Osteonecrosis of the jaw after radiation followed by bevacizumab.

Osteonecrosis of the jaw is a recognized complication associated with bevacizumab. Here, we present a patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil who experienced minimal skin fibrosis following intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Subsequently, the patient developed rectal adenocarcinoma and encountered osteonecrosis of the jaw after receiving two cycles of bevacizumab. Close monitoring, accompanied by thorough examination to detect early signs of osteonecrosis of the jaw, should be considered for patients who have undergone radiation therapy in the head and neck region and are receiving bevacizumab or other medications known to be associated with osteonecrosis of the jaw.

Fanconi-like anemia related to a FANCM mutation.

Fanconi anemia is primarily inherited as an autosomal recessive genetic disorder with common delays in diagnosis and challenging treatments. Fanconi anemia patients have a high risk of developing solid tumors, particularly in the head and neck or anogenital regions. The diagnosis of Fanconi anemia is primarily based on the chromosomal breakage but FA gene sequencing is recommended in all patients with a positive chromosome fragility test. Here, we present a 32-year-old man with advanced tonsil squamous cell carcinoma and fatal toxicity after the first cycle of chemotherapy. No anemia was present. A recent variant mutation if the FANCM gene was detected (c1511_1515delGAGTA (pArg504AsnfsTer29)). Homozygous or double heterozygous pathogenic variants have been reported in FANCM and linked to azoospermia and primary ovarian failure without anemia. Alterations in this gene have also been associated with a genetic predisposition for solid tumors (breast and ovarian cancer) and hematological malignancies (B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Due to the hypersensitivity of these patients to DNA-damaging agents such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, surgery is the best treatment option for malignant solid tumors. Dose reductions or alternative regimens of chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are recommended in FA patients who develop a malignant tumor.

Palatine Tonsils Primary Presentation of Blastoid Variant of Mantle Cell Lymphoma: Case Report.

Head and neck lymphomas can present with a wide range of symptoms. Timely and accurate diagnosis is often challenging. The blastoid variant of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) accounts for less than one-third of all MCL cases. Isolated primary presentation on the palatine tonsils is rare, and prognosis and outcome are seemingly unfavorable. An 81-year-old man presented with persistent odynophagia, dysphagia, and obstructive hypertrophic palatine tonsils with purulent exudate. The signs and symptoms were non-responsive to antibiotic therapy, and the tonsils were biopsied. The cellular morphology, immunophenotype, and genotype supported a diagnosis of the blastoid variant of MCL. After staging, the patient underwent chemotherapy with Rituximab-Bendamustine (R-Benda). The patient is in clinical remission more than two years after therapy. We report an exceedingly rare case of blastoid MCL that is prone to be misdiagnosed as tonsillitis. We review the literature and discuss treatment options of this uncommon malignancy.

Rare case of tonsillar and subcutaneous metastasis from neuroendocrine cervical cancer.

Neuroendocrine cervical carcinoma (NECC) is a rare type of cervical cancer, with high tendency of lymphatic and distant metastasis and poor prognosis. Herein, we reported a rare case of relapsed NECC metastasizing to palatine tonsil and subcutaneous adipose tissue in multiple regions, which reflects the aggressive biological behavior of NECC.

Presurgical induction chemotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: The indications for and efficacy of induction chemotherapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck is controversial. With the advent of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancers, survival has improved significantly. Here we present a group of patients with tonsil cancer treated with induction chemotherapy followed by surgery. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with tonsil cancer were treated with induction chemotherapy, consisting of cisplatin and docetaxel, followed by neck dissection and radical tonsillectomy. Twenty-six patients were HPV+, 28 were nonsmokers or long-term former smokers, and 28 were T1/T2. Fourteen patients required postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT). Median follow-up time was 4.1 years. RESULTS: A complete response to induction chemotherapy was achieved in 45% (17) of patients. In total, 76% (29/38) of patients were successfully treated: 53% (20/38) with chemotherapy and surgery alone, and 24% (9/38) required postoperative CRT. Almost 90% (23/26) of HPV+ and half (6/12) of HPV- patients are no evidence of disease (NED). HPV status is a significant prognostic factor (P = .02). Only 38% (5/13) of current smokers were NED compared to 96% (24/25) of nonsmokers (P = .0002). All HPV+ nonsmokers (20/20) were NED at last follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the primary driver of prognosis was smoking status. HPV status and T stage were also important. The prognosis for HPV+ nonsmokers is extremely good; most likely regardless of treatment. Treatment failures have a poor chance of salvage, irrespective of treatment type. With the major exception of HPV- smokers, induction chemotherapy followed by surgery with selective CRT is a viable treatment option for tonsil cancer. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 130:1206-1211, 2020.

Malignant melanoma metastasizing to tonsil: A rare presentation.

Malignant melanoma (MM) has a high potential of lymphatic and hematogeneous spread, and metastatic disease is always incurable with a high mortality. We present a rare phenomenon of MM metastasizing to the palatine tonsil.

Carotid artery infusion via implantable catheters for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsils.

BACKGROUND: Chemoradiotherapy has a dominant role in therapy for head and neck cancers. However, impressive results are often disturbed by adverse events such as dysphagia, xerostomia, and functional speech and hearing loss. To avoid exceeding toxicity limits in patients with primary and recurrent cancers of the tonsils, chemotherapy was administered intra-arterially via implantable Jet-Port-Allround catheters. METHODS: We report on patients with primary and recurrent cancers of the tonsils. Eleven patients who refused chemoradiation were included in this trial. Of the seven patients without prior therapy, one was stage I, one was stage III, three were stage IVA, one was stage IVB, and one was stage IVC. The four patients who were in progression after prior chemoradiation were stage IVA. The median follow-up time was 47 months (20 to 125 months). After the implantation of a Jet-Port-Allround catheter into the carotid artery, the patients received intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy with venous chemofiltration for systemic detoxification. The stage I patient received lower-dose chemotherapy without chemofiltration. The stage IVC patient with lung metastases and a primary tumor that extended across the midline to the contralateral tonsil received additional isolated thoracic perfusion chemotherapy. RESULTS: All seven chemoradiation-naïve patients exhibited clinically complete responses and are still alive after 20 to 125 months. Among the four patients who had relapsed after prior chemoradiation, the intra-arterial therapy elicited only poor responses, and the median survival time was 7.5 months. After carotid artery infusion chemotherapy, none of the patients required tube feeding. No cases of dysphagia, xerostomia, or functional speech and hearing loss have been reported among the patients without prior chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Despite the administration of low total dosages, intra-arterial infusion generates high concentrations of chemotherapeutics. In combination with chemofiltration, the systemic toxicity is kept within acceptable limits. Among the non-pretreated patients, better tumor responses and long-term tumor control were noted compared with those who had prior chemoradiation. Implantable Jet-Port-Allround carotid artery catheters facilitate the application of regional chemotherapy.

Hodgkin lymphoma involving the tonsil misdiagnosed as tonsillar carcinoma: A case report and review of the literature.

RATIONALE: Primary Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) involving the tonsil is extremely rare. Only about 20 such cases with verification of biopsy and immunohistochemistry have been reported. Because of its rarity and unremarkable clinical presentation, a timely correct diagnosis is very challenging. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 43-year-old man complained left tonsillar enlargement and painless masses in left neck, with night sweat. The clinical examination found a marked tonsillar asymmetry, with an enlarged left tonsil and ipsilateral cervical lymphadenopathy and a normal right tonsil. DIAGNOSIS: The patient was initially regarded as tonsillar lymphoepithelial carcinoma. INTERVENTIONS: The patient received a resection of left tonsil and left cervical masses and then was definitively diagnosed as HL (IIEB). He was managed by 6 cycles of chemotherapy (adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine) and radiotherapy to the Waldeyer ring. OUTCOMES: The patient has been disease free for more than 3 years after diagnosis. LESSONS: As the reason of an extreme rare occurrence of HL involving the tonsil, doctors can easily misdiagnose the disease as tonsillar lymphoepithelial carcinoma. This case serves as a reminder important role of biopsy.

The Impact of Radiation Treatment Time on Survival in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer.

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of radiation treatment time (RTT) in head and neck cancers on overall survival (OS) in the era of chemoradiation. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patients with diagnoses of tongue, hypopharynx, larynx, oropharynx, or tonsil cancer were identified by use of the National Cancer Database. RTT was defined as date of first radiation treatment to date of last radiation treatment. In the definitive setting, prolonged RTT was defined as >56 days, accelerated RTT was defined as <47 days, and standard RTT was defined as 47 to 56 days. In the postoperative setting, prolonged RTT was defined as >49 days, accelerated RTT was defined as <40 days, and standard RTT was defined as 40 to 49 days. We used χ2 tests to identify predictors of RTT. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to compare OS among groups. Cox proportional hazards model was used for OS analysis in patients with known comorbidity status. RESULTS: 19,531 patients were included; 12,987 (67%) had a standard RTT, 4,369 (34%) had an accelerated RTT, and 2,165 (11%) had a prolonged RTT. On multivariable analysis, accelerated RTT (hazard ratio [HR] 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.73-0.97) was associated with an improved OS, and prolonged RTT (HR 1.25; 95% CI 1.14-1.37) was associated with a worse OS relative to standard RTT. When the 9,200 (47%) patients receiving definitive concurrent chemoradiation were examined, prolonged RTT (HR 1.29; 95% CI 1.11-1.50) was associated with a worse OS relative to standard RTT, whereas there was no significant association between accelerated RTT and OS (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.57-1.01). CONCLUSION: Prolonged RTT is associated with worse OS in patients receiving radiation therapy for head and neck cancer, even in the setting of chemoradiation. Expeditious completion of radiation should continue to be a quality metric for the management of head and neck malignancies.

Multiple cutaneous metastases in a patient of carcinoma tonsil - Report of a rare case.

Carcinoma tonsil with visceral metastasis is a rare entity, and cutaneous metastasis is seen even more infrequently. We present a case of a 55-year-old male with carcinoma tonsil having received concurrent chemo radiotherapy, presenting with multiple cutaneous metastases to the scalp and thigh. To the best of our knowledge, till date only two similar cases of carcinoma tonsil with cutaneous metastasis have been reported in the English literature.

Radiotherapy alone or combined with chemotherapy as definitive treatment for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.

This study is aimed at updating our institution's experience with definitive radiotherapy (RT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. We reviewed 531 patients treated between 1983 and 2012 with definitive RT for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Of these, 179 patients were treated with either induction (n = 19) or concomitant (n = 160) chemotherapy. Planned neck dissection was performed on 217 patients: unilaterally in 199 and bilaterally in 18 patients. Median follow-up was 5.2 years for all patients (range 0.1-31.6 years) and 8.2 years for living patients (range 1.9-31.6 years). The 5-year local control rates by T stage were as follows: T1, 94 %; T2, 87 %; T3 79 %; T4, 70 %; and overall, 83 %. Multivariate analysis revealed that local control was significantly influenced by T stage and neck dissection. The 5-year cause-specific survival rates by overall stage were as follows: I, 94 %; II, 88 %; III, 87 %; IVA, 75 %; IVB, 52 %; and overall, 78 %. Multivariate analysis revealed that cause-specific survival was significantly influenced by T stage, N stage, overall stage, fractionation, neck dissection, sex, and ethnicity. Of 77 patients treated with ipsilateral fields only, contralateral neck failure occurred in 1 %. The rate of severe complications was 12 %. Definitive RT for patients with tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma provides control rates equivalent to other modalities with a comparatively low incidence of late complications. Patients with anterior tonsillar pillar or tonsillar fossa primaries that are well lateralized with no base of tongue or soft palate extension may be treated with ipsilateral fields.

Ipsilateral radiotherapy for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil.

The purpose of this study is to update our institution's experience with ipsilateral radiation therapy (RT) for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsillar area. Outcome study of 76 patients treated between 1984 and 2012 with ipsilateral RT for squamous cell carcinoma of the tonsil. Patients had either cT1 (n = 41, 54 %) or cT2 (n = 35, 46 %) primaries and cN0 (n = 27, 36 %), cN1 (n = 15, 20 %), cN2a (n = 8, 11 %), or cN2b (n = 26, 34 %) nodal disease. Of these, 32 (42 %) patients underwent a planned neck dissection and 21 (28 %) patients received concomitant chemotherapy. Median follow-up for all patients was 7.1 years (range 0.1-27.2) and 7.8 years (range 2.1-27.2 years) for living patients. The 2- and 5-year control and survival rates were as follows: local control, 98.6 and 96.9 %; local-regional control 95.8 and 92.6 %; cause-specific survival 95.9 and 93.1 %; and overall survival, 92.1 and 83.8 %. One patient failed in the contralateral, non-radiated neck 3 years after primary treatment. Univariate analysis revealed that overall survival was significantly influenced by whether the patient had a primary tumor in the anterior tonsillar pillar versus the tonsillar fossa with the latter performing better. The incidence of severe late complications was 16 %. Ipsilateral RT for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anterior tonsillar pillar or tonsillar fossa with no base of tongue or soft palate extension is an efficacious treatment that provides excellent control rates with a relatively low incidence of late complications.

Tonsillar metastasis of small cell lung carcinoma.

Metastasis to palatine tonsils are rare, accounting from only 0.8% of all tonsillar tumors, so far only 100 cases reported in the English literature. Only a few cases have been reported for small cell and non-small cell lung cancer as a primary site. With a diagnosis of small cell lung cancer, a 68-year-old male patient relapsed after six cycles of chemotherapy in tonsilla palatina and cervical lymph nodes. Patients died 26 months after being diagnosed with lung cancer and 2 months after detection of tonsil metastasis. We present the current case report because of the rarity of metastasis to tonsil in lung cancer.

Long-term remission of locally recurrent oropharyngeal cancer after docetaxel-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab.

BACKGROUND: In recurrent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma ineligible for resection or irradiation, treatment aims primarily at symptom control and quality of life enhancement with an expected outcome of 6-12 months. METHODS: In 2005, a male patient, born in 1944, with a second local recurrence of human papillomavirus negative tonsil cancer was enrolled in the EXTREME trial, and randomized to platinum/5-fluorouracil/cetuximab arm resulting in partial remission with progression-free survival of 12 months. The second-line systemic therapy comprised 5 cycles of 3-weekly docetaxel/cisplatin/5-fluorouracil regimen plus weekly cetuximab. RESULTS: As confirmed on imaging and repeated biopsies, complete response was achieved with disease-free survival of 8 years and follow-up period of 12 years. Severe acute toxicities during the taxane-based chemotherapy plus cetuximab included grade 4 anorexia and grade 3 febrile neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS: Poor tumor differentiation, no weight loss, oropharyngeal location, white race, and particularly the induced complete response were most likely the key favorable prognostic factors in the reported patient. The possibility of a synergistic interaction between taxanes and cetuximab should be further explored.