Histomorphological evaluation of thermal injury following palatoplasty performed with CO2 laser or LigaSure device in dogs with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome.

The elongated soft palate is an abnormality that characterizes most brachycephalic dogs and contributes to the brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS). Palatoplasty is routinely performed in brachycephalic dogs; several surgical techniques exist. The use of surgical instruments such as monopolar electrocoagulation, CO2 or diode laser, bipolar vessel sealing device and harmonic shears has become routine to reduce the operating time, the intraoperative risk of bleeding and the postoperative oedema. This prospective study aimed to compare the histomorphological effect of a CO2 laser and LigaSure device in palates of dogs undergoing palatoplasty. Twenty owned brachycephalic dogs were included, 10 palatoplasties were performed using CO2 laser and 10 using LigaSure™ device. The dogs were positioned in sternal recumbency. A transoral approach was performed: the elongated soft palate was grasped with Allis forceps and brought rostrally, the palatoplasty was performed using the tonsillar crypts as anatomical landmarks. Surgical specimens were routinely fixed in 10 % formalin. Two sections perpendicular to the surgical margins were trimmed from each sample, paraffin-embedded and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Tissue damage induced by the two types of surgical devices was graded (1-4, from minimal to severe) and the depth of thermal injury measured in µm on captured images (using an image analysis program - ImageJ). Mean values and standard deviations (SD) were calculated based on six measurements for each sample. The tissue damage was graded 3.7±0.48 in group LigaSure™ and 2.8±1 in group Laser. The mean depth of thermal injury was 874.94±184.92 µm in the LigaSure™ group and 451,76±137,86 µm in the Laser group. The comparison between the two groups showed significant lower grade and extension of thermal injury in the palate samples obtained with CO2 laser (p<0.05). Additionally, there is a lack of literature that correlates the histological changes with the clinical outcomes of the different palatoplasty methods in brachycephalic dogs. By comparing histological changes and clinical outcomes, we aim to provide valuable insights for optimizing the surgical approach for palatoplasty in brachycephalic dogs, ultimately improving postoperative outcomes for these patients.

Evaluation of postoperative outcomes in palatoplasty with three soft palate cleft repairs.

The aim of this study was to compare the postoperative clinical and functional outcomes of palatoplasty with three soft palate cleft repairs and analyse the factors potentially impacting these outcomes. A retrospective analysis was conducted on a consecutive series of 337 patients who underwent primary cleft palate repair by palatoplasty modified with either Furlow Z-plasty (P-FZP, n = 77), intravelar veloplasty (P-IVV, n = 110), or combined intravelar veloplasty-Furlow Z-plasty (P-IVV-FZP, n = 150). The postoperative outcomes evaluated included wound healing (complete closure/fistula) and velopharyngeal function. Demographic and surgical data were analysed using both univariate and multivariate analysis. There was no significant difference between the groups with regard to the sex distribution, age at repair, cleft width, cleft type, or follow-up duration. However, relaxing incisions were significantly more common with P-FZP (26.0%) and P-IVV (29.1%) compared to P-IVV-FZP (10%) (P = 0.002 and <0.001, respectively). The complete wound closure rate was significantly higher with P-IVV-FZP (97.3%) compared to P-FZP (88.3%) (P = 0.012) and P-IVV (90%) (P = 0.015). The normal velopharyngeal function rate was comparable for P-IVV-FZP (86.7%) and P-FZP (83.1%), and both rates were significantly better than the rate with P-IVV (73.6%) (P = 0.039 and 0.029, respectively). The cleft type and width were identified as factors influencing postoperative outcomes. In conclusion, it may be appropriate to prioritize the palatoplasty with combined intravelar veloplasty-Furlow Z-plasty whenever feasible.

Clinical application of endoscopic soft palate augmentation in the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Velopharyngeal structure augmentation with the injection of autologous fat tissue into the nasal mucosa of the soft palate has been reported previously. However, as the injection points in the velopharyngeal space cannot be observed directly, these injections may be difficult to perform accurately. This report describes a new endoscope-assisted approach in which the materials for velopharyngeal structure augmentation are administered while observing the injection points directly, also enabling adjustment of the amount of material injected. A case series of five patients aged 8-16 years who underwent endoscopic soft palate augmentation under general anaesthesia is reported. Autologous fat tissue was injected into the nasal mucosa of the soft palate using a needle-type device of an endoscope, and the effects of the treatment were evaluated. The injections were performed successfully, and the velopharyngeal function was improved. This new technique of endoscopy-assisted augmentation was useful for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency.

Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome.

Dogs presenting with brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome suffer from multilevel obstruction of the airway as well as secondary structural collapse. Stenotic nares, aberrant turbinates, nasopharyngeal collapse, soft palate hyperplasia, macroglossia, tonsillar hypertrophy, laryngeal collapse, and left bronchial collapse are described as the most common associated anomalies. Rhinoplasty and palatoplasty as well as newer surgical techniques and prudent preoperative and postoperative care strategies have resulted in significant improvement even in middle-aged dogs.

Ectomesenchymal Chondromyxoid Tumor: A Rare Association With an Asymmetrical Soft Palate Cleft.

Ectomesenchymal chondromyxoid tumor (ECT) is a rare oral lesion first described by Smith et al. in 1995. These tumors are typically painless, slow growing and benign masses occurring predominantly on the anterior tongue dorsum. Prior to this seminal report, many ECTs may have been misdiagnosed due to the histological similarities with other lesions. Immunohistochemical stains aid in definitive diagnosis of an ECT. A total of 39 papers since published have reported 96 patients with ECT. Most lesions involve the anterior aspect of the tongue, with only 6 occurring in the posterior tongue and 2 involving the hard palate. ECTs are considered to develop from ectomesenchymal cells of neural crest cells that have migrated to the tongue during embryological development. This paper is of a rare case of ECT of the posterolateral tongue occurring in association with an unusual asymmetrical soft palate cleft. It is postulated that since the tongue develops before the formation of the soft palate, an ECT lesion occurring on the posterior aspect may have a causal contribution to the development of the soft palate cleft.

Microbial contamination profile change over a 4-year period in nonoperated cleft soft palate.

AIMS: Surgical site infection is a major concern in cleft soft palate. Knowledge of the type, number and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens present preoperatively contribute to treatment success. The aim of this study is to determine whether or not the microbial contamination (diversity) preoperatively has changed since 2015. METHODS AND RESULTS: Swabs were taken from the surgical site in 103 consecutive patients who presented for primary repair of the soft palate cleft. These were sent for microscopy, culture and sensitivity testing. Swabs were taken before disinfecting the site. Results were tabled and compared with two previous studies from the same facility. Out of 103 patients, 100 patients showed positive cultures with 42 different pathogenic micro-organisms identified. Most dominant pathogen was Klebsiella pneumoniae, 45.6%, increased by 28% from the previous two studies, with 93.6% of these pathogens resistant to one or more antimicrobials. Most of the other identified pathogens showed an alarming increase in occurrence, with a wide resistance to antimicrobials. CONCLUSIONS: The increase in number and diversity of microbial contamination as well as their resistance to antimicrobials is a real concern. Ways of preventing postoperative infection in a natural way need to be explored. SIGNIFICANCE: Surgeons need to be aware of constant changes in micro-organisms.

Surgical Approaches and 30-Day Complications of Velopharyngeal Insufficiency Repair Using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to outline the 30-d complications of different velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) correction techniques using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric. METHODS: Using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program-Pediatric, VPI cases from 2012 to 2015 were identified. Patients were subdivided into two cohorts: (1) palatal procedures and (2) pharyngeal procedures, with the latter being subdivided into (1) pharyngeal flap and (2) sphincter pharyngoplasty. Patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were compared using Pearson's chi-squared or Fischer's exact test for categorical variables and independent t-tests, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, or analysis of variance for continuous variables. RESULTS: A total of 767 VPI cases were identified: 191 (24.9%) treated with palatal procedures and 576 (75.1%) with pharyngeal procedures, of which 444 were pharyngeal flap and 132 were sphincter pharyngoplasty. Patients who underwent palatal procedure had longer anesthesia (152.41 min) and operating time (105.72 min), whereas patients who underwent pharyngeal procedure had longer length of stay (1.66 d). There were no significant differences in outcomes between the two groups, nor were there significant differences in outcomes between pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty subgroups. Patients who experienced complications were younger, shorter, inpatient, and having a shorter operation time, longer anesthesia time, or longer length of stay. Plastic surgeons performed the majority of palatal procedures (62.3%), whereas pharyngeal procedures were most often performed by otolaryngologists (48.8%). CONCLUSIONS: As per national data, both palatal and pharyngeal procedures for repair can be performed with comparable 30-d complications. The chosen technique may be based on patient presentation and on the surgeon comfort level.

Clinical outcomes of prenatal diagnosis of the fetal micrognathia: A case report.

RATIONALE: Micrognathia is a subtle facial malformation characterized by a small mandible and receding chin. Fetal micrognathia is often associated with chromosomal abnormalities, skeletal dysplasia, and various syndromes. Once it is dignosised, detailed fetal malformation screening and chromosome examination should be carried out. PATIENT CONCERN: One pregnant woman with suspicion of fetal micrognathia was referred from her local hospital to our hospital for detailed fetal malformation screening and fetal echocardiography. Examination of the fetus was performed using a two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasound probe in multiple planes. The fetus showed micrognathia without glossoptosis with features of the inferior facial angle (IFA) ≤50° and his tongue reached anterior mandibular border box during normal movement. DIAGNOSES: The fetus was diagnosed as isolated micrognathia prenatally without multisystem abnormalities. INTERVENTIONS: Amniocentesis was performed and the fetus was found to carry 46XN with 6q14.1 duplication, the significance of which was unclear. OUTCOMES: The fetus was labored through vagina at 38 weeks gestation. A small soft cleft palate was diagnosed after delivery. LESSONS: This case suggests that once prenatal diagnosis of the fetal micrognathia has been made, we should carefully examine the presence of fetus's multisystem developmental abnormalities and due consideration should be given for associated soft cleft palate.

Racing performance of National Hunt thoroughbred racehorses after treatment of palatal dysfunction with a laryngeal tie-forward procedure and thermocautery of the soft palate with or without aryepiglottic folds resection.

OBJECTIVE: To assess racing performance of National Hunt thoroughbred (NH) racehorses with a definite diagnosis of palatal dysfunction treated with a laryngeal tie-forward procedure (LTF) and soft palate cautery (SPC) with or without transendoscopic laser excision of the aryepiglottic folds (TLEAF) and to determine correlation between performance measures. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. ANIMALS: National Hunt racehorses treated with LTF, SPC ± TLEAF (n = 44) and nonaffected controls (n = 88). METHODS: Performance was evaluated by using Racing Post ratings (RPR), race earnings (RE), and performance index (PIndex). Affected horses were compared with nonaffected horses. The effect of TLEAF and correlations between measures were analyzed. RESULTS: Racing Post rating, RE and PIndex improved by 50%, 26%, and 12% in treated, and by 50%, 39%, and 24% in control horses, respectively, when measurements were evaluated for the median of three presurgical and postsurgical races. Lower postsurgical performance was detected when five postsurgical races were compared with two presurgical races (P ≤ .03). The number of postsurgical earnings rated at zero was greater in treated horses than in control horses (P < .05). Race earnings and RPR correlated more strongly (r = 0.634-0.796) than PIndex and other measures (r = 0.378-0.692). CONCLUSION: Postsurgical performance of NH racehorses with palatal dysfunction after LTF and SPC ± TLEAF was decreased compared with unaffected controls. The negative effect of TLEAF on performance was detected. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Although LTF is widely performed in NH racehorses, it may not be the most efficient treatment for palatal dysfunction.

Use of computational fluid dynamics to compare upper airway pressures and airflow resistance in brachycephalic, mesocephalic, and dolichocephalic dogs.

Brachycephalic dog breeds are prone to breathing difficulties because of their upper airway anatomy. Several surgical techniques exist to correct anatomical pathologies and common surgical approaches aim to correct functional abnormalities in the nares and/or the soft palate. However, further research is needed to improve clinical outcomes. This study evaluated air pressure and airflow resistance in the upper airways and trachea in nine sedated, sternally recumbent dogs of different skull types (dolichocephalic, n=3; mesocephalic, n=3; brachycephalic, n=3). CT images were acquired from the nostrils to the caudal border of the lungs and geometrical reconstruction of the upper airway and trachea was performed. Analysis of computational fluid dynamics was performed using inspiratory flow adapted to bodyweight for each dog. Flow (L/min) and pressure (cmH2O) were computed for the entire upper airway and trachea. Resistance (cmH2O/L/min) was calculated using pressure differences between the nose, larynx, and trachea. In this pilot study, statistical comparisons were not performed. Pressure maps, airflow, and resistance were similar in dolichocephalic and mesocephalic breeds. Median pressure difference (3.76cmH2O) and resistance (0.154cmH2O/L/min) between the nose and larynx were numerically higher in brachycephalic dogs than in other breeds (0.45cmH2O and 0.016cmH2O/L/min, respectively). Median pressure difference (0.205cmH2O) and resistance (0.009cmH2O/L/min) between the larynx and trachea was numerically similar in all dogs, except for the English bulldog. The methodology used in this preliminary study to quantify airflow characteristics such as pressure and resistance could improve the understanding of brachycephalic obstruction airway syndrome.

Short-term surgical outcomes and histomorphological evaluation of thermal injury following palatoplasty performed with diode laser or air plasma device in dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome.

Brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS) is a common disorder presenting enlarged soft palate, stenotic nares and abnormal turbinate growth. Surgical correction of BOAS abnormalities with caudal palatoplasty is an elective therapy. This prospective study aimed to compare the effect of an air plasma device and diode laser in dogs undergoing palatoplasty. Outcome measures were as follows: (1) intra-operative and immediate post-operative complications; (2) evaluation of thermal injury in histological tissue sections of the excised soft palate. Twenty dogs with enlarged soft palates underwent palatoplasty, using an air plasma device (n=10) and diode laser (n=10). Soft palate specimens underwent masked histopathological analysis to assess post-operative thermal injury. In this pilot study, no differences were observed in surgical times; all dogs were discharged 24h after surgery and had stable respiration. In the air plasma group, post-operative bleeding occurred in two cases and revision surgery was performed. No difference in thermal injury was observed using the two devices (P>0.05). The air-plasma device was a viable surgical option for palatoplasty in dogs with BOAS.

Accurate diagnosis of fetal cleft lip/palate by typical signs of magnetic resonance imaging.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to evaluate the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing orofacial clefts and proposes specific signs for determining the type of cleft. METHODS: Pregnant women in whom fetal facial malformations are suspected by ultrasonography (US) underwent 1.5 T MRI. The accuracy of the prenatal US and MRI diagnosis was compared with the postnatal findings. RESULTS: A total of 71 fetuses were included in the final analysis, which comprised of 35 cases of isolated cleft lip, six cases of cleft lip and alveolus, 21 cases of cleft lip and palate, four cases of isolated cleft palate, and five normal fetuses. MRI was more sensitive than US (MRI 100%, US 77.5%; Fisher's exact test: MRI vs US P=0.000). The accuracy of MRI for all types was 100%. Specific signs (Inverted T, L/anti-L, U, and "Notch" signs) were proposed, indicating the normal hard, unilateral cleft, bilateral cleft, and cleft soft palates, respectively, which can facilitate the identification of different types of cleft palates. CONCLUSION: MRI can accurately diagnose the type of cleft based on typical signs, which can serve as a definite diagnostic modality and an effective supplement of US.

Induced ankylosis of primary canines for absolute anchorage in the treatment of a patient with Class III malocclusion and cleft soft palate.

This case report describes the induced ankylosis of the primary canines for use as absolute anchorage for maxillary protraction. The patient was a young boy with Class III malocclusion and cleft soft palate. The final occlusion was esthetic, functional, healthy, and stable 4 years after treatment.

Untreated incomplete isolated cleft palate: cadaveric findings.

Isolated cleft palate without cleft lip is a rare deformity. Cleft lip and cleft palate can sometimes develop in combination with a syndrome due to genetic causes. Affected patients have morbidity through life from birth and experience comprehensive treatment for such clefts including surgery. It is extremely rare that the untreated clefts are found during routine cadaveric dissection, since many patients have treatment for clefts in developed countries. Herein, we present a case of an untreated incomplete isolated cleft palate on the right side of the maxilla. An oronasal fistula was found in the same location as the missing right maxillary lateral incisor, and the soft palate was considerably intruding into the hard palate but without penetration into the nasal cavity. The right incisivus labii superioris muscle forming the oral vestibule was incompletely torn with two fistulae. An incomplete bony defect was found on the right maxilla without oronasal or oroantral fistula. This paper may contribute to evaluating the disturbed site of the incomplete isolated cleft palate with no treatment.

Development of Hard and Soft Palate During the Fetal Period and Hard Palate Asymmetry.

In the present study, it was aimed to perform the morphometric analysis of the hard and soft palate in fetal cadavers and evaluate hard palate asymmetry during the fetal development. The development of the palate was investigated in 40 (21 males, 19 females) fetal materials aged between the 17th and 40th gestational week. In this study, distances between the incisive papilla-staurion (Ip-Sr), staurion-posterior nasal spine (Sr-Pns), incisive papilla-greater palatine foramen (Ip-Gpf) on the right and left sides, Sr-Gpf, and Pns-Gpf were measured. In cases with asymmetry, the ratio of asymmetry was determined in percentage using the asymmetry index. Moreover, angular values between Ip-Sr-Gpf and Ip-Pns-Gpf on the right and left sides were measured, and the right and left side values were compared with each other. The hard and soft palate lengths were measured on the planum medianum. Upon comparing the measured parameters between males and females, the mean values of male fetuses were higher in all parameters, but a significant difference was found only in the Sr-Pns distance among these parameters. Upon comparing the angular data and asymmetry index data on the hard palate between the trimester groups, a significant difference was found only in the Ip-Sr-Gpf (left) parameter. The mean ratio of the hard palate to the soft palate was found as 1.90. It is believed that the obtained data will contribute to studies to be conducted in fields such as plastic surgery, maxillofacial surgery, intrauterine surgery, fetopathology, embryology, anatomy, and obstetrics.