Originalarbeiten / Original Article. Chancen und Risiken genderstereotyper Ansprache von Männern im Kontext der Bildungs- und Beratungsarbeit am Beispiel der Geburtsvorbereitung für werdende Väter / Opportunities and Risks of Gender-Stereotypical Approach to Men in the Context of Education and Counselling Work Using the Example of Birth Preparation for Expectant Fathers.

Opportunities and Risks of Gender-Stereotypical Approach to Men in the Context of Education and Counselling Work Using the Example of Birth Preparation for Expectant Fathers At first glance, it seems absurd that families or mothers and fathers become addressees of social work when they decide to have a child. But the legislator has also formulated it: "Mothers and fathers as well as pregnant women and expectant fathers should be offered advice and help in questions of partnership and the development of parental parenting and relationship skills" (§16 paragraph 3 SGB VIII). One can argue that this makes sense, especially in complex and challenging times. Fathers in particular are confronted with an increasing ambivalence between caring father and providing breadwinner. Against the background of crisis-ridden conditions, this ambivalence can be perceived as strenuous living conditions, so that the addressing of social work is justified. Gender-homogeneous psychosocial services for fathersto- be make counselling and educational processes in the sense of helping them to help themselves be used by the addressees. In this article, the gender-stereotypical addressing of men in the context of education and counselling services is presented and discussed using the example of gender-homogeneous birth preparation courses for expectant fathers, on the basis of empirical findings.

Intervention and Implementation Characteristics to Enhance Father Engagement: A Systematic Review of Parenting Interventions.

In recent years, the prevalence rates of children's mental health disorders have increased with current estimates identifying that as many as 15-20% of children meet criteria for a mental health disorder. Unfortunately, the same robust parenting interventions which have long targeted some of the most common and the most treatable child concerns (e.g., externalizing, disruptive behavior, and aggression) have also shown consistently low rates of father engagement. This persistent issue of engagement comes in the wake of an increasingly large body of literature which highlights the unique positive contributions fathers make to children and families when they are engaged in parenting interventions. As the role fathers play in families shifts to become more inclusive of childcare responsibilities and less narrowly defined by financial contributions, it becomes increasingly important to understand how best to engage fathers in interventions that aim to enhance parenting efficacy and family outcomes such as coparenting. The current review examined intervention (e.g., format and setting) and implementation characteristics (e.g., training and agency-level changes) associated with father engagement. Particular attention is paid to studies which described father-specific engagement strategies (e.g., inviting fathers directly, father-only groups, and adapting intervention to incorporate father preferences). A total of 26 articles met inclusion criteria after screening and full-text review. Results indicate that father engagement (i.e., initiating treatment) remains low with 58% of studies either not reporting father engagement or having engagement rates below 50%. More than two-thirds of studies did not include specific father engagement strategies. Those that did focused on changes to treatment format (e.g., including recreational activities), physical treatment setting (e.g., in-home and school), and reducing the number of sessions required for father participation as the most common father-specific engagement strategies. Some studies reported efforts to target racially and ethnically diverse fathers, but review results indicated most participants identified as Non-Hispanic White. Interventions were largely standard behavioral parent training programs (e.g., PCIT and PMT) with few exceptions (e.g., COACHES and cultural adaptations), and very few agencies or programs are systematically making adjustments (e.g., extended clinic hours and changes to treatment format) to engage fathers. Recommendations for future directions of research are discussed including the impact of differential motivation on initial father engagement in treatment, the importance of continuing to support diverse groups of fathers, and the potential for telehealth to address barriers to father engagement.

The Effect of a Father's Support on Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review.

Aim: Including fathers in breastfeeding education programs may raise infant breastfeeding rates and durations. The aim of the study was to assess the effect on breastfeeding of breastfeeding education and/or psychosocial interventions in which fathers are included. Method: The study is based on the PRISMA method, the technique that is used in systematic reviews. A search was conducted in the literature over the period November 1, 2021-December 1, 2021 using keywords and without imposing any time restrictions. The databases "PubMed," "Web of Science," Scopus," "Medline," and "CINAHL" were scanned. Results: A total of 462 publications were reached. However, only 7 studies were considered for review on the basis of the inclusion criteria. Six of these 7 studies indicated that the support of the father increased the breastfeeding rate. Conclusions: This review shows that a father's support of breastfeeding improves breastfeeding outcomes. Including fathers in the breastfeeding process and ensuring their active participation increase breastfeeding rates.

The effect of training the fathers to support their wives on stress and self-efficacy in mothers of premature newborns hospitalized in NICU: a quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: The birth of premature newborns and their separation from family due to their hospitalization in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) cause stress in the parents, especially mothers. We conducted this study aimed to evaluate whether training the fathers to support their wives impacts premature newborn mothers' stress and self-efficacy or not? METHODS: A quasi-experimental (before-after study) including one experimental and control group was used. Data were collected from Seventy-five parents with newborns hospitalized in NICU (n = 30) in the intervention and (n = 45) in usual care groups. Settings were the NICUs of the two international, educational, specialty, and subspecialty Nemazee and Hafez hospitals of the Shiraz University of Medical Science. Fathers in the intervention group learned how to support their wives and provide care for their premature newborns. The control group received the usual care. Mother's stress and self-efficacy were measured using validated questionnaires. RESULTS: Data analysis showed that the mean scores of mothers' stress and self-efficacy from pre-intervention to post-intervention were significantly decreased and increased respectively in the intervention group (p <0.001). At the same time, there was no significant difference in the control group. CONCLUSION: When fathers are trained to support their wives and do so, it relieves the stress and improves the mothers' self-efficacy, and has a direct effect on providing care to their premature newborns. Therefore, it is recommended that measures should be taken so that the fathers be present, participate in providing care, and support their wives and newborns in NICU. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT20171130037691N1 .

Parental education is associated with differential engagement of neural pathways during inhibitory control.

Response inhibition and socioeconomic status (SES) are critical predictors of many important outcomes, including educational attainment and health. The current study extends our understanding of SES and cognition by examining brain activity associated with response inhibition, during the key developmental period of adolescence. Adolescent males (N = 81), aged 16-17, completed a response inhibition task while undergoing fMRI brain imaging and reported on their parents' education, one component of socioeconomic status. A region of interest analysis showed that parental education was associated with brain activation differences in the classic response inhibition network (right inferior frontal gyrus + subthalamic nucleus + globus pallidus) despite the absence of consistent parental education-performance effects. Further, although activity in our main regions of interest was not associated with performance differences, several regions that were associated with better inhibitory performance (ventromedial prefrontal cortex, middle frontal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, amygdala/hippocampus) also differed in their levels of activation according to parental education. Taken together, these results suggest that individuals from households with higher versus lower parental education engage key brain regions involved in response inhibition to differing degrees, though these differences may not translate into performance differences.

Fathers' daily intake of fruit and vegetables is positively associated with children's fruit and vegetable consumption patterns in Europe: The Feel4Diabetes Study.

BACKGROUND: Past research has focused on the relationship between mothers' and children's eating habits, although little is known about fathers as potential agents. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between fathers' and children's fruit and vegetable (FV) intake in the context of fathers' education level and family income insecurity. METHODS: Cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the multicentre Feel4Diabetes Study were collected in 2016. Participants were parent-dyads (fathers, n = 10,038) and school children (n = 12,041) from six European countries. Socio-demographic and dietary data were collected using questionnaires. Associations were assessed applying the multinomial logistic regression model. RESULTS: Overall, European children have low FV intake, especially in Southern European countries (Greece, Spain and Hungary). Children with fathers consuming FV daily were more likely to consume fresh fruit (odds ratio [OR] = 2.75; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.95-3.88) and vegetables (OR = 2.55; 95% CI = 1.80-3.60) 1-2 times per day. After adjusting for paternal educational level and family income insecurity significant associations remained for fresh fruit (ORadj = 2.59; 95% CI = 1.82-3.69) and vegetables (ORadj = 1.98; 95% CI = 1.38-2.86). Country differences showed that fathers' educational level and income insecurity might be important factors worth considering for FV intake in Greece. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that fathers' FV intake was positively associated with children's daily intake of these foods. Implementation of future population-based strategies promoting FV intake not only in mothers, but also in fathers could be an effective public health initiative to increase FV intake in children. Policy-makers should give special attention to families dwelling in Southern European regions.

Longitudinal Associations between Food Parenting Practices and Dietary Intake in Children: The Feel4Diabetes Study.

Food parenting practices (FPPs) have an important role in shaping children's dietary behaviors. This study aimed to investigate cross-sectional and longitudinal associations over a two-year follow-up between FPP and dietary intake and compliance with current recommendations in 6- to 11-year-old European children. A total of 2967 parent-child dyads from the Feel4Diabetes study, a randomized controlled trial of a school and community-based intervention, (50.4% girls and 93.5% mothers) were included. FPPs assessed were: (1) home food availability; (2) parental role modeling of fruit intake; (3) permissiveness; (4) using food as a reward. Children's dietary intake was assessed through a parent-reported food frequency questionnaire. In regression analyses, the strongest cross-sectional associations were observed between home availability of 100% fruit juice and corresponding intake (ß = 0.492 in girls and ß = 0.506 in boys, p < 0.001), and between parental role modeling of fruit intake and children's fruit intake (ß = 0.431 in girls and ß = 0.448 in boys, p < 0.001). In multilevel logistic regression models, results indicated that improvements in positive FPPs over time were mainly associated with higher odds of compliance with healthy food recommendations, whereas a decrease in negative FPP over time was associated with higher odds of complying with energy-dense/nutrient-poor food recommendations. Improving FPPs could be an effective way to improve children's dietary intake.

Comparing the effect of group- based training along with text messaging and compact disc- based training on men's knowledge and attitude about participation in perinatal care: a cluster randomized control trial.

BACKGROUND: Men's participation in perinatal care is one of the key factors in promoting maternal and neonatal health. The effects of various methods of training on men's knowledge and attitude about participation in perinatal care can be different. So, this study aimed to compare the effect of two methods of training on men's knowledge and attitude about participation in perinatal care. METHODS: This cluster randomized control trial was conducted in three midwifery clinics in Tabriz, Iran between May and August 2018. Each clinic was randomly assigned to intervention (group- based training along with text messaging and CD- based training) and control groups. Seventy-five men were enrolled in three groups and evaluated for their knowledge and attitude about participation in perinatal care. Before and 3 months after the intervention, a researcher-made questionnaire was completed by the participants. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, ANCOVA, chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis and Fisher exact tests). RESULTS: The mean (SD) score of men, s knowledge and attitude about participation in perinatal care had a significant increase in group- based training along with text messaging after the intervention compared to the score of before the intervention (p < 0.001, p = 0.005, respectively), but the mean (SD) score of men, s knowledge and attitude had not a significant increase in CD- based training and control group after the intervention compared to the score of before the intervention. The mean (SD) score of men,s knowledge and attitude about participation in perinatal care in group- based training along with text messaging were significantly higher than in CD- based training (p < 0.001, p = 0.039, respectively) and control group (p = 0.001, p = 0.021, respectively) after the intervention, respectively. However, the mean (SD) score of men, s knowledge and attitude in CD- based training were not significantly different from the control group after the intervention. CONCLUSION: Group- based training along with text messaging was more effective in improving the knowledge and attitude of men about participation in perinatal care compared to CD- based training. So, its implication in educational programs for the men is recommended. TRIAL REGISTRATION: IRCT, IRCT20160224026756N4 . Registered 27 May 2018.

Information and Communications Technology and Education Customized for Fathers of Preterm Infants.

PURPOSE: Although various educational technology interventions have been introduced to support parents of preterm infants, the interventions tend to focus on mothers over fathers. This study aims to advance understanding of the concerns and needs of fathers and seek opportunities of information technology to support them. DESIGN AND SAMPLE: A convenience sampling method recruited 18 parents (i.e., ten mothers and eight fathers of preterm infants) for interviews. The interview transcripts were analyzed by the inductive content analysis method. MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE: The analysis identified two main themes (i.e., customized education, learning styles and tools preferred by fathers) and five subthemes (i.e., infant care, self-care, self-regulated online learning, adaptive user interfaces of online education modules, and hands-on learning with multimedia). RESULTS: The interviewed parents emphasized the importance of education customized for the fathers of preterm infants, and argued that an e-learning system has the potential to fulfill the fathers' educational needs.

Brief cessation advice, nicotine replacement therapy sampling and active referral (BANSAR) for smoking expectant fathers: Study protocol for a multicentre, pragmatic randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Pregnancy presents a teachable moment to engage male smokers whose partners are pregnant in smoking cessation. Evidence on how to approach and help these smokers quit smoking in antenatal settings has remained scarce. This paper presents the rationale and study design of a trial which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a brief intervention model for promoting smoking cessation in expectant fathers. METHODS: BANSAR is a pragmatic randomised controlled trial conducted in antenatal clinic in seven public hospitals in Hong Kong, China. An estimated 1148 fathers who smoke at least one cigarette daily and whose partners are pregnant and non-smoking will be randomised (1:1) to receive brief advice combined with 1-week sample of nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and active referral to smoking cessation services, or brief advice only (usual care). Outcome will be assessed at 3 and 6 months after treatment initiation. The primary outcome is carbon monoxide-verified (<4 part per million) abstinence at 6 months post-treatment initiation. Secondary outcomes include self-reported 7-day point-prevalence abstinence and 24-week continuous abstinence, use of smoking cessation service and NRT and quit attempt, and smoking reduction, change in nicotine dependence and intention to quit in continuing smokers. COMMENT: This trial will provide real-world evidence on the effectiveness of a combined brief intervention model for smoking cessation in expectant fathers, an understudied population. The findings may be particularly relevant to low and middle-income countries, where male-to-female smoking ratios and birth rates tend to be higher than higher-income countries. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT03671707.

Parental anxiety after 5 years of participation in a longitudinal study of children at high risk of type 1 diabetes.

AIM: Parents of children participating in screening studies may experience increased levels of anxiety. The aim of this study was to assess parental anxiety levels after 5 years of participation in the Diabetes Prediction in Skåne study. Associations between parental anxiety about their child developing type 1 diabetes and clinical, demographic, and immunological factors were analyzed. METHOD: Mothers and fathers of participating 5-year-old children answered a questionnaire regarding parental anxiety associated with their child's increased risk of type 1 diabetes. Anxiety levels were assessed using the State Anxiety Inventory scale. Data were analyzed using logistic and multinomial regression. RESULTS: Parents of 2088 5-year-old children participated. Both parents answered the questionnaire for 91.2% (n = 1904) of children. In 67.1% of families, neither parent reported being anxious that their child had an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. Anxiety was higher in mothers of children positive for autoantibodies (OR 2.21 95% CI 1.41, 3.48, P < .001) and those perceiving their child had a higher risk for type 1 diabetes (2.01; 1.29, 3.13, P = .002). Frequency of worry was associated with parental anxiety (mothers 5.33; 3.48, 8.17, P < .001, fathers 5.27; 3.51, 7.92, P < .001). Having a family member with type 1 diabetes and having lower education level were also associated with increased anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: Diabetes in the family, the child's autoantibody status, education level, frequency of worry and risk perception where associated with higher parental anxiety. These findings add to our understanding of the impact of screening for type 1 diabetes in children on parental anxiety.

Is parents' education level associated with adolescent self-compassion?

Self-compassion has been identified as a trait that correlates with robust mental health; specifically, less anxiety, depression and stress in both adolescents and adults. However, little is known about the parental and family factors that are associated with adolescent self-compassion that may promote or enhance the development of this stress-buffering trait. In this study, 1057 adolescents in grades 7-12 from two different school settings answered questions in an online survey that related to their parents' education level and their own self-compassion. Results indicated that fathers' education, but not mothers', was associated with adolescent self-compassion. Specifically, adolescents whose fathers had a college education only had the highest level of self-compassion; a significant difference was found between self-compassion of adolescents of fathers' with a college degree and those with a doctorate/professional degree. Adolescents whose fathers had less than a college education (some college, high school graduate) or more than a college education (masters or doctorate/professional degree) reported lower self-compassion. As parent education level may be a proxy for other factors such as socioeconomic status, parenting style, or parent-adolescent relationship closeness, further research is necessary that will measure these factors and parse out that which specifically is associated with self-compassion in adolescents.

A multi-institutional and cross-sectional study on empathy in Chinese medical students: differences by student cadre or not, future career preference, and father's education status.

BACKGROUND: The aims of this study were to examine the factor structure of the Chinese version of the Jefferson Scale of Empathy for medical students (JSE-S) and investigate differences in empathy scores among Chinese medical students according to gender, student cadre or not, future career preference, and parents' education. METHODS: Medical students from three universities completed an online questionnaire containing the JSE-S. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the factor structure, and group comparisons of empathy scores were examined via t-tests and analysis of variance. RESULTS: Four factors emerged from the factor analysis: "perspective taking," "compassionate care," "standing in the patient's shoes," and an uninterpretable factor. The results indicated that students who were female, held positions as student cadres, preferred to become a doctor, and whose fathers had a high school education or below tended to have more empathy. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the findings provide information on the dimensions of empathy applicable to Chinese medical students and confirm the factors found in the original measure. The dimensions have implications for developing empathy among medical students throughout the world. Educators can use the information to design interventions to foster empathy among students in the context of medical education reform in many countries, including China.

The role of parental social class, education and unemployment on child cognitive development.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing the association between socioeconomic gradient and cognitive development among children of a Spanish birth cohort aged 5-6 years from a gender perspective. METHOD: Cognitive development was assessed on 525 children aged 5-6 years in the INMA-Valencia cohort, with the Global Cognitive Score (GCS) from McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. Information on social class, education level and employment was collected for both parents in addition to other sociodemographic factors, parental, family and child characteristics. The relationship between maternal and paternal socioeconomic gradient and cognitive development was assessed by linear regressions and comparing the variance explained by each indicator measured in the mother and father. RESULTS: Maternal socioeconomic gradient indicators explained more variance on GCS than paternal. Maternal education and paternal social class had an important individual effect that stayed after adjusting by other parental, child and family determinants. In the multivariable analysis, maternal education, age and intelligence, paternal social class and the child's age and sex were significantly associated with cognitive development. CONCLUSIONS: Diverse socioeconomic gradient factors have an important influence on cognitive development, maternal education being the strongest determinant. Policies should be implemented to mitigate the negative effects of this gradient on child development.

HPV vaccination in Japan: can educational intervention promote a father's intention to encourage his daughter's vaccination?

BACKGROUND: HPV vaccines are well known to prevent several devastating HPV-associated cancers-when administered before sexual activity begins. We have previously found that mothers in Japan play an important role in a young girl's vaccination decision-making, and that educational intervention with the mothers positively changed their attitude towards the HPV vaccine. The role of fathers is still unclear. We report here similar effects can be achieved by an educational intervention with the fathers. METHOD: We conducted an online survey of 1648 Japanese fathers as having 13-18 year-old daughters. In this group, 1450 fathers had HPV-unvaccinated daughters. Roughly half, 721, were supplied an educational sheet concerning cervical cancer, which included information regarding the safety and efficacy of the HPV vaccine, the other 729 did not receive the sheet. Afterwards, a self-administered questionnaire obtained information from both groups of fathers. We evaluated their attitudes and intentions to inoculate their daughters and willingness to be associated with the vaccination decision-making process. RESULTS: Paternal education with an information sheet was associated with an increased odds ratio for changing the father's attitude in a positive direction, but it was not associated with improving the father's intention to their have their daughters inoculated, nor the father's willingness to be associated with the decision-making process. CONCLUSION: While educational intervention can promote a father's positive attitude towards HPV vaccination, it is ineffective at promoting a positive intention to follow through to inoculate their daughters or improving their willingness to assist in the decision-making process.

Effect of a breastfeeding educational programme on fathers' intention to support exclusive breastfeeding: A quasi-experimental study.

Fathers' support towards exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is fast gaining recognition as a critical ingredient for successful EBF. This study examined the effect of a breastfeeding programme on fathers' intention to support EBF in Ikenne, LGA, Ogun State, Nigeria. This study adopted a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design. A total of 50 expectant fathers participated in the study. A theory-based questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25 at p≤0.05. Results revealed a significant effect of the breastfeeding programme on intention (R2 = 0.839, R2adj = 0.837, F (1,70) = 364.337, p = 0.000). There was significant difference in intention between the post-experimental (x̄ = 6.587±0.948) and pre-control (x̄ = 5.444±1.473) groups at p-value = 0.025. A breastfeeding programme targeted at fathers had positive impact on intention towards EBF support. Government policies review is required to ensure the inclusion of fathers in maternal and child health service delivery.

Antenatal Dads and First Year Families program: a qualitative study of fathers' and program facilitators' experiences of a community-based program in Australia.

AIM: Currently, there is limited knowledge on the impact of father-only sessions or parenting programs supporting impending fatherhood. This research explored an antenatal dads program aimed at fathers to assess the benefits of such interventions. BACKGROUND: Literature regarding parenting programs and early childhood education initiatives, especially those aimed at children and families in disadvantaged circumstance, have been demonstrated to act as a buffer to poorer health and lifestyle outcomes in later life. METHODS: A qualitative research approach was used to explore the experiences of 16 fathers and 6 staff of a community-based parenting program with sessions focusing on fatherhood. FINDINGS: Four main themes were identified from the data regarding the experiences of groups engaged with the Antenatal Dads and First Year Families program. The first theme 'Knowledge and Capacity Building' stated that the information provided in the program helped fathers to be better informed and prepared for their impending fatherhood. The second theme was 'Mental Health Awareness' and identified the importance of raising awareness of depression and suicide in fathers, including where and how to get help. The third theme was 'Soft-Entry' and highlighted how the attendance at one service helped participants to learn about additional services through word of mouth and targeted promotion. The final theme was 'Feeling Connected', which helped fathers to feel more connected with the process of childbirth and development including playing and engaging with their children. Overall, the fathers found that the male-only sessions assisted them by supporting frank discussions on fatherhood. Additionally, the study helped identify the advantages of fathers meeting other fathers through attendance in the program, or even other couples in similar situations that helped fathers to feel less lonely regarding their situation.

Prevalence of Portuguese Children Exposed to Secondhand Smoke at Home and in the Car.

INTRODUCTION: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke is a cause of serious health problems and infant morbidity. This is the first nationally representative study conducted in Portugal to describe the prevalence of children exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 2396 Portuguese children aged 0 to 9 years old, stratified by age and administrative region NUTS II. Questionnaires were administered between January and September 2016. RESULTS: Results showed that 6.1% of mothers and 11.2% of fathers reported smoking at home. It was found that 4.5% of mothers and 8.3% of fathers reported smoking in the car. Results also showed that 5.4% of children were double exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. Children whose parents were smokers and had a lower level of education were more exposed to secondhand smoke at home. DISCUSSION: Children's exposure to secondhand smoke has been decreasing in Portugal. Parental smoking and a low educational level were risk factors for children's exposure to secondhand smoke at home. CONCLUSION: The main source of children's exposure to secondhand smoke is parental smoking. As such, it is crucial to implement effective measures to control parental smoking. It is necessary to promote smoking cessation among parents and to ban smoking inside the car.

Introdução: A exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco é uma importante causa de graves problemas de saúde e morbilidade infantil. Este é o primeiro estudo com representatividade nacional realizado em Portugal a descrever a prevalência de crianças expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa e no carro. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo que inclui uma amostra representativa de 2396 crianças portuguesas dos 0 aos 9 anos de idade, estratificada por idade e por região administrativa NUTS II. A aplicação de questionários decorreu entre janeiro e setembro de 2016. Resultados: Verifica-se que 6,1% das mães e 11,2% dos pais fumam no domicílio. Constata-se que 4,5% das mães e 8,3% dos pais fumam no carro. Verifica-se também que 5,4% das crianças estão duplamente expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa e no carro. As crianças cujos pais são fumadores e com menor nível de escolaridade, estão mais expostas ao fumo ambiental do tabaco em casa. Discussão: A exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco tem diminuído em Portugal. Ainda assim, o consumo de tabaco dos pais e um baixo nível de escolaridade são fatores de risco para a exposição das crianças em casa. Conclusão: Uma vez que a principal fonte de exposição das crianças ao fumo ambiental do tabaco é o tabagismo dos pais, é necessário promover a cessação tabágica junto dos mesmos, assim como implementar a proibição de fumar no carro.

African-American, Puerto-Rican, and Other Hispanic Fathers' Differential Responses to a Parenting Intervention.

Despite the recognized importance of fathers to children's well-being, there is a lack of research exploring the impact of parenting interventions on young fathers. Further, little work has been done to identify whether fatherhood interventions differentially benefit specific subgroups of fathers, including Hispanic subgroups.This research examines a 15-week fatherhood intervention for African American, Puerto Rican, and non-Puerto Rican Hispanic young fathers. Data were collected from 312 fathers ages 15-24 at baseline, post-intervention (15 weeks), and at 8 months, 12 months, and 16 months post-baseline follow-up. Latent growth models were used to examine differential shapes of change for the three groups. Results suggest different intervention responses across the three groups on risky parenting attitudes, African American fathers in the study indicated more risky parenting attitudes than Hispanic and Puerto Rican fathers. The practice and research implications of disaggregating data for minority fathers, particularly for Latino subgroups, are discussed.

Mothers/caregivers healthcare seeking behavior towards childhood illness in selected health centers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a facility-based cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Seeking healthcare in children is unique since parents decide upon the type and frequency of healthcare services accessed. Mothers/caregivers lower healthcare seeking behavior is one of the major reason for increased morbidity and mortality from childhood illness in developing countries. Hence, this study aimed to assess healthcare seeking behavior of mothers/caregivers towards childhood illnesses in selected health centers of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. METHODS: A facility-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on 422 sampled mothers/caregivers of children age 0-59 months, from April 18 to May 11, 2016. Ten health centers were selected using simple random sampling technique and proportionate number of participants were included from each health centers. A pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics and multivariable logistic regression was employed to identify factors associated with of healthcare seeking behavior. RESULT: In case of illnesses, 26.5% of mothers/caregivers sought healthcare for their children. Among the common childhood illnesses, acute respiratory tract infection and diarrhea accounted for 47.6 and 31%, respectively. Mothers/caregivers healthcare seeking behavior towards common childhood illnesses were influenced by child's age (AOR = 1.78, 95% CI:1.02, 3.13), education of mothers/caregivers (AOR = 4.24, 95% CI:1.32, 13.63), family size (AOR = 3.83, 95% CI:1.06, 13.78), perception of severity of illnesses (AOR = 2.00, 95% CI:1.05, 3.84), previous experience of similar illnesses (AOR = 3.67, 95% CI:1.36, 9.86) and previous history of under-five child death (AOR = 13.31, 95% CI:5.13, 34.53). CONCLUSIONS: The common under-five childhood illnesses were acute respiratory tract infection and diarrhea. The study also revealed that there was a delay in seeking healthcare and this was significantly associated with age of the child; mothers/caregivers level of education; family size; perception of illness severity; previous experience of similar illnesses and under-five child death.