[A Case of Small Cell Carcinoma of the Urethra].

We report a case of small cell carcinoma of the urethra with inguinal lymph node metastases. A 50- year-old female patient presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy and computed tomography (CT) revealed a tumor surrounding the urethra and an inguinal lymphadenopathy. Biopsy of the urethral tumor demonstrated small cell carcinoma. Four courses of chemotherapy with etoposide and cisplatin, followed by 66 Gy of irradiation achieved complete remission. Unfortunately, 14 months later, positroemission-CT scan revealed recurrence of inguinal lymph node metastases. Although seven courses of chemotherapy with nogitecan were carried out, a new metastatic bone tumor developed. Amrubicin was administered as a third-line treatment, but was canceled after one course because of side effects. The patient died at 39 months after diagnosis. Small cell carcinoma of urethra with metastases has extremely poor prognosis, as is demonstrated by this case.

Urethral cancer: a comprehensive review endorsed by the Global Society of Rare Genitourinary Tumours.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness and adverse effects of urethrectomy alone or as part of multimodal therapy (MMT). METHODS: A comprehensive search was conducted across MEDLINE (OVID), EMBASE, LILACS and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases, from their inception to the present date. The study cohort comprised individuals aged 16 years and older diagnosed with urethral tumours at any stage who underwent either isolated urethrectomy or urethrectomy as an integral component of MMT. RESULTS: Ninety-two studies comprising 25 480 patients met the inclusion criteria. Surgical outcomes for urethral cancer vary considerably, with 5-year overall survival (OS) ranging from 10% to 68% based on disease extent, approach, and gender. Radiotherapy (RT) alone provides 5-year OS of approximately 40%. Combined regimens provide better outcomes compared to single modalities, including reduced recurrence and enhanced survival. However, trimodal therapy showed survival benefits only for urothelial subtypes, indicating the need to tailor management according to cancer type. MMT with neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to surgery demonstrated the most consistent survival gains. CONCLUSIONS: The management of urethral cancer demands a nuanced, personalised approach, accounting for factors such as tumour location, sex, and tumour stage. MMT combining surgery, chemotherapy and RT has shown the ability to enhance outcomes in advanced disease. More extensive collaborative studies through specialised centres are imperative to advance evidence-based protocols and refine treatment in order to improve survival.

Use of inpatient palliative care in metastatic urethral cancer.

BACKGROUND: In metastatic urethral cancer, temporal trends, and patterns of inpatient palliative care (IPC) use are unknown. METHODS: Relying on the National Inpatient Sample (2006-2019), metastatic urethral cancer patients were stratified according to IPC use. Estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) analyses and multivariable logistic regression models (LRM) for the prediction of IPC use were fitted. RESULTS: Of 1,106 metastatic urethral cancer patients, 199 (18%) received IPC. IPC use increased from 5.8 to 28.0% over time in the overall cohort (EAPC +9.8%; P < 0.001), from <12.5 to 35.1% (EAPC +11.2%; P < 0.001), and from <12.5 to 24.7% (EAPC +9.4%; P = 0.01) in respectively females and males. Lowest IPC rates were recorded in the Midwest (13.5%) vs. highest in the South (22.5%). IPC patients were more frequently female (44 vs. 37%), and more frequently exhibited bone metastases (45 vs. 34%). In multivariable LRM, female sex (multivariable odds ratio [OR] 1.46, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05-2.02; P = 0.02), and bone metastases (OR 1.46, 95%CI 1.02-2.10; P = 0.04) independently predicted higher IPC rates. Conversely, hospitalization in the Midwest (OR 0.53, 95%CI 0.31-0.91; P = 0.02), and in the Northeast (OR 0.48, 95%CI 0.28-0.82; P = 0.01) were both associated with lower IPC use than hospitalization in the West. CONCLUSION: IPC use in metastatic urethral cancer increased from a marginal rate of 5.8% to as high as 28%. Ideally, differences according to sex, metastatic site, and region should be addressed to improve IPC use rates.

Incidence and management of prostatic urethra recurrence in a cohort of 21 patients who received BCG induction for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

PURPOSE: To describe the incidence and management of patients who develop a prostatic urethral (PU) urothelial carcinoma recurrence after Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) induction for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective cohort study of all patients who received BCG induction at our institution from 1996 to 2021 (N = 642) for NMIBC. All patients with pathologically confirmed PU involvement following BCG induction with no known PU involvement pre-BCG were included. We describe the presentation, management, and outcomes for PU recurrence. RESULTS: Among the 642 patients, 21 (3.3%) patients had a PU recurrence after BCG induction. 8 (38%) patients received >2 cycles of BCG induction prior to the recurrence. Median time from induction to PU recurrence was 21 months and 12 (57.1%) patients had concurrent bladder recurrence. At the time of their PU recurrence, 14/21 (67%) of patients were deemed BCG Unresponsive. Nearly all (18/21) were high grade, and 10 were stage Tis, 7 Ta, and 3 T1, and 1 T2. 19/21 (90%) patients received bladder sparing treatment: 6 with TURBT and BCG, 6 with TURBT and intravesical chemotherapy, 5 with TURBT only, and 2 did not receive immediate treatment of their PU recurrence due to advanced stage of disease. 2/21 (9.5%) received a radical cystectomy for initial treatment of the post-BCG PU recurrence, of which all were >pT2. Median follow-up time from BCG induction to the patient's last visit was 64.5 months. Following treatment of PU recurrence, 15/18 patients had another recurrence at a median of 5 months: about 47% of recurrences were bladder only and 14% recurred only in the PU as well. About 1 patient received a RC after the second recurrence and was pT2. CONCLUSION: Patients with PU recurrences following intravesical BCG have a high-risk disease phenotype with a significant risk of recurrence. Conservative management may be appropriate for well-selected patients who do not desire a cystoprostatectomy.

Primary urethral carcinoma: Recommendations of the oncology committee of the French Urology Association.

Primary urethral carcinoma (PUC) is defined as a tumor process arising within the urethra, with no history of other urinary tract localization or synchronous tumor of the urinary tract. The most common histological types are urothelial carcinoma (UC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC). In men, UC predominates, while AC is rare. In women, AC affects around one in two patients, while EC and UC are equally divided between the remaining cases. Diagnosis is often delayed, and requires endoscopic examination with biopsies. MRI is the gold standard for local staging. FDG-PET scan can help in cases of doubt about regional or distant extension. The prognosis remains unfavorable despite aggressive surgical treatment. Multimodal management combining surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy appears to improve prognosis in severe forms.

Tumores de la uretra en el adulto / Urethra tumors in adult

Los tumores de uretra, benignos y malignos, en adultos de ambos sexos, son una entidad poco frecuente. La sintomatología, el exámen físico y los estudios complementarios nos permitirán realizar una orientación diagnóstica inicial, pero será la biopsia la que nos dé el diagnóstico definitivo que nos permitirá diferenciar entre un tumor benigno y el cáncer de uretra, cuyo concepto es primordial para la decisión terapéutica ulterior. En general, los tumores uretrales suelen tener una sintomatología común. Los benignos son candidatos para resección quirúrgica, siendo importante considerar aquellas entidades cuyo comportamiento es potencialmente neoplásico ya que deberán tener un seguimiento más estrecho. En cuanto al cáncer uretral hay que considerar que el pronóstico está determinado fundamentalmente por la ubicación anatómica, el tamaño y la profundidad invasora de la neoplasia siendo la histología de menor importancia en la respuesta terapéutica y en la sobrevida. El primer paso terapéutico es el control locorregional quirúrgico de la enfermedad con un margen libre de tumor de 2 cm, debiendo plantearse tratamiento adyuvante con quimioterapia y / o radioterapia en aquellos casos en los que no se pueda conseguir este margen. En casos seleccionados la radioterapia puede ser indicada en monoterapia con intención curativa.

Benign and malignant urethral tumors, in adults of both sexes, are a rare entity. Their symptoms, physical examination, and additional studies will allow us to perform an initial diagnostic approach, but it is the biopsy what will differentiate a benign tumor form cancer. In general, urethral tumors often have common symptoms. Benign tumors can usually be managed with surgical resection, but it is important to consider those entities whose behaviour is potentially neoplastic requiring a closer follow up. The prognosis of urethral cancer is determined mainly by the anatomical location, the size and depth of invasion of the tumor. Histology is of second importance in terms of therapeutic response and survival. The first step in treatment is surgical locoregional control of the disease with a tumor-free margin of 2 cm. Adjuvant chemotherapy and / or radiotherapy should be considered in those cases where this margin cannot be obtained. In selected cases, radiation therapy may be given as monotheraphy with curative intent.

Caso clínico: adenocarcinoma mesonefroide de la uretra femenina / Clinic case: mesonephroide adenocarcinoma of the female urethra

Se presenta un caso de adenocarcinoma mesonefroide de la uretra en un paciente de 63 años, tratada con exanteración pelviana anterior logrando una sobrevida de tres años. Se destaca la rareza de este tumor y se revisa la literatura

Câncer primitivo da uretra / Primary cancer of the urethra

Após tecer algumas consideraçöes sobre a raridade do câncer primitivo da uretra tanto no homem como na mulher, sua patologia, sintomatologia meios de diagnóstico e de tratamento, o A. apresenta o sumário de três casos (um homem e duas mulheres) já em fase adiantada e que foram por ele tratados cirurgicamente. Chama também atençäo para o fato de que apesar da uretra ser um órgäo facilmente accessível ao exame, a maioria dos pacientes só chega às mäos do urologista em fase quase sempre adiantada, o que influencia negativamente o prognóstico

Carcinoma primitivo da uretra masculina / Primary carcinoma of the male urethra

O carcinoma da uretra masculina é uma entidade relativamente rara. A localizaçäo mais freqüente é na porçäo bulbomembranosa e o tipo histológico mais comum é o epidermóide. O tratamento é cirúrgico e o prognóstico é bastante reservado. Os autores apresentam um caso de carcinoma primitivo da uretra masculina em um paciente de 52 anos de idade, que se apresentava em priapismo e retençäo urinária. O tratamento foi penectomia com emasculaçäo e cistostomia

Tumor primitivo de ureter / Ureter primitive tumor

Os autores mostram sua experiência com o carcinoma primitivo do ureter, conduta terapêutica e "follow-up" imediato e tardio