Non-intubated tracheal resection and reconstruction for a tracheal tumor in an 8-year-old child.

INTRODUCTION: It has been reported that non-intubated anesthesia can be used successfully in adult trachea reconstruction. Herein, our center reported a case of a child undergoing non-intubated trachea reconstruction for benign tracheal tumors. CASE DESCRIPTION: In January 2023, it was decided to attempt tracheal resection and reconstruction (TRR) in an 8-year-old child with an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor under non-intubated spontaneous breathing. After anesthesia induction, the laryngeal mask airway (LMA) was inserted. Thereafter, a bilateral superficial cervical plexus block was performed with 15 mL of 0.25% ropivacaine injected into each side. The patient was induced to resume spontaneous breathing by artificially assisted ventilation with an oxygen flow of 2 to 5 L/min and FiO2=1. After tracheotomy, the oxygen flow was increased to 15 L/min to improve the local oxygen flow to maintain the pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) above 90% under spontaneous breathing. The patient had stable spontaneous breathing after tracheal anastomosis. The anastomosis was perfect without leakage. The LMA was removed and oxygen was given by the nasal catheter under light sedation at post anesthesia care unit (PACU). CONCLUSION: Tracheal reconstruction under spontaneous breathing may be an alternative anesthesia method for upper tracheal surgery in children.

Comparative long-term outcomes of airway resection and functional reconstruction for papillary thyroid cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The surgical management of patients diagnosed with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and tracheal invasion has been a subject of ongoing discussion, particularly regarding the approach to tracheal functional reconstruction. The objective of this study was to examine the surgical technique and prognosis of PTC patients with tracheal invasion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study employed both univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard models to determine predictive factors that affect the progression-free survival (PFS) of PTC patients with tracheal invasion. Cox regression analysis was conducted by using R software version 4.3.1. RESULTS: In our study, we included 247 patients with T4a PTC. Among them, 146 patients (59.1 %) were classified as Shin I, 57 patients (23.1 %) as Shin II-III, and 44 patients (17.8 %) as Shin IV. Patients in the Shin I group underwent shaving of the tumours in the airway. The preferred surgical methods in the Shin II, III and IV groups were window resection (66.7 %), sleeve resection (34.8 %) and partial tracheal resection and skin fistula (61.8 %), respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that neither tracheal surgery nor reconstruction procedures had an impact on PFS in T4a PTC patients with tracheal invasion. The 5-year DSS rate for patients receiving radioiodine (RAI) therapy was 87.3 % (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that tracheal surgery and reconstruction methods had no impact on PFS in T4a PTC patients with tracheal invasion in different Shin groups. Furthermore, RAI therapy has the potential to increase the survival rate of patients with preoperative distant metastasis of T4a PTC.

Endotracheal enucleation and para-toluenesulfonamide injection for adenoid cystic carcinoma in the upper trachea: A novel therapeutic approach.

We present a case of an adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) located in the upper trachea, which resulted in significant airway blockage, that was unsuitable for surgical removal due to concerns about functional impairment. Instead, endotracheal enucleation via rigid bronchoscopy was performed initially, followed by the injection of a novel tumor ablation agent known as para-toluenesulfonamide (PTS). We detail the dosing regimen, effectiveness evaluation, and post-treatment follow-up. The study highlights the potential of PTS injection as a viable alternative treatment option for patients with ACC who cannot undergo surgical resection and feasibility of lipiodol to monitor treatment effect. This research adds to the existing knowledge on ACC treatment and provides new therapeutic possibilities for patients with tracheal ACC.

Role of VV ECMO tracheal surgery and carinal resection: Two case reports.

The aim of this study is to describe the anaesthesia management of two patients undergoing carinal resection under veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO). In both cases, anaesthesia was induced and then maintained with inhalational agents during pneumonectomy and mediastinoscopy (respectively). Then the jugular and femoral veins were cannulated and VV ECMO was started after heparinization. One of the patients presented bleeding during surgery, which was treated with low-dose vasopressors (norepinephrine) and transfusion of platelets, fresh frozen plasma, and concentrated red blood cells. During VV ECMO, anaesthesia was maintained with target-controlled infusion of propofol. VV ECMO can be expected to improve surgical conditions in tracheal surgery; however, it is still a novel technique in this context. In selected patients, it would guarantee ventilatory support during carinal resection, but it is essential to carefully plan anaesthesia maintenance and prepare for VV ECMO-related complications. This technique should only be used in tertiary centres with experience in VV ECMO management.

Benign cervical schwannoma with tracheal invasion.

Schwannomas commonly develop in the cervical region, 25% - 45% of cases are diagnosed in this anatomical region. Tracheal neurogenic tumors are exceedingly rare and can be misdiagnosed as invasive thyroid carcinomas or other infiltrating malignancies when present at the level of the thyroid gland. Here, we present a case of synchronous benign cervical schwannoma with tracheal invasion and papillary thyroid carcinoma in a patient who was initially hospitalized for COVID-19. The patient presented with dyspnea that was later found to be caused by tracheal extension of a cervical tumor. Surgical excision was performed, and the surgical team proceeded with segmental tracheal resection, removal of the cervical mass, and total thyroidectomy. The specimen was sent for pathological analysis, which revealed synchronous findings of a benign cervical schwannoma with tracheal invasion and papillary thyroid carcinoma. The literature on this subject, together with the present case report, suggests that neurogenic tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis of obstructing tracheal cervical masses. Surgical excision is the first-line of treatment for benign cervical schwannomas.

[Tracheal Tumours]. / Trachealtumoren.

Malignant primary tracheal tumours are rare. The most common histological subtypes are squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. These two entities have different prognoses and growth patterns. Tracheobronchoscopy and thoracic sectional imaging are standard diagnostic tools for tumour staging and local evaluation. Complete surgical resection of the affected tracheal segment is the treatment of choice for limited disease without distant metastases. Incomplete gross tumour resection with additional irradiation is an acceptable therapeutic option for adenoid cystic carcinoma. Interventional endoscopy with tumour debulking or tracheal stenting and/or definitive mediastinal radiotherapy are treatment alternatives in either a locally advanced or palliative setting.

Successful endotracheal intervention for primary tracheal acinic cell carcinoma: A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Primary tracheal acinic cell carcinoma (ACC) is an exceptionally rare malignancy, posing challenges in understanding its clinical behavior and optimal management. Surgical resection has traditionally been the primary treatment modality, but we present a compelling case of tracheal ACC managed with endotracheal intervention, challenging conventional approaches. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 53-year-old woman presented with shortness of breath, cough, and hemoptysis. Enhanced computed tomography revealed an obstructive tracheal lesion, leading to her referral for further assessment. DIAGNOSIS: Microscopic evaluation, immunohistochemistry, and clinical assessments confirmed primary tracheal ACC, an exceedingly rare condition with limited clinical insights. INTERVENTIONS: We utilized rigid bronchoscopy to perform endotracheal intervention, successfully resecting the tumor and restoring tracheal patency. Postoperatively, the patient received no radiotherapy or chemotherapy. OUTCOMES: The patient achieved complete recovery, with 24-month follow-up examinations indicating no recurrence or metastatic disease. Only minimal scar tissue remained at the resection site. CONCLUSION: This case demonstrates the potential of endotracheal intervention as a curative approach for primary tracheal ACC, minimizing invasiveness and preserving tracheal function. Collaborative research efforts and extensive case reporting are crucial for advancing our understanding of this rare malignancy and optimizing treatment strategies for improved patient outcomes.

Prognostic factors and constructing a nomogram in tracheal cancer patients treated with surgical intervention: A study based on SEER database.

Although surgery is considered the first choice of treatment for patients diagnosed with tracheal cancer, the prediction of overall survival (OS) in patients undergoing surgical intervention is poor. To address this issue, we developed a nomogram that combined a risk classification system to estimate the OS of patients with tracheal cancer who underwent surgical intervention. A total of 525 qualified patients were selected from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database between 1975 and 2018 and were randomly divided into training and validation cohorts (7:3). The parameters of independent prognostic ability were determined using Cox regression analysis, and a nomogram was formed. The predictive ability of the nomogram was tested using the area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic curves and calibration curves. Survival curves were assessed between the different risk classification groups using the Kaplan-Meier method. The results indicated that Age, stage, histology, and tumor size were independent prognostic factors and were included in the predictive model. The calibration plots demonstrated good agreement between the nomogram prediction and actual observation for 24- and 36-month OS. The receiver operating characteristic curves suggested that the predictive model had good discrimination ability, with the area under the curves (training group 0.817, 0.785, and 0.801, respectively) and validation group (0.744, 0.794, and 0.822, respectively). Furthermore, the low-risk group had a better prognosis than the high-risk group in the total, training, and validation cohorts (all P < .001). This study established a novel nomogram system to predict OS and identify independent prognostic factors in patients with tracheal cancer who underwent surgical intervention. This model has the potential to assist doctors in making decisions regarding treatment options.

Interventional treatment of giant tracheal lymphoma under rigid bronchoscopy: A case report and literature review.

INTRODUCTION: Lymphoma can appear in all parts of the body and present with different symptoms. However, bronchial lymphoma is rare and can be misdiagnosed as airway malignancy or lung disease.Patient: An older adult woman with tracheal lymphoma experienced severe breathing difficulties, and chest computed tomography indicated severe narrowing of the airway. She did not respond to repeated antibiotic treatment, and she was eventually diagnosed with lymphoma based on pathology after surgical removal of the tumor. DIAGNOSIS: The patient received a diagnosis of thoracic tracheal stenosis due to intratracheal inflammatory granulomatous lesions or a tumor. INTERVENTIONS: Treatment involved the use of a high-frequency electrotome, freezing, and argon plasma coagulation. OUTCOMES: The patient reported improvements in dyspnea, cough, and other symptoms after the operation. The pathological results confirmed follicular lymphoma. Reexamination by fiberbronchoscopy indicated that the degree of stenosis in the middle and upper tracheal segments was significantly reduced following interventional therapy. CONCLUSION: Endoscopic interventional therapy can be an effective treatment for tracheal lymphoma.

Resección de tumor traqueal / Tracheal tumor resection

Introducción: Los tumores primitivos de la tráquea son infrecuentes. Objetivo: Presentar la evolución de un paciente para resección de un tumor traqueal que ocluía el 95 por ciento de su luz. Caso Clínico: Disnea con tiraje supraesternal. No tolera el decúbito supino, presencia de tos y expectoración. Se le administró anestesia general endotraqueal convencional. Intubación con tubo No. 8. Se colocó en decúbito lateral izquierdo. Se procedió a realizar toracotomía. Con la tráquea abierta, el cirujano intubó el bronquio izquierdo con tubo No. 7. Se aspiraron secreciones, descendió la saturación de oxígeno. Se colocó sonda de levine en el pulmón derecho para oxigenación apneica con lo cual mejoró la saturación. En el pulmón ventilado se aplicó presión positiva al final de la espiración de 3 cm de agua con una fracción inspirada de oxígeno de 1. Luego de cerrada la pared posterior de la tráquea, se pasó una sonda nasogástrica a través del tubo colocado por vía orotraqueal. El cirujano fijó el extremo distal con una pinza. Se retiró el tubo orotraqueal inicial y se colocó un tubo 5.5 para intubar selectivamente el bronquio izquierdo por la boca y terminar la sutura de la tráquea y ambos bronquios. Terminado el procedimiento, se retiró el tubo y se ventilaron ambos pulmones. Conclusiones: La cirugía de tráquea impone un gran reto al anestesiólogo y al cirujano actuante, por lo que resultan imprescindibles las buenas relaciones del equipo de trabajo(AU)

Introduction: Primitive tumors of the trachea are rare. Objective: To present the evolution of a patient for removal of a tracheal tumor that occluded 95 percent of its light. Clinical case: Dyspnea with suprasternal retractions. No tolerance of supine decubitus, presence of cough and expectoration. The patient was administered conventional endotracheal general anesthesia. Intubation with tube number 8. The patient was placed in the left lateral decubitus position. A thoracotomy was performed. With the trachea open, the surgeon intubated the left bronchus with tube number 7. Secretions were aspirated, oxygen saturation decreased. A Levine tube was placed in the right lung for apneic oxygenation, which improved the saturation. In the ventilated lung, positive pressure was applied at the end of the expiration of 3 cm of water with an inspired fraction of oxygen of 1. After closing the posterior wall of the trachea, a nasogastric tube was passed through the tube placed via the orotracheal approach. The surgeon fixed the distal end with a clamp. The initial orotracheal tube was removed and a 5.5 tube was placed to intubate the left bronchus selectively through the mouth and complete the suture of the trachea and both bronchi. After the procedure, the tube was removed and both lungs were ventilated. Conclusions: The trachea surgery represents a great challenge for the anesthesiologist and the surgeon, a reason why good team working relations are essential(AU)

Braquiterapia endobronquial de alta tasa de dosis en pacientes con obstrucción de la vía aérea central: experiencia en el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer y revisión de la literatura / High dose rate endobronchial brachytherapy in patients with central airway obstruction

Introduction: The main indication of modern high dose rate end bronchial brachyherapy (HDR EBBT) is the palliation of symptoms related to the growth of the endobronchial lung cancer. Methods: EBBT was performed to 27 patients who suffered symptomatic tumoral endobronchial or tracheal pathology, due to primary bronchial disease or secondary metastasis cancer, evaluating the rate of clinical benefit. The tumors were located at tracheal, carinal or proximal bronchial level. Fibrobronchoscopy was performed to all the patients to measure the degree of airway obstruction and to install brachytherapy endobronchial catheters. Between 1 to 4 fractions of 7 to 7.5 Gy were administered. Dyspnea, cough and hemoptysis were subjectively registered before and after treatment, according to an international validated scale. Results: After treatment, all symptoms considerably decreased, disappearing all of the severe categories. Hemoptysis and dyspnea resolved in a 100 percent and 40 percent of patients, respectively; and cough disappeared or was reduced to a minimum grade in 90 percent of cases.

Introducción: La indicación principal de la braquiterapia endobronquial moderna (BTEB) de alta tasa de dosis (HDR), es la paliación de síntomas por crecimiento endobronquial de cánceres pulmonares. Métodos: Se realizó BTEB HDR a 27 pacientes sintomáticos de patología tumoral endobronquial o traqueal, debido a patologías primarias bronquiales o secundarias metastásicas. Los tumores se ubicaban en tráquea, carina o a nivel bronquialproximal. Para observar mejorías en la sintomatología clínica, a todos se les realizó una fibrobroncoscopía (FBC) para medir el grado de obstrucción bronquial e instalar catéteres endobronquiales de braquiterapia. Se administraron entre 1 y 4 fracciones de 7 a 7,5 Gy. Se registró subjetivamente la disnea, tos y hemoptisis antes y después del tratamiento, de acuerdo a una escala internacionalmente validada. Resultados: Tras el tratamiento todos los síntomas disminuyeron considerablemente, desapareciendo toda sintomatología severa. La hemoptisis y disnea desaparecieron en el 100 por ciento y 40 por ciento de los pacientes respectivamente, y la tos desapareció o disminuyó a grado leve en el 90 por ciento de los pacientes.

Pólipo traqueal / Tracheal polyp

Tumores benignos primários da traquéia são raros, sendo o mais freqüente a papilomatose benigna recorrente. Muitas vezes simulam doenças pulmonares obstrutivas, como asma e doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, sendo os pacientes tratados como portadores de tais doenças por longo período sem apresentar melhora. Deve-se, portanto, incluí-los no diagnóstico diferencial dos quadros de obstrução da árvore traqueobrônquica. Relata-se um caso de paciente com pólipo traqueal com evolução de três anos e espirometria evidenciando padrão de obstrução intratorácica variável, que evoluiu com melhora clínica e funcional completa após ressecção por via broncoscópica.

Benign tracheal tumors are rare, recurrent papillomatosis being the most common. They often simulate obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and patients with benign tracheal tumors often undergo long-term treatment for such diseases, without any improvement, Therefore, these tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients presenting tracheobronchial tree obstruction. This report describes the case of a patient with a tracheal polyp. The patient presented symptoms for three years, and the spirometry findings suggested intrathoracic obstruction. The patient presented complete clinical and spirometric recovery after bronchoscopic resection of the tumor.

Tumores de tráquea: un caso de carcinoma adenoideo quístico / Tracheal tumors: a case of adenoidal cystic carcinoma

Los tumores de la tráquea son poco frecuentes y entre ellos el carcinoma adenoideo quístico es una neoplasia muy rara. La incidencia no difiere según el sexo y es más frecuente entre la tercera y quinta décadas de la vida. El tratamiento de elección es el quirúrgico, siempre que se trate de tumores resecables. Con este trabajo presentamos un caso intervenido por un tumor traqueal infrecuente, en una mujer con un carcinoma adenoideo quístico del tercio superior de la tráquea, con bordes de sección libres de tumor, que no recibió tratamiento oncológico(AU)

The tumors of the windpipe are not very frequent and among them the cystic adenoid carcinoma is a very strange neoplasia. The incidence doesn't differ according to the sex and it is more frequent between the third and fifth decades of the life. The election treatment is the surgical one, whenever it is tumors resecables. With this work we present a case intervened by an uncommon tracheal tumor, in a woman with a cystic adenoid carcinoma of the superior third of the windpipe, with section borders free of tumor that didn't receive treatment oncológico(AU)

Tumores primarios malignos de tráquea y bronquios principales / Malignant primary tumors of the trachea and primary bronchi

Los tumores de la tráquea y los bronquios principales son raros, por lo que no existe experiencia importante en el tratamiento de éstos. Los tipos histológicos más frecuentes son el carcinoma adenoideo quístico y el carcinoma de células escamosas. En nuestro caso estos tipos histológicos se presentaron en 2 pacientes respectivamente. El carcinoma mucoepidermoide fue el diagnóstico en otros 2 enfermos y el leiomiosarcoma de tráquea en un caso. La resección quirúrgica fue el tratamiento de elección con resección de carina en 3 enfermos, neumonectomía en 1 y resección de tráquea cervical en 3. La radioterapia adyuvante se utilizó en los cilindromas, los carcinomas de células escamosas y los tumores mucoepidermoides. Solo 1 de 7 pacientes mostró complicaciones y no hubo mortalidad posoperatoria. La mayor supervivencia ha sido de 172 meses en el caso del leiomiosarcoma. Una enferma con un cilindroma falleció a los 74 meses de operada y los 2 enfermos con tumores epidermoides de bronquio principal fallecieron 13 y 15 meses después de su operación, todos por enfermedad metastásica(AU)

As the trachea and primary bronchus tumors are rare, there is no an important experience in their treatment. The most frequent histological types are the adenoid cystic carcinoma and the squamous cell carcinoma. In our case, these histological cases were observed in 2 patients, respectively. The mucoepidermoid carcinoma was diagnosed in 2 other patients and the tracheal leiomyosarcoma in one case. Surgical resection was the election treatment with carina resection, in 3 patients; pneumonectomy, in 1; and cervical trachea resection, in 3. Adjuvant radiotherapy was used in cylindromas, squamous cell carcinomas and mucoepidermoid tumors. Only 1 of 7 patients had complications. There was no postoperative mortality. The highest survival has been of 172 months in the leiomyosarcoma. A female patient with a cylindroma died 74 months after the operation, whereas the 2 patients with epidermoid tumors of primary bronchus died on the13th and 15th months. All of them died due to metastatic disease(AU)

Schwannoma benigno do mediastino posterior com desenvolvimento em ampulheta para a traquéia / Benign schwannoma of the posterior mediastinum with a dumbbell-shaped lesion traversing the trachea

O schwannoma benigno é um dos tumores mais comuns do mediastino posterior, sendo que durante o seu crescimento pode haver envolvimento do canal medular em forma de ampulheta e, mais raramente, isso pode ocorrer na árvore traqueobrônquica. É relatado um caso de uma mulher de 45 anos, portadora de schwannoma benigno de mediastino posterior, com padrão de desenvolvimento em ampulheta para a parede póstero-lateral direita da traquéia. O tratamento foi realizado por meio da ressecção endoscópica da porção intratraqueal e a tumoração mediastinal foi ressecada por toracotomia. Oito meses após o procedimento não foi evidenciada recidiva da lesão

Abordaje del carcinoma de tiroides invasivo a traqueolaringe y grandes vasos / Surgical approach to carcinoma of the thyroid invasive to upper airways and major vessels

El cancer de tiroides que invade localmente el componente aerodigestivo o vascular tiene una incidencia relativamente baja, usualmente sin sintomas preoperatorios que sugieran el grado de su extension. Se requiere una alta sospecha clinica para establecer el diagnostico preoperatorio, asi como el conocimiento de las modalidades terapeuticas ante su hallazgo intra-operatorio, con el ánimo de realizar el esquema terapeutico optimo para cada circunstancia, con bajas tazas de morbilidad, mortalidad y recurrencia. Se informa un estudio retrospectivo realizado en el Hospital de Caldas en los pacientes con cancer tiroideo invasivo a laringotráquea y grandes vasos manejados por el grupo de Cirugia de Cabeza y Cuello entre agosto de 1994 y junio de 2000. Se analizo sintomatologia previa asociada, el abordaje diagnostico, el esquema terapeutico aplicado segun el grado de invasion, la recidiva local regional y a distancia, la morbilidad y la mortalidad. Se proponen algunas recomendaciones para cada caso.

Neurofibromatosis: reporte de un caso no habitual / Neurofibromatosis: report a case non usual

Presentamos un caso de Neurofibromatosis tipo 1 caracterizadas por lesiones dérmicas diseminadas como manchas parduzcas (cafe-au-lait), y neurofibroma a nivel cervical, que comprometio las raíces de los nervios espinales y ejercició presión sobre las estructuras contiguas y extensión hacia los agujeros intervertebrales. El diagnóstico, además de la clínica, se obtuvo a través de la Resonancia Magnética Nuclear. Se describe este caso por la poca frecuencia de comprensión radicular por neurofibroma

Resección de lesiones traqueobronquiales con broncoscopia láser Nd: YAG / Resection of tracheobronchial lesions with bronchoscopic laser Nd: YAG a preliminary study

Existen numerosas causas mecánicas de obstrucción de la vía aérea; pueden ser benignas o malignas y, dependiendo del grado de obstrucción consecutivo a su crecimiento, pueden comprometer de manera grave la función ventilatoria, motivo por el que el diagnóstico y el tratamiento oportuno pueden prevenir, mejorar e incluso curar esta alteración al eliminar el proceso obstructivo de las vías aéreas superiores o inferiores. Este trabajo se refiere a procesos obstructivos laringotraqueobronquiales. Las lesiones benignas son postraumáticas, infecciosas y algunas neogormaciones de origen indeterminado. Las lesiones malignas pueden ser primarias o secundarias (metastásicas). El láser permite la conversión de energía lumínica en calor, que vaporiza o coagula los tejidos dependiendo de la potencia aplicada y la duración del tratamiento. El láser Nd:YAG es el que más frecuentemente se usa para endoscopia, ya que puede penetrar tejidos anormales, causando su coagulación al aplicarse por medio de un sistema de transmisión de cuarzo a través del endoscopio rígido o de fibra óptica. La resección con broncoscopia láser Nd:YAG ofrece una alternativa útil en el tratamiento paliativo, curativo o adyuvante de algunas lesiones que producen obstrucción de la vía aérea. Se evaluaron en forma consecutiva los resultados de los primeros 61 procedimientos de resección con broncoscopia láser Nd:YAG del departamento de endoscopia torácica de la Unidad de Neumología del Hospital General de México desde abril de 1995 hasta marzo de 1997. Se incluyó a 56 pacientes a quienes se practicó resección con broncoscopia láser ND:YAG, 34 resecciones de lesiones benignas y 27 de lesiones malignas. Los resultados inmediatos se consideraron como satisfactorios en 95 por ciento y no satisfactorios en 5 por ciento de los casos, Se evaluaron todos los pacientes con broncoscopia el mes, a los tres meses y a los seis meses, condiserándolos como satisfactorios en 90 por ciento e insatisfactorios en 10 por ciento de los casos