RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Mitotane (o,p'-DDD) is the drug of choice for Adrenocortical Carcinomas (ACC) and its measurement in plasma is essential to control drug administration. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a simple, reliable and straightforward method for mitotane determination in plasma samples. METHOD: Drug-free plasma samples were collected in potassium-ethylenediamine tetraacetate (K-EDTA) tubes and spiked with 1.0, 2.5, 10.0, 25.0 and 50.0 µg/mL of mitotane (DDD). The p,p'-DDD was used as an Internal Standard (IS) and was added at 25.0 µg/mL concentration to all samples, standards and controls. Samples were submitted to protein precipitation with acetonitrile and then centrifuged. 50 uL of the supernatant was injected into an HPLC system coupled to a Diode Array Detector (DAD). DDD and IS were detected at 230 nm in a 12 min isocratic mode with a solvent mixture of 60 % acetonitrile and 40 % formic acid in water with 0.1 % pump mixed, at 0.6 mL/min flow rate, in a reversed-phase (C18) chromatographic column kept at 28°C. The sensitivity, selectivity, precision, presence of carry-over, recovery and matrix-effect, linearity, and method accuracy were evaluated. RESULTS: The present study's method resulted in a symmetrical peak shape and good baseline resolution for DDD (mitotane) and 4,4'-DDD (internal standard) with retention times of 6.0 min, 6.4 mim, respectively, with resolutions higher than 1.0. Endogenous plasma compounds did not interfere with the evaluated peaks when blank plasma and spiked plasma with standards were compared. Linearity was assessed over the range of 1.00-50.00 µg/mL for mitotane (R2 > 0.9987 and a 97.80 %â105.50 % of extraction efficiency). Analytical sensitivity was 0.98 µg/mL. Functional sensitivity (LOQ) was 1.00 µg/L, intra-assay and inter-assay coefficient of variations were less than 9.98 %, and carry-over was not observed for this method. Recovery ranged from 98.00 % to 117.00 %, linearity ranged from 95.00 % to 119.00 %, and high accuracy of 89.40 % to 105.90 % with no matrix effects or interference was observed for mitotane measurements. Patients' sample results were compared with previous measurements by the GC-MS method with a high correlation (r = 0.88 and bias = -10.20 %). CONCLUSION: DDD determination in plasma samples by the developed and validated method is simple, robust, efficient, and sensitive for therapeutic drug monitoring and dose management to achieve a therapeutic index of mitotane in patients with adrenocortical cancer.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos Hormonais , Mitotano , Mitotano/sangue , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Antineoplásicos Hormonais/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Limite de Detecção , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/tratamento farmacológico , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , CalibragemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a very rare endocrinopathy that has a poor prognosis and is frequently associated with ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome. Despite having an adrenocortical carcinoma, our patient surprisingly had an ACTH-dependent Cushing's syndrome. CASE REPORT: A 26-year-old female presented with Cushing's syndrome and an abdominal mass. Imaging studies revealed an adrenal mass consistent with a high-grade malignancy. Laboratory workup showed hypercortisolism, hyperandrogenism, and hypokalemia with normal levels of metanephrines. Unexpectedly, her ACTH levels were remarkably elevated. The pathological analysis of a tumor sample was conclusive for adrenocortical carcinoma with immunopositivity for ACTH. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient suffered from an adrenocortical carcinoma that was ectopically producing ACTH. This case emphasizes that physicians should have a broad-minded approach when evaluating cases of rare endocrine malignancies.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal , Carcinoma Adrenocortical , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico , Síndrome de Cushing , Humanos , Feminino , Adulto , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/patologia , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/patologia , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/metabolismo , Síndrome de Cushing/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cushing/etiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Limited information exists on postoperative hypocortisolism and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery in patients with adrenal incidentaloma following unilateral adrenalectomy. We evaluated frequency of postoperative hypocortisolism and predictors for recovery in non-aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma patients after unilateral adrenalectomy. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 32 adrenal incidentaloma patients originally included in the ITACA trial (NCT04127552) with confirmed non-aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy from September 2019 to April 2023 was conducted. Preoperative assessments included adrenal MRI, anthropometrics, evaluation of comorbidities, adrenal function assessed via ACTH, urinary free cortisol, and 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test. ACTH and serum cortisol or Short Synacthen test were performed within 6 days, 6 weeks, 6 months, and a year after surgery. RESULTS: Six days postoperative, 18.8% of patients had normal adrenal function. Among those with postoperative hypocortisolism, 53.8% recovered by 6 weeks. Patients with earlier adrenal recovery (6 weeks) had lower preoperative 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (median 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test 76.2 [61.8-111.0] nmol/L vs 260.0 [113.0-288.5] nmol/L, p < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed preoperative 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test negatively related with baseline ACTH levels (r = - 0.376; p = 0.041) and negatively associated with the 6-week baseline (r = - 0.395, p = 0.034) and 30-min cortisol levels during Short Synacthen test (r = - 0.534, p = 0.023). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated preoperative 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test as the only biochemical predictor for 6-week adrenal recovery: ROC curve identified a 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test threshold of 131 nmol/L predicting 6-week recovery with 89.5% sensitivity and 72.7% specificity (AUC 0.87; 95% CI 66.9-98.7, p < 0.001). Other preoperative assessments (tumor size, ACTH levels and anthropometrics) were not associated with postoperative hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function, but the presence of diabetes was associated with a lower probability of recovery (OR = 24.55, p = 0.036). ACTH levels increased postoperatively in all patients but did not predict hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery. CONCLUSIONS: The preoperative 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test cortisol value and presence of diabetes are the only relevant predictor of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery in patients with non-aldosterone- producing adrenocortical adenoma undergoing surgery, regardless other clinical and biochemical variables. Notably, pre- and postoperative ACTH levels did not predict hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis recovery. These findings point towards the potential for saving resources by optimizing their allocation during follow-up assessments for patients with non-aldosterone-producing adrenocortical adenoma undergoing unilateral adrenalectomy.
Assuntos
Adrenalectomia , Adenoma Adrenocortical , Hidrocortisona , Complicações Pós-Operatórias , Humanos , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/cirurgia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/sangue , Idoso , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/cirurgia , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/metabolismo , Prognóstico , Adulto , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Seguimentos , Dexametasona , Neoplasias das Glândulas SuprarrenaisRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare condition, with limited comprehensive reports from Japan. This study aimed to review Japan's data on adrenocortical carcinoma by assessing information from 46 patients-with adrenocortical carcinoma across 10 Japanese university hospitals. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective multi-institutional analysis of the clinical characteristics of adrenocortical carcinoma in Japan. We evaluated data from 46 patients across 10 university hospitals over 10 years and analyzed the relationship between clinicopathological characteristics and overall survival. RESULTS: Five- and 10-year overall survival rates were 59% and 53%, respectively. Overall survival was significantly different among the tumor-node-metastasis system for adrenocortical carcinoma of the American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer, with the worst prognosis in stage IV (p = 0.0044). In our cohort, neither the Weiss score nor the Ki-67 proliferation index correlated with overall survival. Adjuvant treatment did not yield improved overall survival, whereas resection of the primary tumor in stage IV disease was significantly associated with improved overall survival (p = 0.0262). Out of the cases evaluated for plasma hormones, plasma cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone, and DHEA-S levels were measured at 23%, 42%, 29%, and 62%, respectively, demonstrating higher levels than the upper normal limits. CONCLUSION: Patients with stage IV adrenocortical carcinoma had a poor prognosis; however, resection of the primary tumor in stage IV disease was associated with prolonged survival. The results of this study are expected to contribute to future treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma in Japan.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal , Carcinoma Adrenocortical , Humanos , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/patologia , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/mortalidade , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Masculino , Feminino , Japão/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/patologia , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/mortalidade , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/terapia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Idoso , Adulto , Prognóstico , Taxa de Sobrevida , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Adulto Jovem , Testosterona/sangue , Sulfato de Desidroepiandrosterona/sangue , Aldosterona/sangue , Adolescente , Idoso de 80 Anos ou maisRESUMO
CONTEXT: Somatic gene mutations have been identified in only about half of cortisol-producing adenomas (CPAs). Affected genes include PRKACA, GNAS, PRKAR1A, and CTNNB1. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to expand our understanding of the prevalence of somatic mutations in CPAs from patients with overt Cushing syndrome (OCS) and "subclinical" mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE), with an immunohistochemistry (IHC)âguided targeted amplicon sequencing approach using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. METHODS: We analyzed FFPE adrenal tissue from 77 patients (nâ =â 12 men, 65 women) with either OCS (nâ =â 32) or MACE (nâ =â 45). Using IHC for 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1) and 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD3B2), we identified 78 CPAs (32 OCS CPAs and 46 MACE CPAs). Genomic DNA was isolated from the FFPE CPAs and subjected to targeted amplicon sequencing for identification of somatic mutations. RESULTS: Somatic mutations were identified in 71.8% (56/78) of the CPAs. While PRKACA was the most frequently mutated gene in OCS CPAs (14/32, 43.8%), somatic genetic aberrations in CTNNB1 occurred in 56.5% (26/46) of the MACE CPAs. Most GNAS mutations were observed in MACE CPAs (5/7, 71.4%). No mutations were observed in PRKAR1A. In addition to the known mutations, we identified one previously unreported mutation in PRKACA. Two patients with MACE harbored 2 adjacent tumors within the same adrenal gland - one patient had 2 CPAs, and the other patient had a CPA and an aldosterone-producing adenoma (identified by IHC for aldosterone synthase). CONCLUSION: A comprehensive FFPE IHC-guided gene-targeted sequencing approach identified somatic mutations in 71.8% of the CPAs. OCS CPAs demonstrated a distinct mutation profile compared to MACE CPAs.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/genética , Adenoma Adrenocortical/genética , Síndrome de Cushing/genética , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Glândulas Suprarrenais/metabolismo , Glândulas Suprarrenais/patologia , Glândulas Suprarrenais/cirurgia , Adrenalectomia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Adulto , Cromograninas/genética , Síndrome de Cushing/sangue , Síndrome de Cushing/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cushing/patologia , Subunidades Catalíticas da Proteína Quinase Dependente de AMP Cíclico/genética , Subunidade RIalfa da Proteína Quinase Dependente de AMP Cíclico/genética , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Feminino , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Humanos , Hidrocortisona/metabolismo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Gravidade do Paciente , beta Catenina/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis. Given the limited treatment options, prognostic assessment of ACC is increasingly crucial. In this study, we aim to assess the correlation between preoperative serum albumin and prognosis in patients with ACC after primary resection. METHODS: We retrospectively collected and reviewed medical information about 71 ACC patients who underwent primary resection. Survival analysis was performed by Kaplan-Meier analysis with log-rank test or Breslow test. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Jordan index was generated to explore optimal cut-off value of albumin. Univariate and multivariate analysis was conducted using Cox's hazards model. Statistical significance was defined as P < 0.05. RESULTS: Among included patients, 33 patients (46.5%) relapsed at the end of follow-up, while 39 patients (54.9%) died. The median overall survival (OS) of included patients was 17 (range 1-104) months, and median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 10 (range 0-104) months. In univariate analysis, the albumin was significantly associated with OS (HR:0.491, 95% CI: 0.260-0.930, P = 0.029) and RFS (HR: 0.383, 95% CI: 0.192-0.766, P = 0.007). In multivariate analysis, serum albumin as an independent prognostic factor of OS was confirmed (HR: 0.351, 95% CI: 0.126-0.982, P = 0.046). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative albumin might be a significant prognostic factor for ACC patients after primary resection. This result may be useful for risk stratification and management of this rare malignancy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/patologia , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Cuidados Pré-Operatórios , Albumina Sérica/análise , Adolescente , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/cirurgia , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/cirurgia , Adulto , Idoso , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/sangue , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/cirurgia , Prognóstico , Curva ROC , Estudos Retrospectivos , Taxa de Sobrevida , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Fascin-1 (FSCN1) is an actin-bundling protein associated with an invasive and aggressive phenotype of several solid carcinomas, as it is involved in cell cytoskeleton rearrangement and filopodia formation. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare endocrine malignancy characterized by poor prognosis, particularly when metastatic at diagnosis. Radical resection is the only therapeutic option for ACC patients in addition to the adjuvant treatment with mitotane. Novel specific biomarkers suggestive of tumor progression to refine diagnosis and prognosis of patients with advanced ACC are urgently needed. ACC intratumoral FSCN1 has previously been suggested as a valid prognostic marker. In the present study, we identified FSCN1 in the bloodstream of a small cohort of ACC patients (n = 27), through a specific ELISA assay for human FSCN1. FSCN1 can be detected in the serum, and its circulating levels were evaluated in pre-surgery samples, which resulted to be significantly higher in ACC patients from stage I/II and stage III/IV compared with nontumoral healthy controls (HC, n = 4, FI: 5.5 ± 0.8, P<0.001, and 8.0 ± 0.5, P < 0.001 for stage I/II and stage III/IV group vs HC, respectively). In particular, FSCN1 levels were significantly higher in advanced stage versus stage I/II (22.8 ± 1.1 vs 15.8 ± 1.8 ng/ml, P < 0.005, respectively). Interestingly, circulating levels of pre-surgical FSCN1 can significantly predict tumor progression/recurrence (Log rank = 0.013), but not the overall survival (Log rank=0.317), in patients stratified in high/low PreS FSCN1. In conclusion, these findings-though very preliminary-suggest that circulating FSCN1 may represent a new minimally-invasive prognostic marker in advanced ACC, in particular when measured before surgery enables histological diagnosis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Transporte/sangue , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Proteínas de Transporte/fisiologia , Estudos de Coortes , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas dos Microfilamentos/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Endogenous Cushing syndrome (CS) is an endocrine disorder marked by excess cortisol production rendering patients susceptible to visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, osteoporosis and diabetes mellitus. Adrenal CS is characterized by autonomous production of cortisol from cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA) via adrenocorticotropic hormone-independent mechanisms. A limited number of studies have quantified the steroid profiles in sera from patients with CS. To understand the intratumoral steroid biosynthesis, we quantified 19 steroids by mass spectrometry in optimal cutting temperature compound (OCT)-embedded 24 CPA tissue from patients with overt CS (OCS, n = 10) and mild autonomous cortisol excess (MACE, n = 14). Where available, normal CPA-adjacent adrenal tissue (AdjN) was also collected and used for comparison (n = 8). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for CYP17A1 and HSD3B2, two steroidogenic enzymes required for cortisol synthesis, was performed on OCT sections to confirm the presence of tumor tissue and guided subsequent steroid extraction from the tumor. LC-MS/MS was used to quantify steroids extracted from CPA and AdjN. Our data indicated that CPA demonstrated increased concentrations of cortisol, cortisone, 11-deoxycortisol, corticosterone, progesterone, 17OH-progesterone and 16OH-progesterone as compared to AdjN (p < 0.05). Compared to OCS, MACE patient CPA tissue displayed higher concentrations of corticosterone, 18OH-corticosterone, 21-deoxycortisol, progesterone, and 17OH-progesterone (p < 0.05). These findings also demonstrate that OCT-embedded tissue can be used to define intra-tissue steroid profiles, which will have application for steroid-producing and steroid-responsive tumors.
Assuntos
Adenoma/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/metabolismo , Síndrome de Cushing/metabolismo , Esteroides/metabolismo , Adenoma/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Adulto , Cromatografia Líquida , Síndrome de Cushing/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Progesterona Redutase/metabolismo , Esteroide 17-alfa-Hidroxilase/metabolismo , Esteroides/sangue , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemAssuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Hemorragia Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagem , Hiperaldosteronismo/diagnóstico , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/cirurgia , Adrenalectomia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/cirurgia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Hemorragia dos Gânglios da Base/diagnóstico por imagem , Hemorragia dos Gânglios da Base/etiologia , Hemorragia Cerebral/etiologia , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/sangue , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipopotassemia/diagnóstico , Hipopotassemia/tratamento farmacológico , Hipopotassemia/etiologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
PURPOSE: The purpose of the present study was to analyze the impact of the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the long-term outcomes of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). METHODS: This retrospective, single-institution study included 48 patients with the diagnosis of ACC. The primary outcomes of the study were differences in overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) with respect to the NLR level. RESULTS: Patients with ENSAT stage IV had higher levels of NLR compared to those with ENSAT stage I-III (5.7 (1.6-12.5) vs 3.3 (1.3-11); p = .01). A higher NLR was also observed among patients with cortisol-secreting tumors (4.6 (1.7-12.5) vs 2.8 (1.3-10.3); p = .003) and those with Ki-67 index >10% (4.3 (1.3-12.5) vs 2.6 (1.6-11.0); p = .005). With respect to survival, the univariate analysis revealed worse ACC-related survival (p = .02) and OS (p = .004) in patients with NLR >3.9 than in those with NLR ≤3.9. In addition, patients with NLR >3.9 had a higher Weiss score (p = .046), a higher Ki-67 index (p = .006) and a higher disease stage (p = .01) compared to patients with NLR ≤3.9. No differences between the groups were observed regarding excess glucocorticoid secretion. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated that a higher NLR level in ACC patients was associated with unfavorable outcomes in terms of DSS and OS. These results indicate that NLR might be used as an additional marker in ACC risk stratification and identification of patients with the most adverse prognosis.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal , Carcinoma Adrenocortical , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Linfócitos , Neutrófilos , Avaliação de Resultados em Cuidados de Saúde , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/mortalidade , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/mortalidade , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Contagem de Leucócitos , Contagem de Linfócitos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Medição de Risco , Análise de SobrevidaRESUMO
Adrenal incidentalomas (AI) are very common and mostly they are non-functioning adenomas (NFA). NFAs are often associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Several biomarkers, including certain growth factors, may participatein the pathogenesis ofmetabolic changes in patients with adrenal adenomas.Patients with NFA and age-matched control subjects were enrolled in the study. Data on age, gender, presence of metabolic syndrome or its components were obtained for each subject. Blood samples were obtained and glycemia, insulinemia, lipid profile, and selected growth factor levels were measured. Forty-three patients with NFA and 40 controls were included in the study. Differences were not found in the metabolic syndrome and its components prevalence or in the biochemical profile between patients and the control group. Significant differences were noticed in the levels of IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 (p=0.016, p=0.005, p=0.004, respectively), but there were no differences in VEGF or EGF concentrations. In NFA patients, an association between glycemia and EGF levels was present (p=0.026). No significant correlations between tumor size and insulin or growth factor concentrations were present in AI patients. Significantly higher serum IGF1, IGF2, and IGFBP3 concentrations in NFA patients may support the role of the IGF axis in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical lesions.No correlation between IGFs or IGFBP3 and parameters of glucose or lipid metabolism was found. Present results may support the role of the growth hormone axis rather than hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance in the pathogenesis of adrenocortical adenomas.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Epidérmico/sangue , Proteína 3 de Ligação a Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina/sangue , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like II/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Insulin-Like I/metabolismo , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/patologia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , PrognósticoRESUMO
CONTEXT: It remains unclear whether adrenalectomy has more beneficial effects than treatment with a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist on vascular function in patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of adrenalectomy and treatment with eplerenone on vascular function in patients with APA. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS: Flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD), as an index of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and nitroglycerine-induced vasodilation (NID), as an index of endothelium-independent vasodilation, were measured to assess vascular function before and after a 3-month treatment with eplerenone and at 3 months after adrenalectomy in 23 patients with APA. RESULTS: Flow-mediated vasodilation and NID after adrenalectomy were significantly higher than those before treatment with eplerenone (5.4 ± 2.6% vs 2.7 ± 1.9% and 14.8 ± 4.7% vs 9.6 ± 4.6%, P < 0.01, respectively) and those after treatment with eplerenone (5.4 ± 2.6% vs 3.1 ± 2.3% and 14.8 ± 4.7% vs 11.0 ± 5.3%, P < 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively), while treatment with eplerenone did not alter FMD and NID compared with those before treatment with eplerenone. After adrenalectomy, the increase in FMD and NID were significantly correlated with a decrease in plasma aldosterone concentration and a decrease in the aldosterone-renin ratio. There were no significant relationships between FMD and changes in other parameters or between NID and changes in other parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Adrenalectomy, but not treatment with eplerenone, improved vascular function in patients with APA. Adrenalectomy may be more effective than treatment with eplerenone for reducing the incidence of future cardiovascular events in patients with APA. Clinical Trial Information: URL for the clinical trial: http://UMIN; Registration Number for the clinical trial: UMIN000003409.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/terapia , Adrenalectomia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/terapia , Aldosterona/sangue , Endotélio Vascular/fisiopatologia , Eplerenona/uso terapêutico , Vasodilatação/fisiologia , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/fisiopatologia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/fisiopatologia , Adulto , Pressão Sanguínea/efeitos dos fármacos , Pressão Sanguínea/fisiologia , Endotélio Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Eplerenona/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/fisiopatologia , Hiperaldosteronismo/terapia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/administração & dosagem , Antagonistas de Receptores de Mineralocorticoides/uso terapêutico , Nitroglicerina/administração & dosagem , Vasodilatação/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Correct subtyping of primary aldosteronism (PA) is critical for guiding clinical management. Adrenal imaging is less accurate than adrenal vein sampling (AVS); nonetheless, AVS is invasive, technically challenging, and scarcely available. OBJECTIVE: To identify predictors of concordance between cross-sectional imaging and lateralized AVS in patients with PA that could help circumvent AVS in a subset of patients. METHODS: We retrospectively studied all patients with PA who underwent AVS in a tertiary referral center from 2009 to 2019. AVS was performed before and after cosyntropin stimulation. Patients with lateralized AVS in at least one condition were included. Aldosterone synthase-guided next-generation sequencing was performed on available adrenal tissue. Logistic regression was implemented to identify predictors of imaging-AVS lateralization concordance. RESULTS: A total of 234 patients (62% men), age 20 to 79 years, 73% white, 23% black, and 2% Asian were included. AVS lateralization was found: 1) both pre- and post-cosyntropin (Uni/Uni) in 138 patients; 2) only at baseline (Uni/Bi) in 39 patients; 3) only after cosyntropin stimulation (Bi/Uni) in 29 patients. Catheterization partially failed in 28 patients. AVS-imaging agreement was higher in patients with KCNJ5 versus other aldosterone-driver somatic mutations (90.3% versus 64.6%; P < 0.001); in Asian and white versus black Americans (75%, 70%, and 36%, respectively); in younger patients; and those with left adrenal nodules and contralateral suppression. Conversely, AVS-imaging agreement was lowest in Uni/Bi patients (38% vs. 69% in Uni/Uni, and 62% in Bi/Uni; P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: While AVS-imaging agreement is higher in young white and Asian patients, who have KCNJ5-mutated aldosterone producing adenomas, no predictor confers absolute imaging accuracy.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Glândulas Suprarrenais/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Aldosterona/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/diagnóstico , Testes de Função do Córtex Suprarrenal/métodos , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/genética , Glândulas Suprarrenais/irrigação sanguínea , Glândulas Suprarrenais/efeitos dos fármacos , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/genética , Adulto , Idoso , Aldosterona/metabolismo , Cosintropina/administração & dosagem , Feminino , Canais de Potássio Corretores do Fluxo de Internalização Acoplados a Proteínas G/genética , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/genética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Mutação , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Adrenal venous sampling is the standard of care for identifying patients with unilateral primary aldosteronism, which is often caused by an aldosterone producing adenoma and can be cured with surgery. The numerous limitations of adrenal venous sampling, including its high cost, scarce availability, technical challenges, and lack of standardized protocols, have driven efforts to develop alternative, non-invasive tools for the diagnosis of aldosterone producing adenomas. Seminal discoveries regarding the pathogenesis of aldosterone producing adenomas made over the past decade have leveraged hypotheses-driven research of steroid phenotypes characteristic of various aldosterone producing adenomas. In parallel, the expanding availability of mass spectrometry has enabled the simultaneous quantitation of many steroids in single assays from small volume biosamples. Steroid profiling has contributed to our evolving understanding about the pathophysiology of primary aldosteronism and its subtypes. Herein, we review the current state of knowledge regarding the application of multi-steroid panels in assisting with primary aldosteronism subtyping.
Assuntos
Técnicas de Diagnóstico Endócrino , Hiperaldosteronismo/classificação , Hiperaldosteronismo/diagnóstico , Esteroides/análise , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Cromatografia Líquida , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Endócrino/normas , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/etiologia , Metaboloma , Metabolômica/métodos , Esteroides/sangue , Esteroides/metabolismo , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
A 50-year-old man was referred to our department for overt Cushing's syndrome (CS). His plasma cortisol concentrations were 314 µg/L, and his urinary cortisol concentrations were 431 µg/day. The plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) concentration was below the detectable limit. Computed tomography revealed atrophy of both adrenal glands and the presence of a left pararenal tumor. 131I-6ß-iodomethyl-norcholesterol scintigraphy showed an intense uptake by the left pararenal tumor. These findings suggested that the left pararenal tumor was ectopic cortisol-producing adrenocortical adenoma. This case serves as a reminder that 131I-6ß-iodomethyl-norcholesterol scintigraphy is an effective method for diagnosing ACTH-independent CS in which no adrenal tumor has been found.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico , Hormônio Adrenocorticotrópico/sangue , Síndrome de Cushing/sangue , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Humanos , Radioisótopos do Iodo , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Cintilografia/métodosAssuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Aldosterona/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/etiologia , Hipertensão/etiologia , Hipopotassemia/etiologia , Potássio/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/diagnóstico por imagem , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/cirurgia , Adrenalectomia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/diagnóstico por imagem , Adenoma Adrenocortical/cirurgia , Anti-Hipertensivos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/diagnóstico por imagem , Hipertensão/sangue , Hipertensão/tratamento farmacológico , Hipopotassemia/sangue , Hipopotassemia/diagnóstico por imagem , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
PURPOSE: Accurate subtyping of the primary aldosteronism into aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia (IAH) is important to direct for specific treatment modalities. The objective of the study was to compare the clinical and biochemical parameters of APA and IAH patients to derive a Clinical Prediction Score reliably predicting APA from IAH. METHODS: This was a retrospective multi-centre study recruiting 38 APA patients and 42 IAH patients from four major hospitals in Hong Kong using database from Surgical Outcomes Monitoring and Improvement Programme and Clinical Data Analysis and Reporting System. Their clinical and biochemical parameters were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients in APA group were younger than IAH group (mean age 48.6 ± 9.2 vs. 57.1 ± 7.3 years old, p < 0.001), had more suppressed renin before saline infusion in saline infusion test (SIT) (median 0.19 [IQR 0.15-0.37] vs. 0.39 [IQR 0.19-0.69] ng/mL/h, p = 0.01), and higher aldosterone level after saline infusion in SIT (median 674 [IQR 498-1000] vs. 327 [IQR 242-483] pmol/L, p < 0.001). A clinical prediction score using three parameters was devised, comprising age at diagnosis < 50 years, PRA before saline infusion in SIT ≤ 0.26 ng/mL/h, and aldosterone level after saline infusion in SIT ≥ 424 pmol/L. A score of 2 would predict APA with a sensitivity of 84.2% and specificity of 88.1%, and a score of 3 would predict APA with a sensitivity of 31.6% and specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical Prediction Score based on the combination of age at diagnosis, PRA, and aldosterone level in the saline infusion tests could reliably predict APA from IAH.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Aldosterona/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/etiologia , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/sangue , Hiperplasia/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
AIM: Primary aldosteronism, which is usually caused by an aldosterone-producing tumour, affects glucose metabolism. The effects of this condition on insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity have remained unclear, however. To gain insight into the influence of primary aldosteronism on glucose tolerance, various parameters related to insulin secretion or insulin sensitivity in patients with an aldosterone-producing tumour were comprehensively analyzed. METHODS: To assess 14 patients with an aldosterone-producing tumour, hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp tests as well as oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed before and after tumour excision. Time between presurgical analysis and surgery was 27-559 (194±132) days, and 14-142 (51±38) days between surgery and postsurgical analysis. Various parameters related to insulin secretion or sensitivity as determined by OGTT as well as hyperglycaemic and hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp analyses were evaluated. RESULTS: Surgical treatment of tumours ameliorated hypokalaemia and reduced plasma aldosterone levels. First and second phases of insulin secretion during the hyperglycaemic clamp, as well as the insulinogenic index and total insulin secretion measured during OGTT, were also improved after surgery. In addition, the insulin sensitivity index determined during the hyperinsulinaemic-euglycaemic clamp was reduced after surgery. CONCLUSION: Primary aldosteronism impairs insulin secretion.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/cirurgia , Adenoma Adrenocortical/cirurgia , Aldosterona/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/cirurgia , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Secreção de Insulina/fisiologia , Insulina/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/complicações , Adenoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Adenoma Adrenocortical/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Glicemia/análise , Feminino , Técnica Clamp de Glucose , Teste de Tolerância a Glucose , Hemoglobinas Glicadas/análise , Humanos , Hiperaldosteronismo/sangue , Hiperaldosteronismo/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with poor prognosis. It is vitally important to predict prognosis and restrict unnecessary adjuvant treatments for patients with ACC. This study aims to confirm the prognostic value of Ki-67 and provide a prognostic evaluation on ACC after primary surgery. METHODS: A total of 66 patients satisfied the inclusion criteria and their complete data were collected and reviewed. The correlation between Ki-67 index and clinicopathologic variables was analyzed using chi-square tests and Pearson's or Spearman's test. Survival curves were generated by Kaplan-Meier analysis and compared with the log-rank test. The Cox regression model was performed to estimate hazard ratios for univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients, recurrence was observed in 30 patients (45.5%) and 26 patients (39.4%) died of progressive ACC. The evaluated median overall survival (OS) of the entire study population was 16.5 (range 1-104) months and recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 9.0 (range 0-104) months. Increased Ki-67 expression (> 20% and > 3%) was negatively correlated with OS and RFS (chi-square, P = 0.006 and 0.044, respectively). In multivariate analysis, the Ki-67 index with 20% and 3% cutoff as an independent prognostic factor for OS and RFS was validated [hazard ratio (HR) 3.289; 95% CI 1.345-8.042; P = 0.009 and HR 4.471; 95% CI 1.086-18.410; P = 0.038, respectively]. CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 is a reliable, convenient, and independent prognostic marker for ACC. Additionally, as an indicator with a divergent prognostic role at different cutoff values (20% and 3%), Ki-67 could be used for stratifying patients with a high risk of death or rapid recurrence.
Assuntos
Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/sangue , Neoplasias do Córtex Suprarrenal/cirurgia , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/sangue , Carcinoma Adrenocortical/cirurgia , Antígeno Ki-67/sangue , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Estimativa de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Análise Multivariada , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Modelos de Riscos Proporcionais , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Hypercortisolism is caused by a cortisol-secreting adrenocortical tumour (ACT) in approximately 15%-20% of cases in dogs. Little is known about which molecular markers are associated with malignant behaviour of canine ACTs. The objective of this study was to identify molecular markers of prognosis, which could be useful to refine prognostic prediction and to identify potential treatment targets. Cortisol-secreting ACTs were included from 40 dogs, of which follow-up information was available. The ACTs were classified as low risk of recurrence tumours (LRT; n = 14) or moderate-high risk of recurrence tumours (MHRT; n = 26), based on the novel histopathological Utrecht score. Normal adrenals (NAs) were included from 11 healthy dogs as reference material. The mRNA expression of 14 candidate genes was analysed in the 40 ACTs and in 11 NAs with quantitative RT-PCR. The genes' expression levels were statistically compared between NAs, LRTs and MHRTs. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the association of the genes' expression levels with survival. Seven genes were differentially expressed between NAs and ACTs, of which pituitary tumour-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) and topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) were also differentially expressed between LRTs and MHRTs. In survival analyses, high expression levels of Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), PTTG1 and TOP2A were significantly associated with poor survival. In conclusion, we have identified several genes that are part of the molecular signature of malignancy in canine ACTs. These findings can be used to refine prognostic prediction, but also offer insights for future studies on druggable targets.