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1.
Psychol Sport Exerc ; 73: 102654, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38740079

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: In the Olympic climbing discipline of bouldering, climbers can preview boulders before actually climbing them. Whilst such pre-climbing route previewing is considered as central to subsequent climbing performance, research on cognitive-behavioural processes during the preparatory phase in the modality of bouldering is lacking. The present study aimed at extending existing findings on neural efficiency processes associated with advanced skill level during motor activity preparation by examining cognitive-behavioural processes during the previewing of boulders. METHODS: Intermediate (n = 20), advanced (n = 20), and elite (n = 20) climbers were asked to preview first, and then attempt two boulders of different difficulty levels (boulder 1: advanced difficulty; boulder 2: elite difficulty). During previewing, climbers' gaze behaviour was gathered using a portable eye-tracker. RESULTS: Linear regression revealed for both boulders a significant relation between participants' skill levels and both preview duration and number of scans during previewing. Elite climbers more commonly used a superficial scan path than advanced and intermediate climbers. In the more difficult boulder, both elite and advanced climbers showed longer preview durations, performed more scans, and applied less often a superficial scan path than in the easier boulder. CONCLUSION: Findings revealed that cognitive-behavioural processes during route previewing are associated with climbing expertise and boulder difficulty. Superior domain-specific cognitive proficiency seems to account for the expertise-processing-paradigm in boulder previewing, contributing to faster and more conscious acquisition of perceptual cues, more efficient visual search strategies, and better identification of representative patterns among experts.


Assuntos
Cognição , Montanhismo , Humanos , Masculino , Cognição/fisiologia , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Montanhismo/fisiologia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Feminino , Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/fisiologia , Tecnologia de Rastreamento Ocular
2.
Psychol Sport Exerc ; 73: 102635, 2024 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38575103

RESUMO

Anxiety has been the primary focus of emotion research in sport psychology. Most of the existing anxiety measures focus on the competition related anxiety. Little is known about the way in which anxiety affects athletic outcomes in extreme sports. We contribute to the literature on anxiety in extreme sports by: (1) developing and providing a preliminary validation for a novel, theoretically anchored sport climbing inventory, Climbing Anxiety Scale (CAS-20), among an international sample of rock-climbers (N = 153); and (2) providing preliminary evidence on its factorial and criterion-related validity. Our investigation includes two phases. The first phase (6 clinical and sport psychology experts) included the development and expert review of a climbing specific anxiety scale. The second phase (N = 153) offers preliminary evidence pertaining to the measure's reliability, factorial, convergent and criterion related validity. Factorial validity was investigated by deploying a series of confirmatory factorial analyses. Convergent and discriminatory validity were examined by comparing the scale's associations with a general anxiety measure, a sport anxiety measure, as well as climbing self-efficacy. Criterion-related validity was estimated by examining its relationship with rock-climbing performance. We contribute to the general domain of sport and athletic research by developing a sport-specific anxiety measure, investigating whether and how anxiety comes into play in rock-climbing, a high-risk sport. This scale can be used for assessing anxiety in climbing and monitoring the impact of an interventions designed to reduce these symptoms.


Assuntos
Ansiedade , Psicometria , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Ansiedade/psicologia , Ansiedade/diagnóstico , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Adulto Jovem , Psicometria/métodos , Análise Fatorial , Inquéritos e Questionários , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Montanhismo/psicologia , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Autoeficácia , Adolescente
3.
Percept Mot Skills ; 131(3): 897-919, 2024 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38485663

RESUMO

Risk analysis is essential for promoting hiking-based tourism. Our objective in the present study was to map 395 mountain hikers' positions on risk judgment and risk taking, according to how they integrated three antecedent factors of confidence (environment, team, and self). For integrating information, people can develop an additive rule whereby they apply the same weight to all information or use interaction rules (i.e., conjunctive or disjunctive), to give different weights to information. In the questionnaire our participants completed, there were eight scenarios that combined the three confidence antecedent factors as information cues. We applied cluster analysis, repeated-measures analyses of variance, chi-square tests, and bivariate correlation analyses to the questionnaire results to identify three participant risk positions. In the first risk position (cluster 1), participants used a disjunctive integration rule for both risk judgment and risk taking. In the second risk position (Clusters 2 and 4), they used an additive integration rule for risk judgment while they used a disjunctive integration rule for risk taking. In the third risk position (cluster 3), they used an additive integration rule for both risk judgment and risk taking. In each risk position, confidence in the three antecedent factors (environment, team, and self) negatively affected risk judgment and positively affected risk taking. We found the compositions of the clusters to be related to the participants' sex, and we discuss various advantages of applying information integration for mountain hiking practitioners and promoters.


Assuntos
Julgamento , Assunção de Riscos , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Adulto Jovem , Montanhismo/psicologia
4.
Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci ; 273(3): 639-647, 2023 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35980451

RESUMO

Common knowledge implies that individuals engaging in outdoor sports and especially in regular and extreme mountaineering are exceptionally healthy and hardened. Physical activity in outdoor environments has a positive effect on physical and mental health. However, regular and/or extreme mountaineering might share similarities with behavioural addictions and could thus also have a negative impact on health. In this cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study, we collected data on exercise and mountaineering addiction (Exercise Addiction Inventory; original and adapted version for mountaineering; Exercise Dependence Scale adapted version for mountaineering). Further surveyed parameters included mountaineering habits, Risk-Taking Inventory, Sensation-Seeking/Emotion Regulation/Agency Scale (SEAS), resilience, self-perceived stress, physical activity in metabolic units and mental health. Comparisons were performed between individuals with symptoms of addiction to mountaineering (MA) and individuals without symptoms of addiction to mountaineering or sports in general (CO) using non-parametric analyses. We analysed data from 335 participants, n = 88 thereof with addiction to mountaineering (MA) and n = 247 control participants (CO). The MA group scored significantly higher with regards to self-perceived stress (p < 0.001) and included a significantly higher number of individuals affected by symptoms of depression (p < 0.001), symptoms of anxiety (p < 0.001), symptoms of eating disorders (p < 0.001), alcohol abuse or dependence (p < 0.001), illicit drug abuse (p = 0.050), or current and history of psychiatric disorders (p < 0.001). Individuals with MA showed higher values in all SEAS subscales as well as increased risk-taking (p < 0.001). Regular and extreme mountaineering can display features of a behavioural addiction and is associated with psychiatric disorders. Behavioural addiction in mountaineering is associated with higher levels of sensation-seeking, emotion regulation, and agency, as well as increased risk-taking.


Assuntos
Comportamento Aditivo , Transtornos Mentais , Montanhismo , Humanos , Montanhismo/psicologia , Estudos Transversais , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/etiologia , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Transtornos Psicofisiológicos
5.
J Sports Med Phys Fitness ; 61(5): 673-679, 2021 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33586924

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Mental fatigue seems to impair the athletes' performance; however, in sports with high cognitive demand, such as orienteering, this negative effect could be attenuated during the race. Therefore, this study investigated mental fatigue effect on performance, perceptual, and physiological responses in orienteers. METHODS: Fifteen male orienteers (30±8 years) participated in the study. Two conditions of cognitive tasks preceded the orienteering performance, performed randomly: 30 minutes of mental exertion (experimental condition [EXP]) by Stroop task, or 30 min without mental exertion (control condition [CON]). Orienteering performance was determined by the time required to perform the Orienteering race. The perceived recovery and motivation were evaluated in each condition, pre-cognitive task, and heart rate during the task. Perceived exertion (RPE) was measured pre- and post-orienteering race. Orienteering performance and perceived performance were measured immediately after the race. RESULTS: Orienteering performance and remain variables showed no significant differences between conditions (EXP versus CON) (P>0.05). Although a slight increase in performance-time was found in EXP (40.8±11.4 min) versus CON (38.4±13 min) (P=0.4; ES=0.20). RPE increase post-EXP (P<0.05; ES=0.96) but not post-orienteering race (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Thirty minutes of the cognitive task did not significantly affect the perceptual and physiological responses but demonstrates the addition of 2.4 minutes to orienteering performance. Orienteers may cope with mental effort due to the cognitive demands and physical conditions required in orienteering.


Assuntos
Desempenho Atlético/fisiologia , Desempenho Atlético/psicologia , Fadiga Mental/fisiopatologia , Montanhismo/fisiologia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Adulto , Cognição , Estudos Cross-Over , Frequência Cardíaca , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Percepção/fisiologia , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Teste de Stroop
7.
Int J Sports Physiol Perform ; 15(2): 168-179, 2020 02 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31094249

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Rock climbing performance relies on many characteristics. Herein, the authors identified the physical and physiological determinants of peak performance in rock climbing across the range from lower grade to elite. METHODS: Forty four male and 33 female climbers with onsight maximal climbing grades 5a-8a and 5a-7b+, respectively, were tested for physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics (independent variables) that were correlated and modeled by multiple regression and principal component analysis to identify the determinants of rock climbing ability. RESULTS: In males, 23 of 47 variables correlated with climbing ability (P < .05, Pearson correlation coefficients .773-.340), including shoulder endurance, hand and finger strength, shoulder power endurance, hip flexibility, lower-arm grip strength, shoulder power, upper-arm strength, core-body endurance, upper-body aerobic endurance, hamstrings and lower-back flexibility, aerobic endurance, and open-hand finger strength. In females, 10 of 47 variables correlated with climbing ability (P < .05, Pearson correlation coefficients .742-.482): shoulder endurance and power, lower-arm grip strength, balance, aerobic endurance, and arm span. Principal component analysis and univariate multiple regression identified the main explanatory variables. In both sexes, shoulder power and endurance measured as maximum pull-ups, average arm crank power, and bent-arm hang, emerged as the main determinants (P < .01; adjusted R2 = .77 in males and .62 in females). In males, finger pincer (P = .07) and grip strength also had trends (P = .09) toward significant effects. Finally, in test-of-principle training studies, they trained to increase main determinants 42% to 67%; this improved climbing ability 2 to 3 grades. CONCLUSIONS: Shoulder power and endurance majorly determines maximal climbing. Finger, hand, and arm strength, core-body endurance, aerobic endurance, flexibility, and balance are important secondary determinants.


Assuntos
Montanhismo/fisiologia , Extremidade Superior/fisiologia , Adulto , Ansiedade , Braço/fisiologia , Tamanho Corporal , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Dedos/fisiologia , Força da Mão , Humanos , Masculino , Destreza Motora/fisiologia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Força Muscular , Resistência Física/fisiologia , Equilíbrio Postural , Estudos Prospectivos , Autoimagem , Ombro/fisiologia , Tronco/fisiologia , Adulto Jovem
8.
N Z Med J ; 132(1502): 25-39, 2019 09 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31563925

RESUMO

AIM: To assess the attitudes of mountain bikers to the use of protective equipment and quantify the use of such equipment. METHOD: This was a prospective cohort study using an online questionnaire, offered to bikers participating in a series of Enduro races. The attitudes towards various factors that might contribute to a rider's choice to use protective equipment were quantified based on their responses to the questions. The actual reported use of various types of protective equipment was the outcome measure. The correlations between the factors and actual use were analysed for statistical significance, to assess their relative importance. RESULTS: Equipment use was similar in racing and non-racing settings and could be increased. 55% had experienced an injury requiring a week or more off work. Perceptions of the benefits, costs, cues, comfort and potential injury severity proved to be well correlated with the choice to use equipment, while harm, danger and exposure to media influences did not.


Assuntos
Traumatismos em Atletas , Ciclismo , Dispositivos de Proteção da Cabeça , Montanhismo , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Adulto , Traumatismos em Atletas/epidemiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/etiologia , Traumatismos em Atletas/prevenção & controle , Ciclismo/psicologia , Ciclismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Dispositivos de Proteção da Cabeça/normas , Dispositivos de Proteção da Cabeça/estatística & dados numéricos , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Humanos , Masculino , Montanhismo/psicologia , Montanhismo/estatística & dados numéricos , Nova Zelândia , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/métodos , Serviços Preventivos de Saúde/organização & administração , Medição de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Índices de Gravidade do Trauma
9.
High Alt Med Biol ; 20(4): 352-360, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31433210

RESUMO

Aims: Psychotic symptoms during exposure to high altitude (HA) have been linked to accidents or near accidents on the mountains. It is thus of great importance to directly identify psychotic symptoms in individuals who are exposed to HA quickly and reliably on the mountain, even in the absence of experienced medical personnel. Psychotic features at HA frequently include positive psychotic symptoms such as hallucinations, delusions, or disorganized thinking/speech. The aim of the current study was to develop the first self-administered questionnaire (High Altitude Psychosis [HAPSY] Questionnaire), which individuals may use in the future to self-assess altitude-related psychotic symptoms on the mountain. Methods: We utilized two existing self-rating questionnaires for psychotic symptoms (the Psychotomimetic States Inventory, PSI and the Cardiff Anomalous Perception Scale, CAPS) as the basis for a two-round Delphi process. As part of this process, additional statements were suggested by the 40 Delphi participants. Results: Eleven self-administered statements-all of them related to positive psychotic symptoms-were identified to be most useful for the self-detection of HA-related psychotic symptoms on the mountain. Conclusion: This is the first self-administered questionnaire that allows the identification of HA-related psychotic symptoms on the mountain. A subsequent validation study is needed to address the psychometric properties of this questionnaire. Clinical validation will have to be performed in a field study.


Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/psicologia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários/normas , Adulto , Altitude , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Transtornos Psicóticos/etiologia , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes
10.
BMC Psychiatry ; 19(1): 154, 2019 05 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31101097

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Besides classical approaches for treating depression, physical activity has been demonstrated to be an effective option. Bouldering psychotherapy (BPT) combines psychotherapeutic interventions with action-oriented elements from the field of climbing. The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of BPT compared with a home-based exercise program (EP - active control group, superiority trial) and state-of-the-art cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT - non-inferiority trial). METHODS: The study is being conducted as a multicentre randomised controlled intervention trial at three locations in Germany. Participants are being randomised into three groups: BPT, CBT, or EP, each with a 10-week treatment phase. A power analysis indicated that about 240 people should initially be included. The primary outcome of the study is the Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) directly after the intervention. Additional measurement points are located three, six, and 12 months after the end of the intervention. The data are being collected via computer-assisted telephone interviews. Statistical analyses comprise regression analyses to test for the superiority of BPT over EP. To test for the non-inferiority of BPT and CBT, a non-inferiority margin of 1.9 points in the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and two non-inferiority margins for the MADRS (half of the two smallest Cohen's d values from the current meta-analyses) was predefined. The mean difference between CBT and EP is being used as a supplementary equivalence margin. DISCUSSION: This is the first study to investigate the effect of a bouldering psychotherapy (BPT) on outpatients' depressive symptoms compared with mere physical activity (superiority analysis) and state-of-the-art cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT, non-inferiority analysis). Methodological strengths of the study are the elaborated, multicentred, randomised, controlled design. Assessors are blinded with regard to group allocation which leads to high objectivity. The study is conducted in a naturalistic setting, which leads to high external validity. Methodological limitations might be the clinical heterogeneity of the sample, which may dilute the intervention effects. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN12457760 (Registration date: 26 July 2017, retrospectively registered).


Assuntos
Terapia Cognitivo-Comportamental/métodos , Depressão/psicologia , Depressão/terapia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Pacientes Ambulatoriais/psicologia , Psicoterapia de Grupo/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Depressão/epidemiologia , Feminino , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Questionário de Saúde do Paciente , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento
11.
Psychiatr Pol ; 53(6): 1397-1411, 2019 Dec 31.
Artigo em Inglês, Polonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32017825

RESUMO

The following paper presents the existing body of research on personality traits (within the framework of personality trait theory and Marvin Zuckerman's sensation seeking theory) of individuals engaging in high-risk sports, especially mountaineering and alpinism. In the review, two perspectives of theoretical analysis were taken into consideration: a psychological (concerning reflections on non-pathological personality characteristics of mountaineers) and a psychopathological one (concerning research on hypothetically pathological dimensions of the following traits). In both psychological and psychopathological perspective, the importance of sensation/stimulation seeking (understood as one of the personality dimensions) and deficiency of trait anxiety were analyzed. Both determinants can be linked with type T personality. In addition, numerous studies suggest that traits such as neuroticism, extraversion and conscientiousness may play important role in personality regulation of mountaineers. The presented reflection was supplemented by early reports referring to possible psychopathological traits, which may hypothetically indicate some personality disorders. The authors highlight the limitations of previous studies and point out possible directions of future research, in particular - necessity of including motivational factors, associated with engaging in high-risk sport activities.


Assuntos
Comportamento Exploratório , Extroversão Psicológica , Individualidade , Montanhismo/psicologia , Personalidade , Caráter , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Assunção de Riscos
12.
High Alt Med Biol ; 20(1): 28-34, 2019 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30543474

RESUMO

AIMS: Changes in emotions associated with mountain treks have rarely been reported. This study examined emotional state changes in sixth-grade elementary school students before and after a 3-day high-altitude mountain trek from the trailhead (2140 m) to Xue Mountain (3886 m) in Taiwan. METHODS: In June 2011, 201 students participated in the trek. The round-trip distance was 21.8 km. The age, gender, blood group, and family configuration of the participants were documented before the trek. A 36-item short-form survey instrument, including the Mood and Anxiety Symptom Questionnaire and the Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children, was used to evaluate the participants' emotional states (happiness, anticipation, sadness, and anger). The participants answered the questionnaires 1 month before and 1 week after the trek. A Likert scale was used to evaluate individual items (range 1-4; from strongly disagree to strongly agree). We calculated scores for each index before and after the trek. The incidence and presentation of acute mountain sickness (AMS) among the participants was also studied and published previously. RESULTS: In total, 187 (112 boys and 75 girls) participants (mean age 11.9 ± 0.4 years) completed the trek and the survey. The sadness and anger scores (negative emotions) were significantly lower after than before the trek (39.5 vs. 36.6; p < 0.01). The happiness and anticipation scores (positive emotions) before and after the trek did not differ significantly (49.9 vs. 48.9; p = 0.11). No participant used AMS prophylaxis, while 78 participants met the AMS criteria. Negative emotions decreased more in those with AMS than without AMS (-4.6 vs. -1.8; p = 0.04), and the use of medications or acetazolamide did not alter the emotions. CONCLUSIONS: A 3-day high-altitude mountain trek can reduce children's negative emotions. Negative emotions decreased more in those with AMS, whereas medications or acetazolamide did not alter their emotions.


Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/psicologia , Altitude , Emoções , Montanhismo/psicologia , Negativismo , Doença da Altitude/etiologia , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Taiwan
14.
Postgrad Med J ; 94(1109): 182-184, 2018 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29263083

RESUMO

The evolution in communication and digital technologies is revolutionising the practice of medicine. A physician is now able to oversee provision of healthcare at a distance. In this paper, we argue that practice of telemedicine is an essential and evolving aspect of high altitude and expedition medicine. We acknowledge the lack of international consensus, limited legislation as well as possible reservations towards telemedical practice. Given some unique social and medical aspects of participation in remote, high altitude expeditions we propose a number of guiding principles for those involved in provision of telemedical services for such endeavours.


Assuntos
Montanhismo , Administração dos Cuidados ao Paciente/tendências , Consulta Remota , Telemedicina , Altitude , Ambientes Extremos , Humanos , Montanhismo/fisiologia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Consulta Remota/ética , Consulta Remota/legislação & jurisprudência , Consulta Remota/métodos , Telemedicina/ética , Telemedicina/legislação & jurisprudência , Telemedicina/métodos
15.
High Alt Med Biol ; 18(4): 400-410, 2017 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28949829

RESUMO

Karinen, Heikki M., and Martti T. Tuomisto. Performance, mood, and anxiety during a climb of Mount Everest. High Alt Med Biol. 18:400-410, 2017. BACKGROUND: Various studies have shown the deleterious effects of high-altitude hypoxia on visual, motor, somatosensory, cognitive, and emotional function and also in intelligence tests, reaction time, speech comprehension, hand steadiness, visual contrast discrimination, and word association tests. Because optimal cognitive abilities may be crucial for mountain climbers' safety, this study was intended to evaluate the changes in cognitive performance, mood, and anxiety during an Everest expedition lasting almost 3 months. METHODS: A set of physiological (Lake Louise score, oxygen saturation), cognitive (Colorado perceptual speed [CPS] test, number comparison [NC] test), and emotional measurements (Profile of Mood States, anxiety responses, psychological inflexibility) were collected from nine climbers on a partly unsupported Mount Everest expedition at various time points during the course of the expedition at Everest Base Camp (EBC). For confidence intervals we used 95% simultaneous Bonferroni corrected interval (BCI) for the differences. RESULTS: During this expedition, the estimates of trait anxiety decreased 13% toward the end of expedition after successful summiting (p = 0.004). Simultaneously, fatigue appeared to diminish and the CPS speed results improved 13%. Most expedition members suffered mild symptoms of acute mountain sickness during the first days in the EBC, but this did not affect the speed or the number of mistakes made in the CPS or NC tests. In CPS test the differences between pretest and the physically most demanding period (EBC4, BCI: 0.01, 4.43) and between EBC1 and EBC4 (BCI: 0.57, 4.99), between EBC2 and EBC4 (BCI: 0.45, 4.88), and between EBC3 and EBC4 (BCI: 1.12, 5.55) were significant, showing ever improving results during the expedition. CONCLUSION: The most important finding in this study was that well-motivated and trained, self-selected individuals, who volunteer for a long-duration mission, are capable of maintaining high levels of performance, steady mood state, and a good level of vigor on a Mount Everest expedition lasting nearly 3 months.


Assuntos
Afeto , Doença da Altitude/psicologia , Ansiedade/etiologia , Cognição , Montanhismo/psicologia , Adulto , Emoções , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica
17.
High Alt Med Biol ; 18(2): 182-184, 2017 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28128652

RESUMO

Pichler Hefti, Jacqueline, Philipp Hoigné-Perret, and Raimund Kottke. Extensive microhemorrhages of the cerebellar peduncles after high-altitude cerebral edema. High Alt Med Biol. 18:182-184, 2017.-Neuromagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of subjects who suffered from high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) typically shows cerebral microhemorrhages (MH) of the corpus callosum, in particular the splenium, and supratentorial white matter. This is a case report of a 43-year-old male, who suffered from unusually prolonged severe ataxia and amnesia after having been rescued during the ascent to Mount Everest at 6400 m. MRI of the brain 63 days after the incident showed the typical MH in the corpus callosum, but, in addition, extensive MH were found in the middle cerebellar peduncles. These infratentorial MH might reflect the pronounced atactic gait disorder. This case describes the first HACE-associated MH in the cerebellar peduncles in a high-altitude mountaineer indicating a potential vulnerability of infratentorial brain areas to hypobaric hypoxia.


Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/complicações , Altitude , Edema Encefálico/complicações , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiologia , Pedúnculo Cerebral/irrigação sanguínea , Adulto , Doença da Altitude/psicologia , Amnésia/etiologia , Ataxia/etiologia , Edema Encefálico/psicologia , Humanos , Masculino , Montanhismo/psicologia , Nepal
18.
J Sports Sci ; 35(10): 989-994, 2017 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27400414

RESUMO

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of alterations in potential lead fall distance on the hormonal responses of rock climbers. Nine advanced female climbers completed two routes while clipping all (PRO-all) or half (PRO-½) of the fixed points of protection. Venous blood samples were analysed for total catecholamines, noradrenaline (norepinephrine), adrenaline (epinephrine), dopamine, lactate, cortisol and serotonin. Differences between the two conditions pre, immediately post and 15 min post climbing were assessed using a 2 × 3 repeated measures ANOVA. All hormones and blood lactate concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.05) immediately post climb, except for cortisol. Peak cortisol concentrations did not occur until 15 min post ascent. Further, significant interactions between climbing and clipping conditions were found for total catecholamines (890% of basal concentration in PRO-½ vs. 568% in PRO-all), noradrenaline (794% vs. 532%) and dopamine (500% vs. 210%). There were no significant interactions for adrenaline (1920% vs. 1045%), serotonin (150% vs. 127%) or lactate (329% vs. 279%). The study showed a greater catecholamine response with an increase in potential lead fall distance. The most pronounced increases seen in catecholamine concentration were reported for dopamine and noradrenaline.


Assuntos
Ansiedade , Hormônios/sangue , Montanhismo/fisiologia , Montanhismo/psicologia , Adulto , Dopamina/sangue , Epinefrina/sangue , Medo , Feminino , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Ácido Láctico/sangue , Montanhismo/lesões , Norepinefrina/sangue , Percepção , Esforço Físico/fisiologia , Descanso , Serotonina/sangue
19.
J Sport Exerc Psychol ; 38(6): 598-611, 2016 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28033024

RESUMO

Mental toughness (MT) is a key psychological variable related to achievement in performance domains and perseverance in challenging circumstances. We sought to understand the lived experiences of mentally tough high-altitude mountaineers, focusing primarily upon decisions to persevere or abort summit attempts. Phenomenological interviews were conducted with 14 mountaineers including guides, expedition leaders, and doctors (Mage = 44 years). A content analysis was employed to identify key themes in the data. Participants emphasized the importance of MT in extreme environments and described rational, flexible, and vigilant decision-making. Turning around without summiting was the toughest decision reported, with recognition of the thin line between persevering and overstretching. In contrast to much MT literature, mountaineers accepted limits, demonstrated restraint, and sacrificed personal goals to aid others. Costly perseverance was also reported with some mountaineers described as "too tough": overcompetitive, goal-obsessed, and biased decision-makers. These findings revealed both benefits and dangers of MT in mountaineering.


Assuntos
Atletas/psicologia , Tomada de Decisões , Montanhismo/psicologia , Personalidade , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pesquisa Qualitativa
20.
High Alt Med Biol ; 17(4): 315-322, 2016 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27763796

RESUMO

Luks, Andrew M., Colin Grissom, Luanne Freer, and Peter Hackett. Medication use among mount Everest climbers: practice and attitudes. High Alt Med Biol. 17:315-322, 2016.-The lay public, media, and medical experts have expressed concern about the ethics of climbers using medications to improve performance and increase the odds of summit success while climbing at high altitude, but the true incidence of this practice remains unclear. We conducted an anonymous survey of climbers who have attempted to climb Mt. Everest to gather information about medication use and attitudes toward medication and supplemental oxygen use while climbing the mountain. One hundred eighty-seven individuals completed the survey, providing information about medication and oxygen use for 262 expeditions to Mt. Everest between 1963 and 2015, the majority of which occurred after the year 2000. The majority of respondents were male (82%) and from English-speaking countries (75%). Medications were used on 43% of climbs, with acetazolamide being the most commonly used medication. Reported use of dexamethasone, nifedipine, sildenafil, or tadalafil was uncommon as was use of multiple medications at the same time. The majority of respondents indicated that it was acceptable for climbers to use medications and supplemental oxygen to prevent altitude illness while climbing Mt. Everest. Opinions were more mixed regarding whether summiting without the use of medications or oxygen carried the same value as reaching the summit using those interventions. Our data suggest that less than one-half of Mt. Everest climbers use medications during their expedition, with the primary medication used being acetazolamide, for prevention of altitude illness. Given the limitations of the study design and preliminary nature of these data, further research is warranted to further clarify these issues.


Assuntos
Doença da Altitude/psicologia , Altitude , Atitude Frente a Saúde , Montanhismo/psicologia , Vasodilatadores/uso terapêutico , Acetazolamida/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Doença da Altitude/prevenção & controle , Expedições/psicologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Nepal , Inquéritos e Questionários
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