Presentation was variable but included bleeding, pain and infertility. Patients presented for surgery with a significantly smaller sized uterus than at their initial surgery. Timing between surgeries correlated with age at initial surgery and uterine size but race, number of fibroids, aggregate weight of fibroids removed, operative time or blood loss at the initial surgery did not correlate. Data is suggestive that intraperitoneal triamcinolone may reduce reoperation rates but not timing of recurrence. CONCLUSION: These results may help in counseling patients, particularly younger women, on the risks of fibroid recurrence necessitating repeat surgery. Further research is necessary to assess if triamcinolone can alter fibroid reurrence in patients who undergo uterus sparing procedures.

Racial Disparities in Outcomes of Women Undergoing Myomectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association of racial and socioeconomic factors with outcomes of abdominal myomectomies. METHODS: All women undergoing abdominal myomectomy in California from 2005 to 2012 were identified from the OSHPD (Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development) using appropriate International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical approaches, and complications occurring within 30 days of the procedure were identified. Multivariate associations were assessed with mixed effects logistic regression models. RESULTS: The cohort of 35,151 women was racially and ethnically diverse (White, 38.8%; Black, 19.9%; Hispanic, 20.3%; and Asian, 15.3%). Among all procedures, 33,906 were performed through an open abdominal approach, and 1,245 were performed using a minimally invasive approach. Proportionally, Black patients were more likely than White patients to have open procedures, and open approaches were associated with higher complication rates. Overall, 2,622 (7.5%) women suffered at least one complication. Although severe complications did not vary by race or ethnicity, Black (9.0%), Hispanic (7.9%), and Asian (7.5%) patients were more likely to suffer complications of any severity compared with White patients (6.7%, P<.001). As compared with patients with private insurance (6.4%), those with indigent payer status (Medicaid [12.1%] and self-pay [11.1%]) had higher complication rates (P<.001). Controlling for all factors, Black and Asian patients were more likely to suffer complications compared with White patients. CONCLUSION: The overall complication rate after abdominal myomectomy was 7.5%. Comorbidities, an open approach, and indigent payer status were associated with increased complication risk. Controlling for all factors, Black and Asian patients still had increased risks of complications.

A clinical audit of the patterns of presentations and complications of abdominal myomectomy at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.

Abdominal myomectomy is a common modality of treatment for large and symptomatic uterine fibroids in women who wish to retain their fertility. Black women have higher rates and larger sizes of uterine fibroids. We aimed to determine the presentation patterns, peri-operative complications, and determinants of complications in patients who underwent abdominal myomectomy. This was a retrospective review of women who had abdominal myomectomy between July 2016 and June 2019. There were intra-operative complications and post-operative complications in 25% and 29.3% of patients respectively. There were higher odds for developing intra-operative complications among those who had general anaesthesia [OR = 3.514, 95%CI (1.951-6.331)], more than 10 fibroid nodules enucleated [OR = 4.917, 95%CI (2.600-9.298)], pre-operative Packed cell volume (PCV) < 30% [OR = 4.831, 95%CI (2.370-9.880)], presence of adhesions [OR = 2.680, 95%CI (1.510-4.730)], fibroids larger than 10 centimetres [OR = 1.98, 95%CI (1.13-3.49)], previous pelvic surgery [OR = 2.68, 95%CI (1.52-4.63)]. Post-operative complications were higher in those who had general anaesthesia or pre-existing medical conditions.IMPACT STATEMENTWhat is already known on this subject? Abdominal myomectomy is a major surgical procedure globally with a significant morbidity rate. Sufficient evidence relating to the determinants of peri-operative complications are lacking.What do the results of this study add? Our results highlight the factors associated with increased odds of developing complications following abdominal myomectomy.What are the implications of these findings for clinical practice and/or further research? Our study complements existing data on the peri-operative complications following abdominal myomectomy. It also reflects the possibility of mortality albeit a rarerity. A retrospective multivariate analysis like this, while classifying morbidities into intra-operative and post-operative complications, is required to start an audit cycle. Knowing these determinants will help improve patient optimisation for surgery, identify high risk women and enhance more directed counselling. The results from this pilot study will also be used to design a prospective study to be undertaken by the authors.

Non-extirpative Treatments for Uterine Myomas: Measuring Success.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze outcomes of nonextirpative treatments for uterine myomas compared with myomectomy. DATA SOURCES: A systematic search of the following databases from inception to January 2020 was performed: Ovid Medline, Embase, PubMed, and Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Two authors reviewed titles and abstracts for relevance, and full articles were obtained and evaluated for inclusion. Studies were included if they compared nonextirpative interventions for uterine myomas to myomectomy and reported at least one outcome of interest. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: Of the 2010 articles identified and reviewed, 125 full text articles were reviewed, and 22 were ultimately included in the analysis. Nonextirpative treatments reviewed included uterine artery embolization (UAE; 16 studies, n = 9555 subjects), focused ultrasound (FUS; 4 studies, n = 1516), laparoscopic radiofrequency ablation (RFA; 3 studies, n = 49). UAE, FUS, and laparoscopic RFA groups were compared with patients undergoing myomectomy (n = 34 872, n = 20 677, n = 47 respectively). In comparison with myomectomy, UAE had similar quality of life scores, symptom severity scores, sexual function scores, ovarian function, and miscarriage rates following intervention. There was lower likelihood of conceiving after UAE and a higher rate of reintervention after UAE compared with myomectomy. FUS had similar postprocedure sexual function scores and reintervention rates compared with myomectomy. Laparoscopic RFA had similar quality of life scores, symptom severity scores, sexual function scores, reintervention rates, and pregnancy rates after the procedure compared with myomectomy. CONCLUSION: Nonextirpative treatments for uterine myomas have similar outcomes to myomectomy in multiple domains, with most available evidence comparing UAE with myomectomy.

Comparison of fertility outcomes after laparoscopic myomectomy for barbed versus nonbarbed sutures.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact on women's reproductive outcomes of barbed sutures to repair uterine breaches during laparoscopic myomectomy compared with traditional smooth sutures. DESIGN: Retrospective, monocentric cohort study, with information on subsequent pregnancies prospectively acquired for some women. SETTING: Tertiary-level academic referral center. PATIENT(S): Women older than 18 years who had undergone a laparoscopic myomectomy and had sought pregnancy afterward, divided into two groups based on type of suture used to repair the uterine wall: group A (nonbarbed) and group B (barbed). INTERVENTION(S): Laparoscopic removal of FIGO types 3, 4, 5, and 6 uterine leiomyomas by use of either only barbed sutures or only traditional smooth sutures to reconstruct the uterine defect. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy achievement rates, delivery modes, main pregnancy complications, perioperative complications for both kinds of suture, and the trend of the use of barbed sutures over time at our center. RESULT(S): Of 164 patients included, 83 were in group A and 81 in group B. Ninety-one patients (55.5%) experienced at least one postoperative pregnancy, with no differences between the groups (group A 60.5%; group B 50.6%). Of the 103 recorded postoperative pregnancies, 70 (68%) resulted in live births, 29 (28.1%) in first-trimester miscarriages, and 4 (3.9%) were ongoing. CONCLUSION(S): Barbed sutures have a similar impact on reproductive outcomes as smooth conventional threads, both in terms of pregnancy and obstetric complication rates, after laparoscopic myomectomy.

Impact of a Blood Conservation Bundle Checklist on Perioperative Transfusion Rates during Myomectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The primary objective was to introduce an intraoperative blood conservation bundle (BCB) checklist into clinical practice and assess its impact on perioperative blood transfusion rates during myomectomy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study with retrospective control group. SETTING: A Canadian tertiary-care teaching hospital. PATIENTS: One hundred and eighty-six women who underwent myomectomy. INTERVENTIONS: The BCB is a physical checklist attached to the patient chart and consists of evidence-based medical and surgical interventions to reduce intraoperative blood loss. It was introduced in October 2018, and data were collected prospectively during a 12-month period for all open, robotic, and laparoscopic myomectomies at our institution. The primary outcome was the perioperative transfusion rate, and the secondary outcomes included estimated intraoperative blood loss, perioperative complications, readmissions, and BCB usage rates. Data were compared with those of a historic control group for a 24-month period before the BCB introduction. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In the pre-BCB period, 134 myomectomies (90 open, 31 robotic, and 13 laparoscopic) were performed, and during our study period, 52 myomectomies (33 open, 10 robotic, and 9 laparoscopic) were performed. There was a decrease in transfusion rate from 15.7% (21/134) to 7.7% (4/52) after introduction of the BCB; however, this was not significant (p = .152). The mean estimated blood loss was lower postintervention (491 mL ± 440 mL vs 350 mL ± 255 mL; p <.05) as was the mean delta hemoglobin (-28 g/L ± 13.0 g/L vs -23 g/L ± 11.4g/L; p <.05]. The checklist was used in 92.3% of cases (48/52). There were no differences in intraoperative or postoperative complications or readmission rates. CONCLUSION: Best practice care bundles can improve knowledge translation of guidelines into care delivery. The introduction of the BCB was successful in reducing intraoperative blood loss during myomectomy at our institution. The BCB is a simple, effective tool that can be easily adopted by gynecologic surgeons to guide intraoperative decision-making during myomectomy.

Incidence of occult uterine sarcoma and other unexpected pathologies in patients having surgery for presumed myomas: A retrospective observational study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of occult uterine sarcomas and other unexpected pathologies in patients undergoing hysterectomies or myomectomies with a pre-operative diagnosis of uterine leiomyomas. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: Tertiary hospital in Santiago, Chile. POPULATION: 921 women who underwent surgery for presumed myomas. Database analysis of surgical and pathological notes, from January 2007 to December 2017 with a preoperative diagnosis of uterine leiomyoma. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: number of patients with uterine sarcoma confirmed on histology. RESULTS: During this period, a total of 921 gynecological surgeries were performed for benign uterine fibroids of which 787 were hysterectomies and 134 were myomectomies. We found four cases of malignant neoplasms (0,43 %). Two were uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS), one mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumor, and one case of incidental cervical cancer. This gives an LMS incidence of 1 in 460 and 1 in 921 of mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumor. There were seven cases of unexpected benign pathology. This included six atypical myomas and one leiomyoblastoma epithelioid myoma. If we combine the malignant and benign cases, we would have an incidence of 1.2 % of unexpected pathology. CONCLUSION: In our series of patients undergoing myomectomies or hysterectomies for presumed myomas the incidence of LMS was 1 in 460. The incidence of any unexpected pathology including benign ones in presumed myomas was 1 in 83 (six atypical myomas, one leiomyoblastoma epithelioid myoma, two LMS, one mixed epithelial and mesenchymal tumor, one incidental cervical cancer).

Impact of history of myomectomy on preterm birth risk in women with a leiomyomatous uterus: a propensity score analysis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate if women with a history of myomectomy have a modified preterm birth risk compared to women with myomas during pregnancy. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study including all women with a history of myomectomy (operated group) or uterine myomas during pregnancy (unoperated group) who delivered in a tertiary center between January, 2011 and December, 2017. The operated group included women who had a myomectomy history with or without myomas during the ongoing pregnancy. The unoperated group included women with uterine myoma(s) seen on at least one ultrasound during pregnancy without history of myomectomy. The primary outcome was preterm birth < 37 weeks, and the secondary outcome spontaneous preterm birth < 37 weeks. To control for confounding factors, a propensity score approach was used. Two sensitivity analysis were performed, one repeating the analysis using the propensity score after excluding operated women with persistent myomas and one using a classical multivariable logistic regression model. RESULTS: The cohort included 576 women: 283 operated women and 293 unoperated women. The rate of preterm birth was similar in the two groups: 12.6% in the unoperated group and 12.0% in the operated group (p = 0.82). No difference in preterm birth risk was shown between unoperated and operated women in the cohort matched on the propensity score: OR 0.86; 95%CI [0.47-1.59]. These results were consistent for spontaneous preterm birth (OR 1.61; 95%CI [0.61-4.23]) and for the sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: In women with a leiomyomatous uterus, a history of myomectomy is not associated with a reduced preterm birth risk.

Treatment Choices in a National Cohort of Canadian Women With Symptomatic Uterine Fibroids.

OBJECTIVES: To describe treatment choices made at the time of enrollment in CAPTURE, a Canadian patient registry for women with symptomatic uterine fibroids (UFs), and to define demographic and clinical characteristics that independently predict these choices. METHODS: Women arranging appointments for UF care were eligible to enrol. At the time of the enrollment visit, women's self-reported treatment histories were noted, along with their clinical characteristics. Tretment options were discussed and chosen during that visit. Patients could choose medical and/or surgical treatment, or they could opt for no active treatment (i.e., "watchful waiting"); treatment decisions were not binding. RESULTS: The most common medication proposed and chosen was ulipristal acetate (UPA), and the most common procedure was myomectomy. These treatments were also the most commonly identified in patients' histories. Medication alone and medication in combination with surgery were the most common treatment approaches chosen (46% and 26%, respectively). Surgery alone and watchful waiting were chosen by 14% and 13% of patients, respectively. Significant predictors of active treatment included patient pregnancy plans, overall symptom severity, and prior treatment history (medical and surgical). Other parameters, including patient age and history of specific UF symptoms, appear to influence the choice of medical therapies (UPA, gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists, or other options) and procedures (myomectomy or hysterectomy). CONCLUSIONS: This real-world study documents the patient factors associated with the treatment decisions of women seeking care for symptomatic UFs in contemporary Canadian gynaecology practice. Subsequent analyses will follow the outcomes of these treatments over two years in this population.

Contemporary treatment utilization among women diagnosed with symptomatic uterine fibroids in the United States.

BACKGROUND: This study evaluated treatment patterns among women diagnosed with symptomatic uterine fibroids (UF) in the United States. Data were retrospectively extracted from the IBM Watson Health MarketScan® Commercial Claims and Encounters and Medicaid Multi-State databases. METHODS: Women aged 18-64 years with ≥1 medical claim with a UF diagnosis (primary position, or secondary position plus ≥1 associated symptom) from January 2010 to June 2015 (Commercial) and January 2009 to December 2014 (Medicaid) were eligible; the first UF claim during these time periods was designated the index date. Data collected 12 months pre- and 12 and 60 months post-diagnosis included clinical/demographic characteristics, pharmacologic/surgical treatments, and surgical complications. Prevalence (2015) and cumulative incidence (Commercial, 2010-2015; Medicaid, 2009-2015) of symptomatic UF were estimated. RESULTS: 225,737 (Commercial) and 19,062 (Medicaid) women had a minimum of 12 months post-index continuous enrollment and were eligible for study. Symptomatic UF prevalence and cumulative incidence were: 0.57, 1.23% (Commercial) and 0.46, 0.64% (Medicaid). Initial treatments within 12 months post-diagnosis were surgical (Commercial, 36.7%; Medicaid, 28.7%), pharmacologic (31.7%; 53.0%), or none (31.6%; 18.3%). Pharmacologic treatments were most commonly non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and oral contraceptives; hysterectomy was the most common surgical treatment. Of procedures of abdominal hysterectomy, abdominal myomectomy, uterine artery embolization, and ablation in the first 12 months post-index, 14.9% (Commercial) and 24.9% (Medicaid) resulted in a treatment-associated complication. Abdominal hysterectomy had the highest complication rates (Commercial, 18.5%; Medicaid, 31.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Off-label use of pharmacologic therapies and hysterectomy for treatment of symptomatic UF suggests a need for indicated non-invasive treatments for symptomatic UF.

Risk of uterine rupture after myomectomy by laparoscopy or laparotomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the shift in surgical trends for myomectomy and subsequent changes in the number of uterine ruptures over the years. METHODS: Retrospective analysis utilizing the HCUP-NIS database. Evaluating women, aged 18-40 years, who underwent myomectomy by laparoscopy or laparotomy, and who subsequently had uterine rupture between 2005 and 2014. Statistical analysis focused on the odds ratio of having uterine rupture after a myomectomy and the trends over the years. RESULTS: Of a total 54,146 myomectomies, there were 237 uterine ruptures, which stands for 0.43 %. Mean age was 31.8 years, mainly Caucasians and had private insurance. The procedure was performed mainly by laparotomy with 97.7 %, and 2.3 % were performed by laparoscopy. There was a decrease of total myomectomies from 6646 in 2005-4589 in 2014. The numbers of uterine rupture per 1,000 myomectomies were 4.2 after laparotomy and 10.6 after laparoscopic approach. CONCLUSION: The myomectomy trend changed in recent years with a greater predominance of laparotomies over laparoscopies. Laparoscopic myomectomy may by itself increase the risk for uterine rupture compared to open approach.

Comparative effectiveness of hysterectomy versus myomectomy on one-year health-related quality of life in women with uterine fibroids.

OBJECTIVE: To compare long-term health-related quality of life (HRQOL) 1 year after hysterectomy or myomectomy for treatment of uterine fibroids (UFs) and to determine whether route of procedure, race, or age affected improvements in HRQOL. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Eight clinical sites throughout the United States. PATIENT(S): A total of 1,113 premenopausal women with UFs who underwent hysterectomy or myomectomy as part of Comparing Options for Management: Patient-Centered Results for Uterine Fibroids. INTERVENTION(S): None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE (S): Self-reported HRQOL measures including Uterine Fibroid Symptom Quality of Life, the European QOL 5 Dimension Health Questionnaire, and the visual analog scale at baseline and 1-year after hysterectomy or myomectomy. RESULT (S): Hysterectomy patients were older with a longer history of symptomatic UF compared with myomectomy patients. There were no differences in baseline HRQOL. After adjustment for baseline differences between groups, compared with myomectomy, patients' HRQOL (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.4, 17.2) and symptom severity (95% CI, -16.3, -8.8) were significantly improved with hysterectomy. When stratified across race/ethnicity and age, hysterectomy had higher HRQOL scores compared with myomectomy. There was little difference in HRQOL (95% CI, 0.1 [-9.5, 9.6]) or symptom severity (95% CI, -3.4 [-10, 3.2]) between abdominal hysterectomy and abdominal myomectomy. CONCLUSION (S): HRQOL improved in all women 1 year after hysterectomy or myomectomy. Hysterectomy patients reported higher HRQOL summary scores compared with myomectomy patients. When stratified by route, minimally invasive hysterectomy had better HRQOL scores than minimally invasive myomectomy. There was little difference in scores with abdominal approaches.

Comparison of Reduced-Port Robotic Surgery (RPRS) with conventional 2 port laparoscopy for myomectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the surgical outcomes between Reduced-Port Robotic Surgery (RPRS) using the Octo-Port system and conventional 2 port laparoscopy for myomectomy. STUDY DESIGN: This is a prospective, non-randomized study, which compared and analyzed data from 41 patients who underwent RPRS myomectomy and 22 patients who underwent conventional 2 port laparoscopic myomectomy from April 2016 through July 2019. We compared the myoma enucleation time, suture time, myoma type, and the location of the largest myoma between the two groups. RESULTS: The patients were not different between the two groups. The myoma enucleation time (26.7 ± 20.9 vs. 22.0 ± 13.7, p = 0.380), hemoglobin drop (2.38 ± 0.9 vs 2.1 ± 0.8, p = 0.280), weight of the myomas (205.3 ± 161.5 vs. 163.4 ± 89.1, p = 0.261), and estimated blood loss (181.1 ± 163.4 vs. 187.3 ± 77.5, p = 0.840) were not significantly different between the two groups. Notably, only the suture time (15.5 (10-21.5) vs. 20 (18-27), p = 0.005) was lesser in women who underwent RPRS myomectomy than in those who underwent conventional 2 port myomectomy. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that RPRS myomectomy is comparable to conventional 2 port laparoscopic myomectomy in terms of safety and feasibility and may be more advantageous for suturing after myoma enucleation.

Reproductive Outcomes following Use of Barbed Suture during Laparoscopic Myomectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To review pregnancy outcomes after laparoscopic myomectomy with the use of barbed suture. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study and follow-up survey. SETTING: Single, large academic medical center. PATIENTS: Patients who underwent laparoscopic myomectomy with the use of barbed suture for myometrial closure between 2008 and 2016. INTERVENTION: Laparoscopic myomectomy and a follow-up survey regarding pregnancy outcome. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 486 patients met inclusion criteria and underwent a laparoscopic myomectomy between 2008 and 2016. Of the 428 with viable contact information, 240 agreed to participate (56%). Of those who responded to the survey, 101 (42%) attempted to get pregnant, and there were 4 unplanned pregnancies. There were 110 pregnancies among 76 survey respondents. In total, of the women attempting a postoperative pregnancy, 71% had at least 1 pregnancy. Comparing the women who did and did not conceive postoperatively, the group who got pregnant was on average younger, 33.8 ± 4.5 years vs 37.5 ± 6.5 years (p = .001); had fewer myomas removed, median = 2 (range 1-9) vs median = 2 (range 1-16) myomas (p = .038); and had a longer follow-up period, 30 months ( vs 30 (11-93 months) ± 20 (p <.001). The mean time to first postoperative pregnancy was 18.0 months (range 2-72 months). Of the 110 reported postoperative pregnancies, there were 60 live births (55%), 90% by means of cesarean section. The mean gestational age at birth was 37.8 weeks. In the cohort, there were 8 preterm births, 3 cases of abnormal placentation, 2 cases of fetal growth restriction, 3 cases of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, and 2 cases of myoma degeneration requiring hospitalization for pain control. There were no uterine ruptures reported. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, pregnancy outcomes after laparoscopic myomectomy with barbed suture are comparable with available literature on pregnancy outcomes with conventional smooth suture.

Robotic surgery in gynecology: review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Robotic surgery carries with it the potential to transform laparoscopic surgery by providing, for the 1st time, instruments with distal ends that mimic the intricate movements of the human hand while at the same time providing the surgeon with a high-definition, three-dimensional view of the operative field. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical application of robotic surgery in benign gynecological conditions, as well as the components of the Da Vinci Si robotic system, analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of this type of surgical approach that it provides to the patient and in turn to the surgeon. METHOD: Review of the literature in PubMed and UpToDate where the keywords of our review were searched. Inclusion criteria: Articles of cases or series containing the sections of the application of robotic surgery in gynecology and clinical results. RESULTS: We found 50 scientific articles that included in their titles the key words of our review. 22 articles were discarded, 14 because they were inaccessible, 3 because they were published in bulletins without an impact factor and 5 because no information was obtained about the researcher's results, their volume, visibility and structure. A total of 28 articles were chosen for this review. CONCLUSIONS: Robotic surgery has evolved to be a separate field, with enormous potential for future development. The results show until now that this technology is applicable and capable of offering an adequate treatment to selected patients.

ANTECEDENTES: La cirugía robótica conlleva el potencial de transformar la cirugía laparoscópica al proporcionar, por primera vez, instrumentos con extremos distales que imitan los intrincados movimientos de la mano humana, mientras que al mismo tiempo proporciona al cirujano una alta definición con visión tridimensional del campo operatorio. OBJETIVO: Describir la aplicación clínica de la cirugía robótica en padecimientos ginecológicos benignos, así como los componentes del sistema robótico Da Vinci Si, analizando las ventajas y desventajas que este tipo de abordaje quirúrgico brinda a la paciente y a su vez al cirujano. MÉTODO: Revisión de la bibliografía en PubMed y UpToDate buscando las palabras clave de nuestra revisión. Criterios de inclusión: artículos de casos o series que contuvieran los apartados de la aplicación de la cirugía robótica en ginecología y resultados clínicos. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron 50 artículos científicos que incluían en sus títulos las palabras clave de nuestra revisión. Se descartaron 22 artículos, 14 por ser inaccesibles, tres debido a que estaban publicados en boletines sin factor de impacto y cinco porque no se obtuvo información sobre los resultados del investigador, su volumen, visibilidad y estructura. Se escogieron para esta revisión 28 artículos. CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía robótica ha evolucionado hasta ser un campo aparte, con un enorme potencial para su futuro desarrollo. Los resultados muestran que esta tecnología es aplicable y capaz de ofrecer un adecuado tratamiento a pacientes seleccionadas.

Direct Costs Incurred Among Women Undergoing Surgical Procedures to Treat Uterine Fibroids.

BACKGROUND: Uterine fibroids (UF) affect up to 70%-80% of women by 50 years of age and represent a substantial economic burden on patients and society. Despite the high costs associated with UF, recent studies on the costs of UF-related surgical treatments remain limited. OBJECTIVE: To describe the health care resource utilization (HCRU) and all-cause costs among women diagnosed with UF who underwent UF-related surgery. METHODS: Data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters database and Medicaid Multi-State database were independently, retrospectively analyzed from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2015. Women aged 18-64 years with ≥ 1 UF claim from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2014, a claim for a UF-related surgery (hysterectomy, myomectomy, uterine artery embolization [UAE], or ablation) from January 1, 2010, to November 30, 2015, and continuous enrollment for ≥ 1 year presurgery and ≥ 30 days postsurgery qualified for study inclusion. A 1-year period before the date of the first UF-related surgical claim after the first UF diagnosis was used to report baseline demographic and clinical characteristics. Surgery characteristics were reported. All-cause HCRU and costs (adjusted to 2017 U.S. dollars) were described by the 14 days pre-, peri-, and 30 days postoperative periods, and independently by the inpatient or outpatient setting. RESULTS: Overall, 113,091 patients were included in this study: commercial database, n = 103,814; Medicaid database, n = 9,277. Median time from the initial UF diagnosis to first UF-related surgical procedure was 33 days for the commercial population and 47 days for the Medicaid population. Hysterectomy was the most common UF-related surgery received after UF diagnosis (commercial, 68% [n = 70,235]; Medicaid, 75% [n = 6,928]). In both populations, 97% of patients had ≥ 1 outpatient visit from 14 days presurgery to 30 days postsurgery (commercial, n = 100,402; Medicaid, n = 9,023), and the majority of all UF-related surgeries occurred in the outpatient setting (commercial, 64% [n = 66,228]; Medicaid, 66% [n = 6,090]). Mean total all-cause costs for patients with UF who underwent any UF-related surgery were $15,813 (SD $13,804) in the commercial population (n = 95,433) and $11,493 (SD $26,724) in the Medicaid population (n = 4,785). Mean total all-cause costs for UF-related surgeries for the commercial/Medicaid populations were $17,450 (SD $13,483)/$12,273 (SD $19,637) for hysterectomy, $14,216 (SD $16,382)/$11,764 (SD $15,478) for myomectomy, $17,163 (SD $13,527)/$12,543 (SD $23,777) for UAE, $8,757 (SD $9,369)/$7,622 (SD $50,750) for ablation, and $12,281 (SD $10,080)/$5,989 (SD $5,617) for myomectomy and ablation. Mean total all-cause costs for any UF-related surgery performed in the outpatient setting in the commercial and Medicaid populations were $14,396 (SD $11,466) and $6,720 (SD $10,374), respectively, whereas costs in the inpatient setting were $18,345 (SD $16,910) and $21,805 (SD $43,244), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective analysis indicated that surgical treatment options for UF continue to represent a substantial financial burden. This underscores the need for alternative, cost-effective treatments for the management of UF. DISCLOSURES: This study was sponsored by Allergan, Dublin, Ireland. Allergan played a role in the conduct, analysis, interpretation, writing of the report, and decision to publish this study. Harrington and Ye are employees of Allergan. Stafkey-Mailey, Fuldeore, and Yue are employees of Xcenda. Ta was a contractor at Allergan at the time the study was conducted and is currently supported by a training grant from Allergan. Bonine, Shih, and Gillard are employees of Allergan and have stock, stock options, and/or restricted stock units as employees of Allergan. Banks has no disclosures to report. This study was presented as a poster at Academy of Managed Care Pharmacy Nexus 2017; October 16-19, 2017; Dallas, TX.

Predictors of Overnight Admission After Laparoscopic Myomectomy in a High-Volume Minimally Invasive Gynecologic Surgery Setting.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Our primary goal was to uncover preoperative and intraoperative risk factors that prevented same-day discharge (SDD) after myomectomy in a setting where SDD was the standard of care. Uncovered predictors would serve to enhance patient counseling and medical optimization before surgery. DESIGN: Single-center retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Urban university hospital center, by fellowship-trained minimally invasive gynecologic surgeons. PATIENTS: A total of 315 consecutive patients undergoing minimally invasive myomectomy between March 2012 and May 2018. INTERVENTION: Minimally invasive myomectomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Preoperative and intraoperative characteristics were collected for analysis as predictors of SDD vs overnight admission. Comparisons of demographic, clinical, imaging, and operative characteristics were made using appropriate statistical methods for normally distributed, skewed, and categorical variables. Length of stay was analyzed as a categorical variable, SDD vs overnight admission. A logistic regression model was used to evaluate SDD vs any overnight stay. Out of the 315 patients undergoing laparoscopic myomectomy, 208 (66.03%) were discharged on the same day, and 107 (33.96%) were admitted for at least 1 day after surgery. The patients were more likely to be admitted overnight if they were of Asian ethnicity (p = .01), or if they had a lower preoperative Hct (36.15 vs 37.57; p < .003). An increase in any myoma characteristic metric was associated with overnight stay after surgery; these included mean myoma weight (512.0 g vs 310.1 g; p < .001), estimated size of the largest myoma on imaging (9.01 cm vs 7.77 cm; p < .001), and number of myomas removed (6.59 vs 5.57; p = .021). Other statistically significant differences between the overnight admission and SDD groups were mean estimated blood loss (599.4 mL vs 221.9 mL; p < .001), operative time (224.4 minutes vs 140.9 minutes; p < .001), and surgery end time (15:02 hours vs 12:43 hours; p < .001). Intraoperative complications associated with overnight admission were estimated blood loss >1 L (p < .001) and any intraoperative transfusion (p < .001). The adjusted logistic regression model identified an increase in operative time (by 60 minutes) and later surgery end time (by 60 minutes) as predictors of an overnight stay, whereas an 5% increase in preoperative hematocrit was associated with a 34% decrease in odds for an overnight stay. CONCLUSION: Perioperative factors, such as preoperative hematocrit, and myoma characteristics, as well as intraoperative factors, such as prolonged operative time and surgery end-time, are independent predictors of overnight hospital admission after minimally invasive myomectomy. Our present data can be used to provide better patient counseling before surgery.

Racial Disparities in Response to a US Food and Drug Administration Safety Communication Regarding the Use of Power Morcellation for the Treatment of Uterine Leiomyoma.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the rate of increase in the performance of abdominal myomectomy over a laparoscopic approach after the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) safety communication regarding morcellator use for myomectomy differs among races. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement data. PATIENTS: Patients aged 18 to 55 years who underwent either laparoscopic or abdominal myomectomy, excluding malignant cases, emergency cases, operations performed by nongynecologic specialists, and cases in which myomectomy was performed during cesarean section. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The odds ratios of abdominal myomectomy over laparoscopic myomectomy before and after the release of the FDA communication were calculated in 3 race categories: white, African American, and other races. In a logistic regression analysis adjusted for possible confounders, including all races, the odds ratio of abdominal myomectomy before and after the FDA communication was 1.30 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20-1.41; p <.001). In a logistic regression analysis with a product term of FDA communication exposure and race as a possible effect modifier, the African American population showed a significantly greater change in the odds of abdominal myomectomy over laparoscopic myomectomy in comparison with the white population (1.22; 95% CI, 1.02-1.47; p = .03). In contrast, other races showed no significant change (.83; 95% CI, .64-1.08; p = .17). CONCLUSION: After the FDA communication, the odds ratio of abdominal myomectomy was disproportionately increased in the African American population.

Perioperative Narcotic Trends in Women Undergoing Minimally Invasive Myomectomy.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the perioperative narcotic utilization patterns at the time of myomectomy, specifically as they relate to the opioid epidemic. We also aim to evaluate the differences between conventional laparoscopy and robotic surgery in terms of narcotic utilization. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Single academic university hospital. PATIENTS: Women undergoing minimally invasive myomectomy. INTERVENTIONS: Laparoscopic or robot-assisted myomectomy. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We identified 312 minimally invasive myomectomies to be included in the final analysis. For the entire cohort, the mean age (± standard deviation) was 35.7 ± 5.1 years, and the mean body mass index was 28.3 ± 6.3. Of the 312 myomectomies included, 239 (76.6%) were performed using robotic assistance, and the remainder (23.4%) were performed by conventional laparoscopy. A statistically significant inverse relationship was found between year of myomectomy and perioperative narcotic administration (p <.001). Yearly morphine milligram equivalent (MME) administration decreased significantly for both intraoperative and postoperative administration (p <.001). The largest decline for intraoperative MME use was between 2016 and 2017, and for postoperative MME use, it was between 2012 and 2013. There was no statistically significant difference in perioperative narcotic administration between conventional laparoscopy and robot-assisted myomectomy. The time effect for intraoperative (p <.001) and postoperative (p <.001) narcotic administration remained significant after adjusting for covariates, including mode of surgery, race, insurance, age, and body mass index. None of the background variables assessed were associated with perioperative narcotic administration. CONCLUSION: Perioperative narcotic administration for minimally invasive myomectomy has decreased following widespread awareness of the national opioid crisis.

Predictors of Prolonged Operative Time for Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Myomectomy: Development of a Preoperative Calculator for Total Operative Time.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To develop a preoperative calculator to predict the total operative time (TOT) for robotic-assisted laparoscopic myomectomy (RALM). DESIGN: Retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: University medical center. PATIENTS: Women who underwent RALM performed by 3 high-volume surgeons at a single institution between January 2014 and December 2017. INTERVENTIONS: Demographic characteristics, indication for surgery, surgical history, myoma burden on imaging, and TOT were collected. RALM operative time was classified as <3 hours, 3 to 5 hours, and >5 hours. We identified preoperative characteristics predictive of increased operative time and developed a preoperative calculator to estimate TOT. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A total of 126 women underwent RALM during the study period, with a mean TOT of 213 minutes ± 66 minutes. The mean total weight of myomas removed was 264 g ± 236 g, and mean largest myoma diameter was 8.5 cm ± 2.6 cm. Overall, mean number of myomas removed was 2.5 ± 2.4, and estimated blood loss (EBL) was 215 ± 212 mL. Five patients (4.0%) received a blood transfusion, and 4 patients (3.2%) underwent conversion to laparotomy. Preoperative factors significantly associated with TOT included patient age, personal history of diabetes mellitus, uterine volume, number of myomas, number of myomas >3 cm, diameter of the dominant myoma, and surgeon experience. The mean uterine volume was 282 cm3 for procedures with a TOT <3 hours, 461 cm3 for procedures with a TOT of 3 to 5 hours, and 532 cm3 for procedures with a TOT >5 hours (p = .004). Body mass index, personal history of hypertension, previous abdominal/pelvic surgery, surgical indication, location of dominant myoma (anterior, posterior, or fundal) and classification of dominant myoma (submucosal, intramural, subserosal, or other) were not associated with TOT. Our preoperative calculator correctly predicted TOT category in 88% of the patients and estimated TOT within a 1-hour margin in 80% of patients. CONCLUSION: RALM is becoming a more popular surgical approach for the management of uterine myomas. Preoperative radiographic evaluation and a thorough patient history may enhance patient counseling and surgical planning. Uterine volume and myoma number and size appear to be more predictive of TOT compared with myoma location.