Ocular and oral lesions caused by Tacinga inamoena in sheep and goats in Northeast Brazil / Lesões oculares e orais causadas por Tacinga inamoena em ovinos e caprinos no Nordeste brasileiro

Two outbreaks of traumatic injuries in goats and sheep associated with grazing and ingestion of the cactus Tacinga inamoena have recently been reported in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. In the first of these, which was detected in 2019 during a preliminary inspection of a herd of 70 animals, it was found that 15 showed certain ocular complications, and these animals were subjected to general physical and ophthalmic examinations. The clinical findings included excessive lacrimation, blepharitis, photophobia, corneal opacity, hyphema, corneal neovascularization, corneal ulcers, and adherence of gloquids to the bulbar conjunctiva and cornea. Large amounts of T. inamoena were found to be present in several areas in which these animals had been grazed and had been observed consuming the fruits of this plant. In the second outbreak during the following year, two sheep from a total of 100 animals were identified as having oral lesions associated with grazing in areas within which T. inamoena was growing. One of these animals was referred to a veterinary hospital, and on physical examination was found to show apathy, anorexia, a body score of 1.5, and the presence of gloquids within the fur. With respect to the oral cavity, halitosis, severe sialorrhea, extensive hemorrhagic ulcers, and painful tenderness on palpation were detected. Given the unfavorable prognosis, the sheep was subsequently euthanized. At necropsy, multifocal to coalescent plaques were detected on the upper and lower lips, oral mucosa, tongue, and hard and soft palates. These were generally elevated and firm and characterized by an irregular, ulcerated surface, sometimes crusty, with a yellow to light brown center and erythematous edges. The findings of this study highlight that the consumption of T. inamoena can cause serious oral and ophthalmic lesions in small ruminants in the northeastern semi-arid regions of Brazil, and can potentially contribute to substantial large economic losses. This problem tends to be exacerbated by the invasive behavior of T. Inamoena, particularly in areas in the process of environmental degradation.(AU)

Relatam-se dois surtos de lesões traumáticas associadas ao pastejo e ingestão da Tacinga inamoena por caprinos e ovinos no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. No primeiro surto observou-se durante uma inspeção preliminar do rebanho que 15 dos 70 animais apresentavam alterações oculares, os animais foram submetidos ao exame físico geral e ao exame oftálmico. Lacrimejamento excessivo, blefarite, fotofobia, opacidade de córnea, hifema, neovascularização corneana, úlceras de córnea e gloquídeos aderidos à conjuntiva bulbar e córnea foram os achados clínicos identificados. A planta estava presente em diversas áreas e em grande quantidade nas áreas de pastejo, onde os animais eram vistos ingerindo seus frutos. No segundo surto, dois ovinos de um total de 100 animais, foram identificados com lesões orais associadas ao pastejo em áreas da planta. Um deles foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário. No exame físico, o animal apresentou apatia, anorexia, escore corporal 1,5, pelos opacos, eriçados e no pelame era possível identificar gloquídeos. Na cavidade oral observou-se halitose, sialorreia intensa, extensas úlceras hemorrágicas e sensibilidade dolorosa à palpação. Devido ao prognóstico desfavorável o animal foi eutanasiado. Na necropsia, placas multifocais a coalescentes, elevadas, firmes e com superfície irregular, ulcerada, por vezes crostosas, com centro amarelo a marrom-claro e bordos eritematosos, estavam presentes nos lábios superiores, inferiores, mucosa oral, língua, palatos duro e mole. T. inamoena causa sérias lesões orais e oftálmicas em pequenos ruminantes no semiárido nordestino e prejuízos econômicos de grandes dimensões, que podem ser agravados pelo comportamento invasor da T. inamoena em áreas com indícios de degradação ambiental.(AU)

Cutaneous burn diminishes beneficial effect of intravenously administered mesenchymal stem cells on acute lung injury induced by smoke inhalation in sheep.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate effects of intravenously administered allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on burn/smoke-induced lung injury. METHODS: Sheep were subjected to 40%, third-degree flame skin burn and smoke inhalation under deep anesthesia and analgesia. One-hour after injury, PlasmaLite A (control) or 200 million MSCs (treatment) were intravenously administered. Pulmonary oxygenation index, PaO2/FiO2 ratio, lung-lymph flow, and bloodless lung wet-to-dry weight ratio were measured. Distribution of MSCs and stromal cell-derived factor-1 (Sdf-1) protein level were determined in lung and skin tissues. Effects of burn exudate on MSCs migration were characterized. RESULTS: MSCs did not attenuate pulmonary dysfunction. The number of MSCs was significantly higher in lungs of sheep with smoke inhalation compared with those with burn/smoke injury. In contrast, number of MSCs was significantly higher beneath burned skin in sheep with burn/smoke than in unburned skin of sheep with smoke inhalation only. Expression of Sdf-1 protein was increased in the burned skin compared to unburned skin. Effects of burn exudate on cultured MSCs proliferation differed depending on collection time. CONCLUSION: Skin burn diminishes beneficial effects of MSCs on smoke-induced lung injury, by promoting migration of MSCs from the pulmonary tissue to the injured skin area, possibly via expression of Sdf-1 protein.

Cervico-thoracic vertebral subluxation in sheep: Awareness among veterinarians of a rare syndrome.

Cervico-thoracic vertebral subluxation (CTVS) in sheep is a collective term that is used to describe various conditions that concomitantly affect the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, leading to their collapse. The aetiology and pathophysiology of CTVS remain unknown. The objective of this study was to conduct an epidemiological farm investigation and describe the clinicopathological findings of CTVS cases occurring in a flock of sheep; as well as to determine awareness of CTVS among sheep producers and ruminant veterinarians in Australia. Diagnostic imaging revealed severe deformities in the vertebrae between C6-C7 and T1-T3. Sheep affected with CTVS were at a four times higher risk of having low body condition scores (< 2 based on a 5-point scale) compared with non-affected sheep, OR = 3.98, 95% CI (1.20-12.65), p = .02. Survey results revealed that only 34% (15/44) of respondents were aware of CTVS. There is a need to further explore the aetiology and pathophysiology of CTVS, and the impact it has on sheep breeding and production.

Anthropomorphic Blast Test Device for Primary Blast Injury Risk Assessment.

INTRODUCTION: Blast overpressure health hazard assessment is required prior to fielding of weapon systems that produce blast overpressures that pose risk of auditory and nonauditory blast lung injuries. The anthropomorphic blast test device (ABTD) offers a single device solution for collection of both auditory and nonauditory data from a single blast at anthropometrically correct locations for injury risk assessment. It also allows for better replication of personnel positioning during weapons firings. The ABTD is an update of the blast test device (BTD), the current Army standard for collection of thoracic blast loading data. Validation testing of the ABTD is required to ensure that lung injury model validated using BTD collected test data and sheep subjects is still applicable when the ABTD is used. METHODS: Open field validation blast tests were conducted with BTD and ABTD placed at matching locations. Tests at seven blast strength levels were completed spanning the range of overpressures for occupational testing. RESULTS: The two devices produced very similar values for lung injury dose over all blast levels and orientations. CONCLUSION: The ABTD was validated successfully for open field tests. For occupational blast injury assessments, ABTD can be used in place of the BTD and provide enhanced capabilities.

Prevalence and characterisation of wounds in sheep attributed to attacks by kea (Nestor notabilis) on high country farms in New Zealand.

Aims: To characterise and classify wounds in sheep suspected to have been caused by attacks by kea (Nestor notabilis) (kea strike), and to report the prevalence of these wounds on five high country farms in the South Island of New Zealand.Methods: Data were collected from farms between 28 August 2012 and 20 September 2013. Sheep were examined opportunistically immediately after shearing for signs of wounds caused by kea. The age and sex of sheep were also recorded. Wounds were measured and characterised as recent, healing, or healed, and the estimated true prevalence was calculated for each farm.Results: Injuries consistent with kea strike wounds were identified in 70/13,978 (0.5%) sheep examined. The estimated true prevalence varied between farms, from 0 (95% CI = 0-0.16) to 1.25 (95% CI = 0.97-1.61)%. Of the 76 wounds identified, 61 (80%) were located in the lumbar region, and 74 (97%) consisted of full-thickness ulceration of the skin, one showed evidence of injury to muscle and one to bone. The median length of the 63 wounds measured was 6 (min 1, max 23.5) cm, and 10/63 (13%) were categorised as recently healed, 47/63 (62%) as healing, and 17/63 (22%) as recent wounds.Conclusions: The results of this study show that kea strike on sheep was occurring at a low prevalence on the high country farms surveyed. The wounds identified were survivable, but the welfare impact of kea strike on sheep should be considered in balance with the conservation status of kea. There was clear variation in the prevalence of wounds attributed to kea strike between the farms but we were not able to identify the risk factors contributing to these differences. Future studies of kea strike should examine variables such as altitude, local kea density and distribution, and differences in kea strike management and husbandry practices, and should include high country farms without a history of kea strike.

Caracterização das lesões parasitárias de ovinos observadas na linha de abate / Characterization of parasitic lesions of sheep observed at slaughter line

Considerando a possibilidade de erros na identificação das lesões e a necessidade de melhorar o diagnóstico, o objetivo desse trabalho foi caracterizar macroscopicamente e microscopicamente as principais lesões parasitárias observadas em ovinos na linha de abate. Os materiais foram colhidos durante duas visitas a um matadouro frigorífico de ovinos no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Totalizaram-se 161 amostras com lesões parasitárias de ovinos em diferentes órgãos. As alterações observadas incluíam hidatidose, cisticercose por Cysticercus ovis, cisticercose por Cysticercus tenuicollis, sarcocistose (morfologia compatível com Sarcocystis gigantea), fasciolose (Fasciola hepatica) e esofagostomose. Das 161 amostras, 25,5% correspondiam a hidatidose, e os cistos hidáticos foram observados, predominantemente, nos pulmões (46,3%) e fígado (41,5%). Ao corte, os cistos demonstraram três padrões morfológicos: cistos uniloculares viáveis (34%); cistos multivesiculares viáveis (31,7%); e cistos hidáticos (uniloculares e multivesiculares) degenerados (34%). As lesões de cisticercose por C. ovis (22,4%) foram visualizadas no coração (63,9%), língua (13,9%), músculo masseter (11,1%) e diafragma (11,1%). Morfologicamente os cisticercos foram classificados em vivos (viáveis), degenerados e mineralizados. Lesões provocadas por S. gigantea (19,2%) estavam presentes na túnica muscular do esôfago, na língua e na laringe. Macroscopicamente, observaram-se múltiplas estruturas nodulares brancas que continham uma cápsula fibrosa e lúmen preenchido por material gelatinoso translúcido. Cisticercose por C. tenuicollis representaram 18,6% das lesões. Os cistos foram observados aderidos no omento, no mesentério, na cápsula do fígado e na vesícula biliar. Morfologicamente os cistos foram classificados como vivos (viáveis) e degenerados. Os cistos vivos apresentavam a parede translúcida ou levemente opaca, contendo um escólex no seu interior. Os cistos degenerados eram brancacentos, firmes, com espessa cápsula fibrosa e centro mineralizado. Lesões provocadas por F. hepatica corresponderam a 7,4% dos casos. As lesões hepáticas caracterizavam-se macroscopicamente por espessamento variável dos ductos biliares por fibrose e ocasionalmente havia exemplares de F. hepatica no lúmen dos ductos. Em oito casos, observaram-se áreas de acentuada necrose do parênquima hepático. Lesões provocadas por Oesophagostomum spp. perfizeram 6,8% dos casos. As alterações foram observadas no intestino delgado e intestino grosso de todos os ovinos e em dois casos, havia também envolvimento dos linfonodos mesentéricos. Nos intestinos, as lesões caracterizavam-se por nódulos bem delimitados, salientes na serosa, firmes e que invadiam também a camada muscular. Nos linfonodos havia obliteração do parênquima nodal por acentuada mineralização. É extremamente importante a identificação morfológica das diferentes lesões parasitárias encontradas nas linhas de abate em frigoríficos de ovinos, para posterior destino correto das mesmas. As alterações devem ser avaliadas com o intuito principal de reconhecer a sua capacidade infecciosa. Além disso, é fundamental o conhecimento dos locais anatômicos mais comuns em que cada alteração geralmente costuma ocorrer.(AU)

Considering the possibilities of mistaken diagnoses in identifying lesions at meat inspection this study was designed to provide data for a better-educated diagnosis by the meat inspectors through the gross and microscopic characterization of parasitic lesions observed in slaughtered sheep at the inspection line. One hundred and sixty-one samples of parasitic lesions were sampled from various organs of slaughtered sheep during two visits to a sheep abattoir located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Lesions observed included hydatid cysts, cysticercosis due to Cysticercus ovis and to Cysticercus tenuicollis, sarcocystosis (morphology compatible with Sarcocystis gigantea), fasciolosis (Fasciola hepatica) and oesophagostomosis. Twenty-five point five percent of the 161 samples corresponded to hydatidosis and the hydatid cysts were observed predominantly in the lungs (46.3%) and liver (41.5%). On cut surface, the cysts had three different morphological patterns: viable unilocular cysts (34%); viable multivesicular cysts (31.7%); and degenerate (unilocular and multivesicular) hydatid cysts (34%). Cysticercosis by C. ovis (22.4%) was observed in the myocardium (63.9%), tongue (13.9%), masseter (11.1%), and diaphragm (11.1%). Morphologically the cysticerci were classified as viable, degenerated or mineralized. Lesions caused by S. Gigantea (19.2%) were observed in the muscle layer of the esophagus, tongue, and larynx. Grossly there were multiple white nodular structures that contained a fibrous capsule with the lumen filled by translucent and gelatinous material. Cysticercosis by C. tenuicollis accounted for 18.6% of observed parasitic lesions; the cysts adhered to the omentum, mesentery, liver capsule, and serosal surface of gall bladder; grossly the cysts were classified as viable and degenerated. Viable cysts had translucent or slightly opaque walls and contained a single scolex. Degenerated cysts were white, firm and with a thick fibrous capsule and mineralized center. Lesions caused by F. hepatica accounted for 7.4% of the cases and were grossly characterized by variable fibrous thickening of bile ducts which occasionally contained the adult flukes in their lumina. In eight cases there were marked areas of necrosis in the hepatic parenchyma. Lesions caused Oesophagostomumspp. accounted for 6.8% of the observed parasitic cases and the changes were observed in all cases in the walls of the small and large intestine; in two cases mesenteric lymph nodes were also involved. In the intestines, lesions were characterized by firm well-circumscribed nodules prominent in the serosal surface and also invading the muscle layer. In the lymph nodes marked mineralization obliterated the nodal parenchyma. The correct identification of the various parasitic lesions found in the viscera of sheep in the abattoir inspection line it is important to dictate the proper destination of affected organs and carcasses. The lesions should be evaluated aiming to determine their infective capacity and to acquire knowledge about their more frequent anatomical sites.(AU)

Sheep embryonic stem-like cells engrafted into sheep femoral condyle osteochondral defects: 4-year follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Articular cartilage lacks a regenerative response. Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are a source of pluripotent cells for cartilage regeneration. Their use, however, is associated with a risk of teratoma development, which depends on multiple factors including the number of engrafted cells and their degree of histocompatibility with recipients, the immunosuppression of the host and the site of transplantation. Colonies of sheep embryonic stem-like (ES-like) cells from in vitro-produced embryos, positive for stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEAs), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Oct 4, Nanog, Sox 2 and Stat 3 gene expression, and forming embryoid bodies, were pooled in groups of two-three, embedded in fibrin glue and engrafted into osteochondral defects in the left medial femoral condyles of 3 allogeneic ewes (ES). Empty defects (ED) and defects filled with cell-free glue (G) in the condyles of the controlateral stifle joint served as controls. After euthanasia at 4 years post-engraftment, the regenerated tissue was evaluated by macroscopic, histological and immunohistochemical (collagen type II) examinations and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay to prove the ES-like cells origin of the regenerated tissue. RESULTS: No teratoma occurred in any of the ES samples. No statistically significant macroscopic or histological differences were observed among the 3 treatment groups. FISH was positive in all the 3 ES samples. CONCLUSIONS: This in vivo preclinical study allowed a long-term evaluation of the occurrence of teratoma in non-immunosuppressed allogeneic adult sheep engrafted with allogeneic ES-like cells, supporting the safe and reliable application of ES cells in the clinic.

Feasibility of optical coherence tomography angiography to assess changes in retinal microcirculation in ovine haemorrhagic shock.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) for quantitative analysis of flow density to assess changes in retinal perfusion in an experimental model of haemorrhagic shock. METHODS: Haemorrhagic shock was induced in five healthy, anaesthetized sheep by stepwise blood withdrawal of 3 × 10 ml∙kg- 1 body weight. OCT-A imaging of retinal perfusion was performed using an OCT device. Incident dark-field illumination microscopy videos were obtained for the evaluation of conjunctival microcirculation. Haemodynamic variables and flow density data in the OCT angiogram were analysed before and during progressive haemorrhage resulting in haemorrhagic shock as well as after fluid resuscitation with 10 ml∙kg- 1 body weight of balanced hydroxyethyl starch solution (6% HES 130/0.4). Videos of the conjunctival microcirculation were recorded at baseline, in haemorrhagic shock, and after resuscitation. Data are presented as median with interquartile range. Comparisons between time points were made using Friedman's test and the degree of correlation between two variables was expressed as Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure and cardiac index (CI) decreased and lactate concentration increased after induction of shock, and haemodynamics recovered after resuscitation. The flow density in the superficial retinal OCT angiogram decreased significantly after shock induction (baseline 44.7% (40.3; 50.5) vs haemorrhagic shock 34.5% (32.8; 40.4); P = 0.027) and recovered after fluid resuscitation (46.9% (41.7; 50.7) vs haemorrhagic shock; P = 0.027). The proportion of perfused vessels of the conjunctival microcirculation showed similar changes. The flow density measured using OCT-A correlated with the conjunctival microcirculation (perfused vessel density: Spearman's rank correlation coefficient ρ = 0.750, P = 0.001) and haemodynamic parameters (CI: ρ = 0.693, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Retinal flow density, measured using OCT-A, significantly decreased in shock and recovered after fluid therapy in an experimental model of haemorrhagic shock. OCT-A is feasible to assess changes in retinal perfusion in haemorrhagic shock and fluid resuscitation.

Healing of brain lesions in sheep recovered from amprolium-induced polioencephalomalacia / Cicatrização das lesões cerebrais em ovinos recuperados de polioencefalomalacia induzida por amprólio

To evaluate the outcome of acute lesions in the brains of sheep that completely clinically recover from acute polioencephalomalacia (PEM), ten sheep were used in this experiment. Eight of those sheep received varying doses of amprolium to induce PEM. Four sheep were treated intramuscularly with 40mg/kg/body weight with thiamine to allow recovery and four sheep were left untreated. Two control sheep did not receive either amprolium or thiamine and were kept along with the other eight sheep for the duration of the experiment. Except for the two drugs, the diet and water source were the same for the ten sheep. Two sheep receiving high daily doses of amprolium and one sheep receiving a lower dose had acute deaths and developed acute brain lesions consisting of neuronal laminar cortical necrosis (red neurons), edema, reactive astrocytes, swollen endothelial cells and gitter cells infiltration. Four sheep that recovered from lower doses of amprolium-induced PEM after being treated with thiamine and another one that recovered spontaneously were euthanatized six months after clinical recovery and had gross changes consisting of segmental absence of cortical tissue. Histologically these segmental cortex-deprived areas corresponded to quasi-empty spaces where only vessels and gitter cells existed. No changes were seen in the brains of the two control sheep.(AU)

Para avaliar a evolução das lesões agudas no cérebro de ovinos que se recuperam clinicamente de polioencefalomalacia aguda (PEM), dez ovinos foram usados neste experimento. Oito desses ovinos receberam doses variáveis de amprólio para induzir PEM. Quatro ovinos foram tratados intramuscularmente com 40mg/kg/peso corporal de tiamina para permitir a recuperação, e outros quatro ficaram sem tratamento. Dois ovinos controles não receberam amprólio nem tiamina e foram mantidos com os outros oito ovinos durante a duração do experimento. Exceto pelas duas drogas, a dieta e a fonte de água eram as mesmas para os dez ovinos. Dois ovinos que receberam doses diárias altas de amprólio, e um que recebeu doses menores, tiveram mortes agudas e desenvolveram lesões cerebrais constituídas por necrose neuronal laminar cortical (neurônios vermelhos), edema, tumefação de células endoteliais, astrócitos reativos, tumefação de células endoteliais e infiltração por células gitter. Quatro ovinos que se recuperam da PEM induzida por amprólio, após tratamento com tiamina, e outro que se recuperou espontaneamente, permaneceram clinicamente normais e foram submetidos a eutanásia seis meses após a recuperação clínica. Na necropsia, apresentavam alterações macroscópicas caracterizadas por ausência segmentar de tecido corticocerebral. Histologicamente, essas áreas privadas de tecido cortical consistiam de espaços praticamente vazios onde apenas vasos e células gitter eram vistos. Não foram encontradas alterações no encéfalo das duas ovelhas controle.(AU)

Indications for and outcomes of limb amputation in goats and sheep.

OBJECTIVE To characterize indications for and clinical outcomes of limb amputation in goats and sheep. DESIGN Retrospective case series and observational study. ANIMALS Goats (n = 15) and sheep (7) that underwent partial or complete limb amputation at the University of California-Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from January 1, 1985, through December 31, 2015. PROCEDURES Medical records of qualifying goats and sheep were reviewed and data extracted regarding signalment, use of animal, characteristics of the amputated limb, duration of hospitalization, outcome, and surgery-associated complications. The Fisher exact test was performed to compare postsurgical complication rates between various groups. RESULTS Reasons for limb amputation included trauma (ie, fracture, dog bite, and wire-fence injury) and infectious or degenerative disease (ie, osteomyelitis and osteoarthritis). Median (range) hospitalization period for goats and sheep was 7.5 days (1 to 63 days) and 8 days (3 to 20 days), respectively. Most (7/9) of the postsurgical complications were noticed > 2 months after amputation and included uncoordinated gait, tendon breakdown and laxity of the contralateral limb, chronic lameness, surgical site infection, chronic intermittent pain, and angular limb deformity. No association was identified between postsurgical complication rate in goats and body weight category (< 20 vs ≥ 20 kg [44 lb]), age category (< 2 vs ≥ 2 years), and amputated limb type (forelimb vs hind limb). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Clinical outcomes for goats and sheep following limb amputation varied and were seemingly case dependent. Amputation should be considered when preservation of the whole limb is not possible. Veterinarians should advise owners that limb amputation may result in various complications and recommend aftercare treatment such as physiotherapy.

Qualitative and Quantitative Radiological Measures of Fracture Healing.

The formulation of appropriate postoperative strategies, following fracture repair, currently involves an understanding of radiological and clinical outcome measures. This study has evaluated several modalities used to assess the progression of bone healing in a sheep tibial segmental defect model. Measures of defect optical density and volumetric data including bone density (BD), bone volume (BV) and bone mass (BM) were compared with qualitative data involving visual appraisal of radiographs [% bridging callus and modified radiographic union score tibia (mRUST)] and a clinical outcome measure (locomotory function). Percent bridging callus and mRUST measures displayed strong correlation (r = 0.999), while locomotory function was weakly correlated with bridging callus (r = 0.029) and mRUST (r = 0.046). There was moderate to strong correlation between the qualitative and quantitative data. Bone density, BV and BM showed strong correlations within this dataset (BD-BV, r = 0.814; BD-BM, r = 0.818; BV-BM, r = 1.000). Likewise, optical density measures were strongly correlated with BD (r = 0.824), BV (r = 0.957) and BM (r = 0.959). The utilization of both qualitative and quantitative data, in assessment of the progression of fracture healing, has provided valuable insight. Measures of optical density have been shown to make a substantial contribution to this assessment and which should be considered for use in studies evaluating fracture healing.

Distribution of selenium in sheep treated with dipheny diselenide / Distribuição do selênio em ovinos tratados com disseleneto de difenila

The aim of the present study was to report the in vivo distribution of selenium in sheep. For this, animals were allocated into two groups (control group and treated group) and kept in metabolic cages for a period of 37 days. The treated group received a single dose (6µmol/kg) of Diphenyl Diselenide, intravenously. Plasma and erythrocytes samples were collected at different times. Adipose tissue, muscles (latissimusdorsi, semitendinosus, and supra-scapular) heart, liver, lung, kidney, intestine and brain were sampled at 30 days post-treatment, in order to determine the selenium concentration. The results demonstrated that the selenium, from the Diphenyl Diselenide group, was higher in erythrocytes (4.8mg/L, six hours post-treatment) when compared with the control sheep. The deposition of selenium occurred in the liver (7.01µg/g), brain (3.53µg/g) and kidney (2.02µg/g). After 30 days of a single intravenous injection of Diphenyl Diselenide, liver was the main organ of selenium deposition.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar a distribuição in vivo do selênio em ovinos. Para isso, os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos (grupo controle e grupo tratado) e mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas por um período de 37 dias. O grupo tratado recebeu uma dose única (6µmol/kg) de disseleneto de difenila, por via intravenosa. As amostras de plasma e de eritrócitos foram recolhidas em momentos diferentes. Tecido adiposo, músculos (latissimus dorsi, semitendinoso e supraescapular) coração, fígado, pulmão, rim, intestino e cérebro foram amostrados aos 30 dias pós-tratamento, a fim de se determinar a concentração de selênio. Os resultados demonstraram que o selênio, do grupo disseleneto de difenila, foi maior em eritrócitos (4,8mg/L, seis horas após o tratamento) quando comparado com o grupo controle. A deposição de selênio ocorreu no fígado (7,01µg/g), cérebro (3,53µg/g) e rim (2,02µg/g). Após 30 dias de uma única injeção intravenosa de disseleneto de difenila, o fígado foi o principal órgão de deposição de selênio.(AU)

[Limb fractures in 32 small ruminants - treatment and outcome]. / Frakturen von Gliedmaßenknochen bei 32 kleinen Wiederkäuern ­ Methoden und Ergebnisse der Behandlung.

OBJECTIVE: Retrospective evaluation of the records of 32 small ruminant patients that were treated for limb fractures between 2001 and 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records were analyzed regarding species, breed, and age of the animals, age, localization, and type of the fracture, the applied treatment method (conservative: using polyvinyl-chloride splints or casts; surgical: internal fixation techniques or limb amputation), and the final outcome. RESULTS: The 16 goats and 16 sheep (18 male, 14 female) had a mean age of 1.5 years and a mean body weight of 37.8 kg. The age of the fracture ranged between one and 6 days in 23 animals (71.8 %), from 12 to 60 days in five animals (15.6 %), and was unknown in four patients (12.5 %). Of the 35 fractures (multiple fractures in three animals), 20 (57.1 %) were located at the rear limb and 15 (42.9 %) at the forelimb. Most frequently fractures involved the femur (28.6 %), followed by the radius and ulna (22.8 %), the metatarsus (20.0 %), and the metacarpus (14.3 %). Fractures were treated conservatively in 17 animals (63.0 %), whereas an internal fixation was performed in 10 animals, including in one sheep, which had been unsuccessfully treated by external coaptation first (n = 11, 40.7 %). Five animals were not treated because of concurrent additional disorders and a poor prognosis. The success rate was 94.1 % for conservative and 81.9 % for surgical treatment. In six animals (22.2 %), complications occurred during or after fracture treatment. Four of these cases had a good final outcome, whereas two animals had to be euthanized. The age and the body weight of the animals and the age of the fracture were not statistically correlated with the success of treatment. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Because of an overall treatment success rate of 92.6 %, it is strongly recommended that also in the practice, particularly conservative treatment of limb fractures in sheep and goats should be performed. In particular, metacarpal, metatarsal, and phalangeal fractures, which can frequently be diagnosed by careful and thorough palpation, have proved to be very suitable for conservative treatment. In contrast, internal fixation is the method of choice for proximal limb fractures.

A Sutureless Vascular Closure Device for Emergent Bovine Xenograft Implantation.

A novel vascular staple (C-staple) was developed that does not enter the vasculature lumen during anastomoses. The objective of this study was to demonstrate C-staple safety when used with a bovine xenograft and compare efficacy of the C-staple procedure with Anastoclip surgical clips or suturing when used with a bovine xenograft. Eight sheep had an acute comparison between suturing and C-staples using both common carotid arteries. Sixteen sheep had xenograft placement in the left carotid artery, eight with C-staples and eight with Anastoclips in a chronic study. Over 6 months, Doppler ultrasound interrogation of the common carotid arteries was performed. After 6 months, arteries were evaluated histopathologically. Cross-clamp and surgical times were longer in the C-staple group than the suture group, and xenograft implantation times were statistically longer with C-staples than with Anastoclips. After 6 months, C-staple biocompatibility was similar to Anastoclips. Patency and hemodynamics of the bovine xenograft were not statistically different between the two groups. C-staples performed as well as the Anastoclips except for implant times, likely due to delivery system differences. Histological findings and clinical outcomes were no different with the two devices. Further refinements of the C-staple delivery system are necessary before proceeding to clinical trials.

Epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of periodontitis in sheep / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos de um surto de periodontite em ovinos

The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of periodontitis in sheep that occurred on a rural property in Benevides, in the state of Pará, Brazil. The first clinical signs of this disease in the herd - visible nodular swollen mandible - were observed about one month after the sheep began grazing on a recently renovated Panicum maximum cv. Massai pasture; the animals were also supplemented with elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum). From the 545 adult Santa Ines, Dorper, Texel and crossbred sheep, 20 (3.7%) showed facial bulging, particularly of the mandible. These 20 sheep, which were generally over 36 months of age, had low body condition scores as well as dull and ruffled coats; many of them had loose or missing pre, upper or lower molars, showed the formation of abscesses and fistulas, exhibited pain upon palpation and had difficulty chewing. In the same herd, the prevalence of periodontal lesions at the premolars and molar teeth was evaluated via post-mortem examination of 39 young and 17 adult sheep. In 51.3% (20/39) of adolescents and in 100% of adults, periodontal lesions were found at least at one tooth of the dental arch, with unilateral or bilateral periodontal lesions at the maxillary and mandibular teeth. Histopathological analysis of 13 sheep revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation. The second and third maxillary premolars were the teeth that were most affected in young animals, whereas the third pre-molar and the molars, of the maxilla and mandible, were most often affected in adults. These lesions led to severe bone destruction, alterations in the dental arch, occlusion, tooth loss and periodontal abscesses. The epidemiological and clinic-pathological characteristics of this periodontitis outbreak, described here for the first time in sheep in Brazil, were similar to those for bovine periodontitis ("cara inchada").(AU)

O trabalho teve por objetivo descrever os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de um surto de periodontite em ovinos, ocorrido em uma propriedade rural em Benevides, no estado do Pará, Brasil. Os primeiros sinais clínicos da presença da enfermidade no rebanho, visualizados como abaulamento nodular da mandíbula, foram observados aproximadamente um mês após a introdução dos animais em área de pastagem de Panicum maximum cv. Massai, que havia sido reformada recentemente, e suplementados com capim Elefante (Pennisetum purpureum). De 545 ovinos adultos, das raças Santa Inês, Dorper, Texel e seus mestiços, 20 (3,7%) apresentaram abaulamento facial, predominantemente mandibular. Os 20 animais, na sua maioria com idades acima dos 36 meses, apresentavam baixo escore corporal, pelos arrepiados e sem brilho, alguns com afrouxamento e perda dos dentes pré-molares e molares inferiores e superiores, formação de abscesso e fístula, demonstrando dor à palpação e dificuldade na mastigação. No mesmo rebanho, a prevalência de lesões periodontais nos dentes pré-molares e molares foi avaliada por meio do exame post-mortem em 39 ovinos jovens e 17 adultos. Assim, 51,3% (20/39) dos jovens e todos os adultos apresentavam lesões periodontais em pelo menos um dos dentes da arcada, com ocorrência uni ou bilateral nos maxilares e mandibulares. A análise histopatológica de 13 animais revelou processo inflamatório piogranulomatoso. Os dentes mais afetados nas arcadas dos animais jovens foram os segundo e terceiro pré-molares maxilares. Já nos adultos foram o terceiro pré-molar e os molares, tanto maxilares quanto mandibulares. As lesões causaram severa destruição óssea, alteração na arcada dentária, na oclusão, perda dental e ocorrência de abscessos periodontais. As características epidemiológicas e clínico-patológicas do surto de periodontite em ovinos, aqui descritos originalmente nesta espécie animal no País, assemelham-se às da periodontite bovina ("cara inchada").(AU)

Lesões podais em ovinos da Mesorregião Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul / Foot lesions of sheep from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul

Lesões podais em ovinos são causas importantes de perdas econômicas por quedas na produtividade, na reprodução, por gastos com tratamentos ineficientes e com o descarte de animais afetados. Dessa forma, os objetivos foram descrever as principais características das lesões podais observadas em ovinos da Mesorregião Sudoeste do Rio Grande do Sul, seus aspectos epidemiológicos e a importância da ocorrência desses distúrbios para a criação de ovinos nessa região. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos e clinicopatológicos de rebanhos ovinos da região entre abril de 2014 e abril de 2015 através de visitas técnicas em propriedades rurais. Foram avaliados rebanhos ovinos em 27 propriedades rurais localizadas em diferentes municípios, dos quais 21 registraram a ocorrência de lesões podais com relato de perdas econômicas significativas. Aproximadamente 1.700 ovinos, em média 10% dos rebanhos, apresentavam diferentes graus de claudicação decorrente de lesões podais que variavam de brandas a severas. Verificou-se que diversos fatores como clima e manejo foram favoráveis para o desenvolvimento das lesões podais e essas podem estar associadas a diferentes distúrbios e agentes etiológicos. No entanto, embora essas condições sejam importantes, o controle e a prevenção tem se mostrado ineficientes. Observou-se ainda que a pododermatite infecciosa dos ovinos (Footrot), parece ser a principal doença podal na região e atualmente pode ser considerada uma doença negligenciada.(AU)

Foot lesions in sheep are important causes of economic loss due to fall in productivity, reproduction, by spending on ineffective treatment and elimination of affected animals. The purpose of this study was described the main features of foot lesions of sheep from southwestern Rio Grande do Sul, as well as epidemiological aspects and the importance of occurrence of these lesions for sheep farming in the region. Epidemiological and clinic-pathological information of sheep herds from the region between April 2014 and April 2015, by means of visits to farms. In the study were evaluated 27 sheep flocks on farms located in different municipalities. In 21 farms was reported occurrence of foot lesions in sheep having caused significant economic losses. About 1700 sheep, 10% of herds, showed different degree of lameness caused by foot lesions ranging from mild to severe. It was found that several factors, such as climate and breeding were favorable for the development of foot injuries which may be associated with different disorders and etiologic agents. Although these injuries are important, the control and prevention has proved ineffective. Also was observed that infectious pododermatitis (Footrot) may be the main foot disease of sheep in the region, and can be considered a neglected disease.(AU)

A postmortem study on indigestible foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of ruminants, eastern Ethiopia.

A cross-sectional study was conducted on ruminants (cattle, sheep and goats) slaughtered at Haramaya University and Haramaya municipal abattoirs from November 2013 to April 2014 in Haramaya, eastern Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to identify types and estimate the prevalence of foreign bodies in the rumen and reticulum of domestic ruminants in the area. From 810 randomly selected study animals, 422 (52.1%) were found to have foreign bodies. Of the 332 cattle, 193 sheep and 285 goats examined, 144 (43.4%), 109 (56.5%) and 169 (59.3%) respectively were found with various types of foreign bodies. The prevalence of foreign bodies was significantly (χ² = 17.53, p < 0.05) higher in sheep (59.3%) and goats (56.7%) than in cattle (43.4%). Overall the prevalence of foreign bodies in study animals with poor body condition was significantly higher (χ² = 38.57, p < 0.05) than in those with medium and good body condition. A higher percentage of foreign bodies occurred in the rumen alone (87.9%) than in the reticulum alone (5.0%), with the rest present in both. Significantly higher proportions of foreign bodies were observed in the rumen of cattle (χ² = 332, p < 0.05), sheep (χ² = 193, p < 0.05) and goats (χ² = 285.0, p = 0.000) than in the reticulum. Plastic was the most commonly encountered (79.2%) foreign body, followed by cloth (15.3%) and rope (12.3%). In addition, metal (0.9%) and calcified material and/or stone (1.0%) were found in the reticulum of cattle. Lack of a plastic waste disposal system in the area as well as communal/free grazing of livestock in highly waste-polluted areas seemed to be major factors in the high occurrence of foreign bodies in ruminants. To change this, collaborative intervention schemes involving professionals, policy makers, livestock keepers and environmental activists are needed.

Accidental and experimental Closantel intoxication in Uruguayan sheep / Intoxicação acidental e experimental por Closantel em ovinos no Uruguai

An outbreak of Closantel intoxication in sheep in Uruguay is described. The outbreak occurred in a group of 1300 weaning lambs treated orally with a 10% solution of Closantel. One hundred forty eight lambs showed clinical signs of intoxication and 14 died. The clinical signs included mydriasis, nystagmus, and negative pupillary reflex, bilateral blindness, bump into objects, and lateral movement of the head. No macroscopic lesions were observed. The histological lesions of the retina were cytoplasmic vacuolization in ganglion cells and in cells of the inner and outer nuclear layers with different degrees of atrophy. Vacuolization and axonal degeneration were observed in the optic nerve, with multifocal areas of fibrosis and infiltration by lymphocytes and Gitter cells. To reproduce the intoxication, four sheep were given two, four and 10 times the therapeutic dose of Closantel (0.1g/kg of BW). Only the animals receiving 10 times the recommended dose showed clinical signs. The histological examination of the lesions in experimental sheep showed similar results to those described in the accidental outbreak, except for the absence of optic nerve fibrosis and inflammation, characterizing an acute phase. Axonal myelin sheaths loss, fibroblasts and collagen fibers were observed in the ultrastructural study of the optic nerve of accidental intoxicated animals. The optic nerve of experimentally intoxicated animals had vacuoles that separated the myelin sheaths of axons. To prevent outbreaks it is suggested to weigh the animals before Closantel administration to avoid errors in dose calculation.

Descreve-se um surto de intoxicação por Closantel em ovinos no Uruguai. O surto ocorreu em um lote de 1300 cordeiros que foram dosados com uma solução de Closantel 10%, por via oral. Do total, 148 apresentaram sinais clínicos de intoxicação e 14 morreram. Os sinais clínicos incluíam midríase, nistagmo, reflexo pupilar negativo, cegueira bilateral, pressão da cabeça contra objetos e desvio lateral da cabeça. Lesões macroscópicas não foram observadas. Histologicamente havia vacuolização citoplasmática das células ganglionares e nas células das camadas nuclear interna e externa. Na retina havia, também, diferentes graus de atrofia. Vacuolização e degeneração axonal foram observados no nervo óptico, com áreas multifocais de fibrose e infiltrado de linfócitos e células Gitter. Quatro ovinos receberam experimentalmente duas, quatro e 10 vezes a dose terapêutica de Closantel (0,1 g/kg de peso vivo). Apenas os animais que receberam 10 vezes a dose recomendada apresentaram sinais clínicos. O exame histológico nos ovinos experimentais mostrou resultados semelhantes aos do surto, com exceção da ausência de fibrose e infiltrado inflamatório do nervo óptico, caracterizando um quadro agudo. Foram observadas a perda da bainha de mielina dos axônios e a presença de fibroblastos e fibras colágenas no estudo ultra-estrutural do nervo óptico de animais intoxicados espontaneamente. No nervo óptico de animais intoxicados experimentalmente havia vacúolos que separavam as bainhas de mielina dos axônios. Para evitar surtos, sugere-se pesar os animais antes da administração de Closantel para evitar erros no cálculo da dose.

Neoformação óssea e osteointegração de biomateriais micro e nanoestruturados em ovinos / Bone formation and osteointegration of micro and nanostructured biomaterial in sheep

A substituição de parte do tecido ósseo se faz necessária muitas vezes na rotina cirúrgica, seja em função de fraturas, neoplasias ósseas ou enfermidades ortopédicas que acarretem em perda óssea. Neste sentido, têm se buscado biomateriais capazes de promover esta substituição, evitando o uso de enxertos ou transplantes ósseos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade osteoregenerativa de biomateriais em diferentes composições, em tíbias de ovinos. Foram utilizadas oito ovelhas mestiças texel, com 12 meses de idade e peso médio de 28,5±7,4kg. Após adequada preparação anestésica e cirúrgica, foram produzidos três defeitos ósseos na diáfise das tíbias em sua face medial, totalizando seis defeitos de 6mm cada, sendo que quatro foram preenchidos por biomateriais, e dois por fragmentos ósseos retirados do próprio animal (autocontrole). Os materiais implantados foram: hidroxiapatita (HA), tricálcio fosfato-β (TCP-β), hidroxiapatita/tricálcio fosfato-b 60/40 (HA/TCP-b 60/40) e o nanocompósito hidroxiapatita/alumina a 5% (HA/Al2O3 a 5%). Os animais foram alocados em dois grupos: Grupo 60 (n=04), em que os animais foram eutanasiados após 60 dias da colocação dos implantes e Grupo 90 (n=04), em que a eutanásia ocorreu 90 dias após a colocação dos implantes. Foram realizadas radiografias nos períodos pré-operatório, imediatamente após o procedimento e aos 30, 60 e 90 dias de pós-operatório, a fim de excluir qualquer alteração prévia ou complicação pós-operatória, capaz de comprometer o estudo. Após a eutanásia, foram coletadas as tíbias para avaliação macro e microscópica, por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e microscopia óptica...

Bone replacement is often required in veterinary clinics and hospitals routine, even because fractures, bone tumors or any orthopedic disease that entail in bone loss. In this sense, biomaterials capable of promoting this substitution, avoiding the use of bone grafts or transplants have been searched. The aim of this study was evaluated the osteoregenerative capacity of biomaterials in different compositions, implanted in sheep's tibia. Eight female, mongrel sheeps, 12 months old, weighting 28,5±7,4kg were obtained for this study. Three bone defects, 6mm each, in both tibias, a total of six bone defects, were produced, being four of them treated with four different types of biomaterials and two with autogenous bone grafts, as a control group. The biomaterials implanted were: hydroxyapatite (HA), beta-tricalcium phosphate (TCP-β), hydroxyapatite/beta-tricalcium phosphate 60:40 (HA/TCP-β 60:40) and the nanocomposite hydroxyapatite and alumina (HA/Al2O3 5%). The animals were allocated in two groups: Group 60 (n=04), in which the animals were euthanized sixty days after the implantation of the biomaterials and Group 90 (n=04), in which the animals were euthanized ninety days after the procedure. Were performed radiograph images on the preoperative period, immediate postoperative and at 30, 60 and 90 days of postoperative period, to excluded any previously disease or postoperative complications that could compromise this research. After euthanasia, the tibias were collected for macro and microscopic evaluation, which was accessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optic microscopy...

Prolapso vaginal e uterino em ovelhas / Uterine and vaginal prolapse in ewes

O presente trabalho objetivou realizar um estudo retrospectivo sobre os prolapsos vaginal e uterino em ovelhas atendidas no Serviço de Clínica de Bovinos e Pequenos Ruminantes (CBPR) da FMVZ/USP no período compreendido entre 2000 a 2010, no qual, foram atendidas 56 ovinos com problemas inerentes ao sistema reprodutivo, dessas, 25 apresentaram prolapso vaginal ou uterino (44,6%). O prolapso vaginal total foi o de maior frequência (72%). As ovelhas acometidas, em sua maioria, possuíam idade superior a quatro anos (64%), eram sem raça definida (44%) ou da raça Ile de France (40%). As manifestações clínicas observadas durante a maioria dos atendimentos foram: taquipnéia, taquicardia, mucosas oculares avermelhadas indicando estado de toxemia, decúbito esternal ou lateral, apatia e anorexia. O tratamento instituído para todos os casos foi a limpeza, desinfecção e reintrodução do órgão prolapsado. A sutura de Bühner foi feita em 84% dos casos e a histeropexia em um caso (4%). A evolução foi satisfatória em 80% dos casos atendidos, nos demais casos (20%) observou-se óbito da fêmea acometida. Do total de óbitos, os prolapsos vaginais foram responsáveis por 60% (3/5) e os prolapsos uterinos por 40% (2/5). A etiologia dos prolapsos não foi definida nos casos atendidos, sendo esses associados com o período pós-parto em sua maioria (56%), provavelmente associados com quadros de hipocalcemia, altas concentrações séricas de estrógeno e hipertonia uterina. Além disso, a predisposição genética não pode ser descartada.

This study aimed to conduct a retrospective study on vaginal and uterine prolapse in sheep seen at the Clinic and Surgery on Cattle and Small Ruminants (CBPR) at University of São Paulo, from 2000 to 2010. During this period, 56 sheep were treated with problems of the reproductive system. Of these, 25 ewes had vaginal or uterine prolapse (44.6%). The total vaginal prolapse was the most frequently (72%). The majority of sheep that was affected were 4 years old (64%); most were mixed breed (44%) and 40% were Ile de France. Main clinical signs were increased cardiac and respiratory rates, congested ocular mucosa, sternal or lateral recumbence, apathy and anorexia, suggesting toxemia. The treatment of all cases was the cleaning and disinfection of the prolapsed organ and its reintroduction. The Bühner suture was made in 84% of the cases. The uterus fixation was made in one case (4%). Recovered was observed in 80% of the cases and 20% of the patients died. Vaginal prolapse corresponded to 60% of the deaths and uterine prolapse to 40%. The etiology of the prolapses had not been defined, but most cases (56%) occurred during the postpartum period, probably associated with hypocalcaemia, high serum concentrations of estrogen or uterine hypertonia. Furthermore, a genetic predisposition on affected sheep cannot be discharged.