Metodología de Binford para la categorización tafonómica de marcas de dientes animales en superficies óseas: una revisión con búsqueda sistemática / Binford methodology for taphonomic classification of animal tooth marks on bone surfaces: a systematic search review

La Tafonomía, concepto reconocido en paleontología y antropología, permite estimar tiempo y circunstancias de muerte mediante el estudio de condiciones post-mortem y factores relativos a la supervivencia de restos óseos. Entre las diferentes variables tafonómicas, Binford (1981) propuso una categorización de marcas de mordedura, hoy reconocido estándar para estos estudios. Sin embargo, su diseño original en inglés podría llevar a malinterpretaciones o informes erróneos por no poseer una traducción validada. Se realizó una revisión con búsqueda sistemática de artículos en español, sin límite temporal, que citaran a Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") en Google Scholar. Fueron incluidos aquellos que mencionaran esta metodología para categorizar marcas de mordedura como agente tafonómico. Se excluyeron tesis, libros, pósters y resúmenes de congresos. Se identificaron 349 documentos y se seleccionaron 83 según criterios. El 65,12 % refirió sólo a huellas de mordedura animal sin especificar categorías; el 26,51 % mostró traducciones libres o categorizaciones parciales, y el 8,43 % realizó categorizaciones sin traducción. La mayor cantidad de citas fueron realizadas por autores de Argentina y España (54,22 % y 24,10 % respectivamente, como única filiación). Las categorías con más traducciones libres fueron "pitting" y "puncture" (11 y 8 términos diferentes respectivamente). Si bien la categorización de Binford es citada profusamente en países de habla hispana para definir las marcas de mordedura animal en hueso, la ausencia de transculturización conlleva falta de consenso para la comunidad científica. Más allá de una traducción literal, la adaptación y estandarización de estos términos es necesaria para validar esta metodología.

Taphonomy, a concept recognized in paleontology and anthropology, allows the estimation of time and circumstances of death by studying post-mortem conditions and factors related to the survival of bone remains. Among the different taphonomic variables, Binford (1981) proposed a categorization of bite marks, now recognized as standard for these studies. However, its original design in English could lead to misinterpretations or erroneous reports for not having a validated translation. A scoping review was conducted for articles in Spanish, without a time limit, that cited Binford ("Bones: Ancient Men and Modern Myths") in Google Scholar. Those who mentioned this methodology to categorize bite marks as taphonomic agent were included. Theses, books, posters and conference proceedings were excluded. We identified 349 documents, and 83 were selected according to criteria. 65.12 % referred only to animal bite marks without specifying categories; 26.51 % showed free translations or partial categorizations, and 8.43 % made categorizations without translation. The largest number of citations were made by authors from Argentina and Spain (54.22 % and 24.10 % respectively, as the only affiliation). The categories with the most free translations were "pitting" and "puncture" (11 and 8 different terms respectively). While Binford's categorization is widely cited in Spanish-speaking countries to define animal bite marks in bone, the absence of transculturation implies a lack of consensus for the scientific community. Beyond a literal translation, the adaptation and standardization of these terms is necessary to validate this methodology.

Sepsis Caused by Newly Identified Capnocytophaga canis Following Cat Bites: C. canis Is the Third Candidate along with C. canimorsus and C. cynodegmi Causing Zoonotic Infection.

Sepsis caused by a Capnocytophaga canis infection has only been rarely reported. A 67-year-old female with a past medical history of splenectomy was admitted to our hospital with fever and general malaise. She had been bitten by a cat. She showed disseminated intravascular coagulation and multi-organ failure because of severe sepsis. On blood culture, characteristic gram-negative fusiform rods were detected; therefore, a Capnocytophaga species infection was suspected. A nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the species to be C. canis, which was newly identified in 2016. C. canis may have low virulence in humans; however, C. canis with oxidase activity may cause severe zoonotic infection.

A Comprehensive Review of Hirudiniasis: From Historic Uses of Leeches to Modern Treatments of Their Bites.

Exposure to leeches in the wilderness setting is common. Leeches may attach themselves to exposed skin or pass through one of the body's orifices and attach internally. The condition of leech attachment is known as hirudiniasis, which can result in serious morbidity and, rarely, mortality. A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to detail the prevention of leech attachment, as well as both anecdotal and studied methods of removal. Complications from leech attachments include ongoing bleeding, wound infection, and poor wound healing. Although medicinal leeches are the most well-studied variety, this review examines all aspects of leech attachment, prevention, and management.

[Epidemiological characterization of bites on people, as emergency care record: Province of Los Andes, Chile]. / Caracterización epidemiológica de mordeduras en personas, según registro de atención de urgencia: Provincia de Los Andes, Chile.

BACKGROUND: Bites constitute a public health problem worldwide. AIM: To characterize epidemiologically bites by animals happened in the province of Los Andes (2005-2007). METHOD: Descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study. Studied variables: Bitten person (BP), accident by bite, biting animal and bite. It was not feasible to obtain more updated information by law of patient protection. RESULTS: 2,360 BP were assisted in the emergency unit of San Juan de Dios Hospital and Rio Blanco clinic. An annual average rate of 729 BP/100,000 inhabitants and 1.99 daily average was recorded. The male gender was most affected (53.5%) and the age group from 6 to 10 years old. (Rate: .521/100,000). Most frequent topographic location was the lower limb, except in children under 5 year olds in whom predominated head and neck. The biting animal according to frequency was: the dog (67.1%) spider (7.1%) and cat (3.9%). The animal property was 35.6% known and 30.7% own. The most frequent problems were: nonspecific allergy; toxic effect by spider bites and among the infections, the disease made by cat’s scratch stands out. Regarding the record system, the biting animal complaint was applied to 47.6% of the BP and the 92.8% of the recorded information was incomplete. CONCLUSIONS: Bites reported higher rates in the province of Los Andes than the average of the country (729 versus 188/100,000), standing out the higher magnitude in 6 to 10 year-old-children. It is noticed that the record is low and incomplete. In this province, no bite control programs or updated studies have been carried out.

Caracterización epidemiológica de mordeduras en personas, según registro de atención de urgencia: Provincia de Los Andes, Chile / Epidemiological characterization of bites on people, as emergency care record: Province of Los Andes, Chile

Background: Bites constitute a public health problem worldwide. Aim: To characterize epidemiologically bites by animals happened in the province of Los Andes (2005-2007). Method: Descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study. Studied variables: Bitten person (BP), accident by bite, biting animal and bite. It was not feasible to obtain more updated information by law of patient protection. Results: 2,360 BP were assisted in the emergency unit of San Juan de Dios Hospital and Rio Blanco clinic. An annual average rate of 729 BP/100,000 inhabitants and 1.99 daily average was recorded. The male gender was most affected (53.5%) and the age group from 6 to 10 years old. (Rate: .521/100,000). Most frequent topographic location was the lower limb, except in children under 5 year olds in whom predominated head and neck. The biting animal according to frequency was: the dog (67.1%) spider (7.1%) and cat (3.9%). The animal property was 35.6% known and 30.7% own. The most frequent problems were: nonspecific allergy; toxic effect by spider bites and among the infections, the disease made by cat’s scratch stands out. Regarding the record system, the biting animal complaint was applied to 47.6% of the BP and the 92.8% of the recorded information was incomplete. Conclusions: Bites reported higher rates in the province of Los Andes than the average of the country (729 versus 188/100,000), standing out the higher magnitude in 6 to 10 year-old-children. It is noticed that the record is low and incomplete. In this province, no bite control programs or updated studies have been carried out.

Introducción: Las mordeduras constituyen un problema de salud pública mundial. Objetivo: Caracterizar epidemiológicamente las mordeduras por animales ocurridos en la provincia de Los Andes (2005-2007). Método: Estudio epidemiológico descriptivo retrospectivo. Variables estudiadas: Persona mordida (PM), accidente por mordedura, animal mordedor y mordedura. No fue factible obtener información más actualizada por ley de protección del paciente. Resultados: Se atendieron 2.360 PM en los Servicios de Urgencia del Hospital San Juan de Dios y Clínica Río Blanco. Se registró una tasa anual promedio de 729 PM/100.000 hbts. y promedio diario 1,99. El género más afectado fue el masculino (53,5%), y el grupo etario de 6 a 10 años (tasa:1.521/100.000). La ubicación topográfica más frecuente fue extremidad inferior, excepto en niños bajo 5 años de edad en quienes predominó cabeza-cuello. El animal mordedor según frecuencia fue: perro (67,1%) araña (7,1%) y gato (3,9%). La propiedad del animal fue 35,6% conocida y 30,7% propios. Las complicaciones más frecuentes fueron alergia no específica, efecto tóxico por mordedura de arañas y entre las infecciones destaca la enfermedad por rasguño de gato. La notificación de animal mordedor se aplicó a 47,6% de las PM; 92,8% de la información contenida estaba incompleta. Conclusiones: Las mordeduras en la Provincia de Los Andes presentaron tasas mayores que el promedio país (729 versus 188/100.000), destacando la mayor magnitud en niños de 6 a10 años. En la provincia no se han realizado programas de control de mordeduras o estudios actualizados.

Evasive mating behaviour by female nurse sharks, Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788), in an equatorial insular breeding ground

Mating events and aggregations of vulnerable nurse sharks Ginglymostoma cirratum were recorded in the insular protected area of Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brazil, between April and August 2015. Female sharks were observed clustering in groups of up to 14 individuals in shallow water adjacent to the shore. Several evasive mating behaviours in the presence of males were noticed, including shoreward movement, positioning ventral side up at the sea surface with emerged pectoral and pelvic fins, body rolling and caudal fin thrashing. Fresh bite marks indicative of male courtship and coupling attempts were visible in female's pectoral and caudal fins. Altogether, the observed behaviours match previous reports of non-cooperative female nurse sharks during mating opportunities. An extended mating season coupled with a persistent use of inshore habitats result in nurse sharks being particularly vulnerable to human pressure during a most sensitive stage of their life cycle. The effective conservation of nurse shark populations from the western South Atlantic may thus depend on the protection of critical habitats where this species aggregates to reproduce. Explicitly addressing environmental requirements by vulnerable species in local management strategies is indispensable to ensure that human pressure, including ecotourism development, does not collide with stipulated conservation aims.(AU)

Agregações e eventos reprodutivos do vulnerável tubarão-lixa, Ginglymosytoma cirratum , foram registrados na área insular protegida do Arquipélago de Fernando de Noronha (FEN), Brasil, entre Abril e Agosto de 2015. Grupos constituídos por até 14 fêmeas foram observados em águas rasas adjacentes à linha costeira. Perante a presença de machos, diversos comportamentos evasivos por parte das fêmeas foram identificados, incluíndo movimentação para águas ainda mais rasas, posicionamento na superfície do mar com a face ventral orientada para cima e emersão das nadadeiras peitorais e pélvicas, enrolamento do corpo e batimento da nadadeira caudal na superfície do mar. Foram identificadas marcas recentes de mordida nas nadadeiras peitorais e caudais das fêmeas, sugerindo interações de acasalamento com machos. No geral, os comportamentos observados coincidem com os comportamentos exibidos por fêmeas não aquiescentes à cópula reportados no hemisfério norte. Em FEN, a duração relativamente longa do período de acasalamento, juntamente com a utilização persistente dos habitats mais costeiros, promovem a vulnerabilidade do tubarão lixa às pressões antrópicas durante uma das fases mais sensíveis do seu ciclo de vida. A conservação efetiva das populações de tubarão-lixa do Oceano Atlântico Sul ocidental poderá, assim, depender da proteção dos habitats críticos de agregação onde esta espécie se reproduz. Por conseguinte, a abordagem explícita dos requisitos ambientais associados a espécies vulneráveis no âmbito dos planos de manejo locais deve ser considerada como indispensável para assegurar que as pressões antrópicas, incluíndo o desenvolvimento ecoturístico, não comprometerão os objetivos conservacionistas estipulados.(AU)

Venomous and poisonous arthropods: identification, clinical manifestations of envenomation, and treatments used in human injuries.

This review presents the main species of venomous and poisonous arthropods, with commentary on the clinical manifestations provoked by the toxins and therapeutic measures used to treat human envenomations. The groups of arthopods discussed include the class Arachnida (spiders and scorpions, which are responsible for many injuries reported worldwide, including Brazil); the subphylum Myriapoda, with the classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda (centipedes and millipedes); and the subphylum Hexapoda, with the class Insecta and the orders Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (stink bugs, giant water bugs, and cicadas), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees), and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Venomous and poisonous arthropods: identification, clinical manifestations of envenomation, and treatments used in human injuries

Abstract This review presents the main species of venomous and poisonous arthropods, with commentary on the clinical manifestations provoked by the toxins and therapeutic measures used to treat human envenomations. The groups of arthopods discussed include the class Arachnida (spiders and scorpions, which are responsible for many injuries reported worldwide, including Brazil); the subphylum Myriapoda, with the classes Chilopoda and Diplopoda (centipedes and millipedes); and the subphylum Hexapoda, with the class Insecta and the orders Coleoptera (beetles), Hemiptera (stink bugs, giant water bugs, and cicadas), Hymenoptera (ants, wasps, and bees), and Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths).

Heridas por mordedura animal en la región maxilofacial: revisión de literatura y presentación de casos / Animal bite wounds in the maxillofacial region: a review of the literature and case reports

Las heridas por mordida en la región maxilofacial son relativamentecomunes y se consideran de tratamiento complejo; son contaminadas con una flora oral bacteriana única y, en ocasiones, tienen resultados estéticos devastadores. Las heridas pueden ser ocasionadas por animales domésticos, salvajes y humanos. El clínico debe tener una comprensión multidisciplinaria del manejo de las mismas, incluyendo el abordaje médico, quirúrgico, viral, bacteriológico y la secuencia propia del tratamiento. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura, así como casos clínicos para el tratamiento integral de este tipo de trauma.

Bite wounds in the maxillofacial region are relatively common and are regarded as diffi cult to treat given the associated contamination with what is a unique polymicrobial inoculum. The aesthetic consequences can occasionally prove devastating. The wounds can be caused by both domestic and wild animals, as well as by humans. Clinicians need to have a multidisciplinary understanding of how to manage such wounds, including surgical, medical, virological, and bacteriological aspects, and the proper sequence of treatment. We present a review of the literature and a number of clinical cases for the comprehensive management of this type of trauma.

The Forensic Dentist: An Overview of Expert Roles in Animal Bite-Mark Investigations.

With increasing incidence of human/animal confrontation and the potential for injury or even death, dentists who choose to work in the forensic sciences may be called upon to utilize their skills and training to render opinions in criminal and civil cases. The authors will show how working in a cooperative environment and combining their skills with those of other experts can achieve the best result.

Dog bites and maxillofacial surgery: what can we do?

The number of injuries caused by dog bites is increasing in the United Kingdom. We review patients admitted with dog bites to a single maxillofacial department in a district general hospital over a 21-month period. Data include patients' characteristics, and the site and severity of injury. The relationship of the victim to the animal and its breed and classification were added where possible. In total, 65 patients, mean age 22 years (range 1-71, median 14) were included. There were 84 wounds, and their site and severity were recorded according to the Lackmann classification. Twelve different breeds of dog were responsible for the bites. An appreciable proportion of those injured were young children. Educational strategies should aim to reduce the incidence of all dog bites, particularly in young children, as their needs after initial treatment are complex. We propose specific strategies to reduce the number of these injuries.

Epidemiology and classification of dog bite injuries to the face: A prospective study of 108 patients.

BACKGROUND: Dog bites are considered to be septic injuries, and their location on the face, with its highly symbolic topography and important social functions, is particularly pertinent. In addition to specific medical aspects, such as their psychological impact, they are also of relevance in terms of child protection measures. In light of the far-reaching importance of this subject, we were prompted to carry out a prospective study, over 13 years, to identify risk factors. Our results highlight specific risk factors, and they may hence assist with the implementation of concrete primary prevention measures against dog bites. METHODS: An information sheet was prepared and filled out during the intake of patients who had been bitten on the face. Data analysis was performed using Epi Info Version 6.04dfr software to find a correlation between the factors studied and the dog bite to the face. RESULTS: Dog bites to the face represented 0.83% of the emergency admissions to our service. A considerable majority of these involved children, with 68.5% of patients <16 years of age, and 33.3% of patients aged between 2 and 5 years. The wounds were multiple and of variable severity. The type of dog involved was frequently a German Shepherd. Strikingly, 91.3% of bites had occurred in a single-parent environment. CONCLUSIONS: Our study has determined that the fundamental factors that increase the probability of a dog bite to the face are as follows: the child being 2-5 years old, a single-parent context, and involvement of a German Shepherd-type dog.

[The assessment of bite injuries from a forensic point of view]. / Die Beurteilung von Hundebissverletzungen aus gerichtsärztlicher Sicht.

The identification of a bite injury and its differentiation between human and animal origin demand a high level of special knowledge from the examining physician. The evaluation of bite injuries in terms of their hazard potential, risk profile and origin is usually done by a forensic specialist based on medical record documentation after immediate medical treatment. Therefore, as a first responder, a detailed documentation of the entire injury pattern is essential. If necessary, samples for further DNA analysis should be taken.The present article is intended to give a brief introduction to various aspects of bite injuries as well as to point out possibilities and limitations of the assessment of such cases.

[Classification of bone injuries inflicted by the teeth of the carnivorous animals].

The morphological characteristics of a variety of bone injuries inflicted by the teeth of the carnivorous animals are presented. The results of their analysis provided a basis for the morphological classification of such traumas taking into consideration the current views of the mechanisms underlying the process of their formation.

[Classification of skin injuries inflicted by the teeth of the carnivorous animals].

The current approaches to the classification of skin injuries inflicted by the teeth of the carnivores on the human body are discussed. The new morphological classification is proposed taking into consideration the current views of the mechanisms underlying the formation of tooth marks on the integumental tissues of the victims of attacks by carnivorous animals. Morphological characteristics of skin injuries are briefly described in the framework of the new classification.

[Facial dog bite injuries in children: retrospective study of 77 cases]. / Morsures de chien à la face chez l'enfant: étude rétrospective de 77 cas.

INTRODUCTION: The face is the area most vulnerable for dog bites in children. Surgical management is an emergency to prevent infection, functional and aesthetic outcomes. The aim of this study was to define a new gravity scale, and to determine a prevention policy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In our maxillofacial and plastic surgery department, we conducted a retrospective study from 2002 to 2010, including 77 children under 16 years old, victims of facial dog bite. We analyzed epidemiological, clinical data, surgical outcomes. RESULTS: The mean age was 5.36 years. Dogs were principally represented by class I and II dogs; 27,7% of them had ever bitten before. In almost all the cases, the dogs belong to the family or closers. Twenty-one percent of children belong to an unfavourable social environment; 71.43% of dog bites interested the central area of the face. The bites were deep in 77% of cases with amputation or extensive loss of substance in 31% of cases. The healing time was 10.54 months. Nearly a third of patients required several surgeries; 41.56% of patients had aesthetic and functional sequelae; 35.1% of children had psychological problems afterward. CONCLUSION: Facial children dog bites require a multidisciplinary approach, and a long-term follow-up. We propose a new classification of dog bite severity, more appropriate to the face.

Post-exposure prophylaxis against rabies at two newly designated intradermal rabies vaccination clinics in Kerala, India.

BACKGROUND: The two-site intradermal rabies vaccination (IDRV) regimen was recently introduced in Kerala. We aimed to determine factors associated with exposure of category III severity among patients seeking prophylaxis against rabies at IDRV clinics. METHODS: This hospital-based, cross-sectional study was done at two clinics in Thiruvananthapuram district, Kerala. Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire by direct interview and 320 patients were included. Bivariate analysis of quantitative variables was done using t-test and that of qualitative variables using chi-square test. RESULTS: The mean (standard deviation) age of patients was 32.4 (19.6) years. Among the 320 cases, 202 (63.1%) had category III exposure. Lower extremities were the most frequent site of exposure (146, 45.6%). The most frequent mode of exposure was being bitten by an animal (214, 66.9%), often a dog. Residence in rural areas, exposure to dogs and wounds on the extremities had a significant association with severity of exposure. CONCLUSION: Animal exposures were more among people from rural areas. About two-thirds of exposures which necessitated post-exposure prophylaxis were category III.

[About classification of injuries inflicted on humans by carnivorous animals].

The biological classification of living species is shown to be inapplicable for the purposes of forensic medical examination. A list of the families of carnivorous animals that may be of forensic medical significance is presented. Their working classification is proposed taking into account the size and behaviour of the animals as well as their body parts and organs with which they may inflict injuries to man in various situations. The main types of wounds caused by carnivores are considered.