Seasonal Hyperacute Panuveitis (SHAPU) in Bhutan.

PURPOSE: To report the first series of Seasonal Hyperacute Pan Uveitis (SHAPU) from Bhutan. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the patients with clinically diagnosed SHAPU treated in the referral center in the last 5 years. Data included demographics (age, sex, laterality), region, time of presentation (year, season) and treatment received. RESULTS: The series included 3 males and 2 females. The mean age was 16 years. Three patients had presented in autumn of 2021, and two in autumn of 2019. Four patients presented within 2 weeks of the onset of symptoms. All patients had either exposure or contact with white moths. All patients presented with unilateral sudden painless reduction in vision and low Intraocular pressure. Four patients required vitrectomy. The final visual acuity of 3 patients was >6/36, and one patient was 6/60. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPORTANCE: The time of presentation and early treatment intervention are crucial in achieving good visual prognosis in SHAPU.

Ocular syphilis on the rise: a 10-year analysis from 2010 to 2020.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of ocular syphilis as well as diagnostic parameters, comorbidities, and visual outcomes over a 10-year time period in West Virginia. METHODS: A retrospective chart review included 25 eyes of 17 patients with ocular syphilis between 2010 and 2020. RESULTS: The incidence of systemic syphilis at a large tertiary referral center has increased from 27 cases in 2010 to 105 cases in 2020. Seventeen patients were identified with ocular syphilis. Bilaterality was present in 47.1% of cases. In this study, 70.6% of patients were male and 29.4% were female. The median age of presentation was 40.2 years (range 21-63). Panuveitis was the most common (60.0%) followed by isolated anterior uveitis (16.0%), chorioretinitis (12.0%), inner retinitis (4.0%), and papillitis (8.0%). Forty percent of patients had visual acuity worse than 20/400 on presentation. Post-treatment visual acuity improved in all patients. Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) and Treponema pallidum particle agglutination (TP-PA) tests were positive in 84.6% and 100% of cases, respectively. CSF venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) was positive in 36.4%, CSF pleocytosis was present in 72.7%, and elevated CSF protein was observed in 81.8%. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection was present in 31.3%. A majority of patients experienced maculopapular rash and/or history of genital chancre. The anatomic classification of presenting uveitis (anterior, intermediate, posterior, and panuveitis) did not correlate with clinical variables including age, gender, HIV status, serologic test, presence of rash, or year of diagnosis (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ocular syphilis is becoming increasingly prevalent and can present with a variety of ocular findings; therefore, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis for patients with ocular inflammation. Visual prognosis is excellent with timely diagnosis and treatment.

Response to Comments on 'Acute Bilateral Neuroretinitis and Panuveitis in A Patient with Coronavirus Disease 2019: A Case Report'.

PURPOSE: to respond to comments on our case report on COVID associated neuroretititis. METHODS: We gathered up to date statistics about the prevalence and incidence of epidemic retinitis in Iran and specifically our region, north-east of Iran. RESULTS: Our response to Kawal et al comments includes 3 items. First, the PCR result of the vitreous specimen was positive for COVID-19. Secondly, the clinical course of the patient's illness was typically similar to our numerous COVID patients and we were in the middle of the second peak of COVID at the time. Thirdly, although other causes of epidemic retinitis such as west nile river are relatively rare in our region, we had a significant rise in the incidence of epidemic retinitis in the peak of COVID. So, the most probable cause may be COVID-19. CONCLUSION: Although the ocular findings of our patient was similar to epidemic retinitis caused by other well-known organisms, we believe that based on positive vitreous sample PCR for COVID, typical clinical course of systemic illness, being in the peak of COVID pandemic with significant increase of similar patients during this period, our patient had COVID associated neuroretinitis/ epidemic retinitis.

Describing the Clinical and Laboratory Features and HLA-B Pattern of Adult-Onset Idiopathic Autoimmune Uveitis at a Tertiary Hospital in South India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: There is a scarcity of information available on clinical and laboratory features of adult-onset idiopathic autoimmune uveitis. Therefore, we conducted a single centre descriptive cross-sectional study. Patients and Methods. A chart review of all patients with idiopathic autoimmune uveitis with onset after 18 years of age who were referred to the rheumatology department between January 2017 and December 2018 was performed. Their clinical features, demographic features, and HLA-B genotypes were documented and described. RESULTS: Out of 210 patients referred to rheumatology, 66 were found to have uveitis, and 16 of these had an adult-onset idiopathic autoimmune uveitis. Apart from a slight female preponderance (62.5%), our patients were characterized by a high proportion of panuveitis (4 out of 16, i.e., 25%). There was an increased frequency of occurrence of synechiae (5 out of 16, i.e., 31.3%), retinal vasculitis (4 out of 16, i.e., 25%), optic disc edema (3 out of 16, i.e., 18.8%), and cystoid macular edema (seen in 2 patients, i.e., 12.5%). These features correlated with the anatomical subtypes. Retinal vasculitis and optic disc edema present in three fourth of all panuveitis cases were the most prominent features. The odds of finding HLA-B∗35 in retinal vasculitis were 33 times higher than odds of finding it in idiopathic autoimmune uveitis patients not having retinal vasculitis (OR 33; 95% CI 1.6-698). CONCLUSION: Idiopathic autoimmune uveitis in our patients is characterized by a high frequency of panuveitis and retinal vasculitis, and complications with a probable association between HLA-B∗35 and retinal vasculitis.

Prognosis of Ocular Tuberculosis Following Long-Term Antitubercular Therapy.

Purpose: This study presents clinical features and prognosis after long-term (12-18 months) antitubercular therapy (ATT) in patients with ocular tuberculosis (OTB) in East China, an endemic area of tuberculosis. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed data from OTB patients treated at the Eye and ENT Hospital of Fudan University from 2008 to 2018. All the patients completed a minimum follow-up of 6 months after the cessation of ATT. Results: Sixty-six patients with OTB were studied. The ocular manifestations included retinal vasculitis (51.6%), choroiditis (24.2%), panuveitis (23.2%), intermediate uveitis (7.4%), scleritis (5.3%), anterior uveitis (2.1%), and optic neuropathy (1%). Except for two patients (ATT for 6 months), all other patients (64/66, 96.97%) received ATT for at least 12 months (6 patients for 12 months, 30 patients for 15 months, and 28 patients for 18 months). Treatment in conjunction with oral corticosteroids was used in 48 patients (72.7%). The average initial best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 0.8 ± 0.64 (LogMAR), which improved to 0.31 ± 0.35 (LogMAR) at the last follow-up (P < 0.05). The final BCVA was significantly associated with the initial BCVA and the duration of clinical symptoms. A complete remission of uveitis was achieved in 97% of the patients. Conclusions: This study observed a favorable prognosis with long-term ATT regimens. Patients with better baseline visual acuity and a shorter duration of clinical symptoms before diagnosis had a better prognosis.

Study of ocular manifestations in tuberculosis and its association with HIV AIDS in a tertiary care hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and understand the prevalence and clinical presentation of ocular morbidity in patients suffering from tuberculosis and compare it with ocular involvement in patients coinfected with tuberculosis and HIV AIDS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a non-comparative, observational, cross sectional study done on 580 patients, who were diagnosed cases of tuberculosis, pulmonary or extrapulmonary, on or off treatment, visiting the Ophthalmology OPD, Tuberculosis OPD and ART Centre of the institute in the period from March 2015 to March 2018, screened for ocular morbidity. RESULTS: Out of 580, 408 patients had only tuberculosis and 172 had tuberculosis with HIV AIDS. 108 patients were found to have ocular involvement (18.6%) out of which 63 were males and 45 were females. The prevalence of ocular morbidity in patients with only tuberculosis was found to be 16.4% and in those having both tuberculosis and HIV AIDS was found to be 23.8%. CONCLUSION: Our study concludes that posterior uveitis, pan uveitis, periphlebitis and vitritis are the most common ocular manifestations in tuberculosis. In patients with both tuberculosis and HIV most common ocular findings included vitritis and herpes zoster ophthalmicus. Our study also concludes that lower CD4 counts (less than 200) in HIV AIDS patient is significantly associated with ocular involvement.

[Treatment of noninfectious intermediate uveitis, posterior uveitis, or panuveitis]. / Traitement des uvéites intermédiaires, postérieures et panuvéites non infectieuses.

Controlling long-term inflammation during non-infectious intermediate, posterior or panuveitis while limiting side effects remains challenging. There is no standardized pre-therapeutic evaluation providing diagnostic certainty, but some simple tests allow us to identifiy the main etiologies. The ophthalmologist identifies the type of uveitis, and the internist completes the investigations according to the ophthalmologist's findings. Fundus photographs, optical coherence tomography, and fluorescein and indocyanine green angiography should be considered during diagnosis and follow-up. Ocular complications of uveitis are numerous. They require close monitoring and specific medical and sometimes surgical management. The growing number of available drugs makes it possible to optimize the management of these conditions with varied etiologies and presentations. Currently, systemic corticosteroids remain the mainstay of therapy, and other alternatives are considered in the case of poor tolerance, steroid resistance or dependence. The choice of a systemic, periocular or intravitreal treatment depends on several factors: chronicity or recurrence of uveitis, duration, bilaterality, association with a systemic inflammatory disease, the presence of contraindications to certain treatments, and also socioeconomic constraints. It is of the utmost importance to find the best compromise allowing tight control of ocular inflammation by means of adapted systemic and/or local treatment while avoiding the main complications.

Seasonal Hyperacute Panuveitis in Nepal: A Review over 40 Years of Surveillance.

Purpose: This review aims to provide a detailed update in Seasonal hypercute panuveitis (SHAPU) which is a blinding disease of unknown etiology reported only from Nepal, occurring every odd year since 1975 predominantly in children. Methods: Data sources were literature reviewed using PubMed, Medline, and ISI Databases (since 1975 to late 2017). Search items included SHAPU, seasonal endophthalmitis, hypopyon uveitis, caterpillar induced uveitis alone or in combination with white moth, panuveitis, and review. Results: Epidemics of SHAPU occur between August to December usually in odd years. Two thirds of the children present with unilateral blind eye which eventually becomes soft with shallowing of anterior chamber called as Malignant Hypotension. Hypopyon, fibrinous exudates in anterior chamber, difficult to dilate pupil and inability to visualize the retina because of massive exudation into vitreous producing a "White pupil in a Red eye" with little or no pain is its characteristic features. Contact with moths has been suspected. Because of presence of microbial agents in few cases, an infectious etiology has not been ruled out. Conclusions: Although SHAPU has been reported only from Nepal, lack of its report from ecologically similar terrain along Hindukush Mountains and possible association with moths remain intriguing.

Oral corticosteroid exposure and increased risk of related complications in patients with noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis: Real-world data analysis.

PURPOSE: This study causally examined the dose-response relationship between oral corticosteroids (OCS) exposure and long-term complications among noninfectious uveitis adult patients in the United States. METHODS: The study design was longitudinal, retrospective cohort using Truven Health MarketScan claims database years 2000-2015. The index date was the first day after diagnosis on which OCS≥ 5 mg prednisone equivalent was administered. The period following the index date was parsed into quarters for tracking OCS-related complications; follow-up time was censored when patients switched off of OCS monotherapy. Each quarter of follow-up was divided into 4 groups based on the mean cumulative daily OCS dose (< 7.5 mg; 7.5 to < 30 mg; 30 to < 60 mg; and ≥ 60 mg) and covariate balancing propensity scoring was used to balance groups on baseline characteristics in the first quarter post-index. Marginal structural models (MSMs) were employed to account for time-varying endogeneity between temporal changes in mean cumulative OCS dose and the risk of complications. Patients with systemic autoimmune conditions at baseline were excluded. RESULTS: The study sample included 3966 patients with a median follow-up of 2 years. Compared to those receiving < 7.5 mg, patients with higher mean cumulative OCS dose had 10%, 16%, and 28% higher risk, respectively, of any OCS-related complication in any given quarter. CONCLUSIONS: A moderate dose-response relationship was found between the long-term use of OCS monotherapy and the risk of developing complications in noninfectious intermediate, posterior, or panuveitis patients. Future research should examine optimal approaches to achieve inflammation control while minimizing OCS exposure.

Clinical Characteristics and Treatment of 308 Panuveitis Patients over 10 Years: Results from the KKESH Uveitis Survey Study Group.

Purpose: To describe the clinical characteristics and surgical outcomes of panuveitis over a 10-year period.Methods: Data were collected on panuveitis etiology, treatment, surgery and change in vision.Results: Overall, 308 patients (594 eyes) were evaluated, 54.9% with non-granulomatous and 45.1% with granulomatous uveitis. Fifty-four patients had infectious and 254 had non-infectious uveitis. In infectious panuveitis, vision remained unchanged at last visit. The most frequent diagnosis was presumed intraocular tuberculosis (PIOTB) uveitis (48.1%). In the non-infectious subgroup vision increased significantly by 2 lines at last visit (p = 0.020). The most common diagnose was Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) disease (38.6%). Initial therapy was oral prednisone in 86.6% with non-infectious etiology followed by immunosuppressive agents. Surgery secondary to complications (mainly cataracts) was performed in 46.7% patients.Conclusion: In Saudi Arabia, panuveitis was mainly due to VHK. PIOTB was the most common etiology for infectious panuveitis. Immunosuppressive therapy and surgery maintained BCVA in non-infectious panuveitis.

Epidemiological profile of non-infectious uveitis from the rheumatologist's perspective: a survey from two tertiary referral centres in Italy.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the epidemiology of non-infectious uveitis (NIU) in two tertiary referral rheumatology units in Central and Southern Italy. METHODS: Two hundred and seventy-eight consecutive NIU patients (417 eyes) evaluated between January 2016 and January 2017 were enrolled. Collected data were analysed in accordance with the primary anatomic site of inflammation, clinical course, and laterality. RESULTS: The mean age at NIU onset was 36.92±18.30 years with a female-to-male ratio of 1.34:1. Anterior uveitis (AU) was identified in 151 (54.32%), posterior uveitis (PU) in 67 (24.10%), intermediate uveitis (IU) in 5.40% and panuveitis (PanU) in 16.19% patients. Bilateral involvement was identified in 50% of our cohort. Uveitis was acute in 33.81% of patients, while 24.46% and 41.73% had a chronic and recurrent course, respectively. Gender and laterality did not influence the anatomical pattern, while disease course was significantly more acute or chronic in AU (p<0.05) and chronic in IU (p<0.05). An associated systemic disease was identified in 116 patients (41.73%). Twenty-seven patients (9.7%) had a specific isolated eye disease, 135 patients (48.56%) had idiopathic NIU. Uveitis associated with a systemic disease was significantly bilateral (p=0.01) and acute or chronic (p<0.0001), while the isolated form showed an association with chronic course (p<0.0001) and unilaterality (p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The most common anatomic pattern of NIU has been AU, followed by PU, PanU and IU. A systemic disease (mainly Behçet's disease, ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis) has been recognised in a fair proportion of the entire cohort. The rheumatologist should remain a central professional figure in the multidisciplinary team dealing with intraocular inflammation on a daily basis.

Changes in patterns of uveitis at a tertiary referral center in Northern Italy: analysis of 990 consecutive cases.

PURPOSE: The role of uveitis, an uncommon ocular disease, is often neglected in research and treatment of autoimmune conditions. The study described the spectrum of uveitis at a referral center in North Italy, and compared that to a previously published series of patients. METHODS: We reviewed all patients with uveitis diagnosed from 2013 to 2015 at the Immunology Eye Unit, Arcispedale S. M. Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy. We examined patient characteristics, disease spectrum, and etiologies. RESULTS: In total, 990 cases of uveitis were identified, who were mostly female (59%) with a median age at presentation of 44 years (interquartile range = 29-57). Anterior uveitis was most frequent (53.5%), followed by panuveitis (22.8%), posterior (16.2%), and intermediate uveitis (5.5%). Anterior herpetic uveitis (15.6%), Fuchs uveitis (9.7%), and HLA-B27 positive anterior uveitis (7.7%) were the most common specific diagnoses. Compared with the previous series, we observed an increased incidence of uveitis, and a different pattern of diagnoses. Rates of herpetic, HLA-B27 positive uveitis, and presumed ocular tuberculosis were higher, but Fuchs uveitis was less frequent. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of uveitis appears to be changing, very likely due to population-level increases in infectious diseases, to the availability of new diagnostic tests and to the interdisciplinary approach used in patient diagnosis.

New Clinical and Laboratory Findings of SHAPU.

INTRODUCTION: The cause of Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis (SHAPU) also known as seasonal endophthalmitis is not yet confirmed. So far, bacteria have been isolated from the vitreous of three cases, VZV from the aqueous of one case and anellovirus from the vitreous of 30 cases of SHAPU. Its connection with moth is still assumed but not proven yet. OBJECTIVE: To study the clinical and microbiological features of SHAPU. To find out indirect evidence of it connection with moths. METHOD: Prospective longitudinal study of all the cases of SHAPU observed at Tilganga Institute of Ophthalmology in 2009 and 2010. A detailed ocular examination was performed on each case and vitreous fluid was removed from almost all cases for microbiological study. RESULT: 66 cases of SHAPU were identified. Most were children. Twenty-three percent reported a recent history of white moth contact. Fine brown hairs, were present in 5 eyes. Bacteria were isolated from the vitreous of 9 eyes, PCR testing of the vitreous of all 48 cases showed no evidence of HSV, VZV or CMV DNA. Twenty of 34 cases (58.8%) who presented within 7 days of onset of symptoms had a final visual acuity ≥ 6/60 whereas 4/25 cases (16.0%) who presented after 7 days had final visual acuity ≥ 6/60 (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: Herpes group of virus is the less likely cause of SHAPU. Bacteria are found in more cases. Early presentation is associated with a better visual outcome. Role of moth in its pathogenesis is still suspected.

[Prognostic factors in uveitis]. / Facteurs pronostiques des uvéites.

PURPOSE: To evaluate prognostic factors of vision loss among patients with uveitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This descriptive and retrospective study included all patients diagnosed with uveitis who were seen at the teaching hospital of Rabat, Morocco, over a 5-year period. Information regarding demographic data, uveitis type, bilaterality of the disease, etiology and complications were gathered from patients' records. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-nine eyes of 89 patients were included. There were 60.7 % men and 39.3 % women. The mean age (years) was 31.1±16.8. Median follow-up was 11 months. Median visual acuity (logMAR) on admission was 1.7 [0.7-2] and 1 [0.4-1.7] on the last visit (P<0.001). Fifty-nine percent of eyes had final visual acuity (VA) equal to or less than 1/10. Panuveitis (85.4 %) and posterior uveitis (72.7 %) were responsible for final VA equal to or less than 1/10 (P<0.001). Cataract, posterior synechiae, vitreous opacities, epimacular membrane (ERM) and cystoid macular edema (CME) were the most frequent complications. Using multivariate logistic regression, the prognostic factors associated with severe vision loss were the type of uveitis (posterior and panuveitis), CME, ERM, macular scarring and optic atrophy (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Although this study included a limited number of subjects, the results showed that final VA was equal or less than 1/10 in 59 % of eyes diagnosed with uveitis and was associated with risk factors including posterior segment involvement (panuveitis and posterior uveitis), CME and ERM.

Clinical features and incidence rates of ocular complications in patients with ocular syphilis.

PURPOSE: To describe the clinical outcomes of ocular syphilis. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: The charts of patients with ocular syphilis (regardless of human immunodeficiency virus [HIV] status) seen in a uveitis referral center between 1984 and 2014 were reviewed. RESULTS: The study included 35 patients (61 eyes). Panuveitis was the most common type of ocular inflammation (28 eyes), independent of HIV status. Thirty-three of 35 patients received systemic antibiotics with 24 patients treated with intravenous (IV) penicillin only. When compared to the HIV-positive patients, HIV-negative patients with ocular syphilis were older (P < .001), were more likely to be female (P = .004), and had poorer visual acuity at presentation (P = .01). During follow-up, the incidence rates of visual impairment were 0.29 per eye-year (EY; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.06/EY-0.86/EY) and 0.12/EY (95% CI: 0.01/EY-0.42/EY) among the HIV-negative and the HIV-positive patients, respectively. The incidence of blindness was 0.07/EY (95% CI: 0.009/EY-0.27/EY) and 0.06/EY (95% CI: 0.002/EY-0.35/EY) among the HIV-negative and the HIV-positive patients, respectively. Longer duration of uveitis prior to diagnosis and chorioretinitis in the macula at presentation were associated with ≥ 2 Snellen lines of visual loss (P < .01) and visual acuity loss to 20/50 or worse (P = .03) in HIV-negative patients, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Syphilis is an uncommon cause of ocular inflammation in both HIV-negative and HIV-positive patients. Visual loss and ocular complications were common among HIV-negative patients even with systemic antibiotic treatment. Delay of diagnosis and chorioretinitis in the macula were associated with visual loss in these patients.

Epidemiology of Behçet disease.

Behçet disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disorder that is an important cause of morbidity worldwide. BD is most common along the ancient "Silk Road" route in the Far East and Mediterranean basin. The eye is the most commonly involved organ in BD patients.The prototypical form of involvement is a relapsing remitting panuveitis and retinal vasculitis. Less commonly, BD may present in the form of conjunctivitis, conjunctival ulcers, keratitis, episcleritis, scleritis, and extraocular muscle paralysis. Uveitis in BD carries significant implications for the patient, because it is a chronic recurrent disease characterized by explosive attacks of severe inflammation that may cause significant, cumulative damage to the intraocular structures. This review summarizes the epidemiology of systemic and ocular clinical features of BD with particular focus on risk factors, clinical characteristics, complications, and prognosis of BD-associated uveitis.

Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis: an update.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Seasonal hyperacute panuveitis (SHAPU), a mysterious disease of Nepal, has increased the burden of childhood blindness ever since it was described in 1975. Although moths are suspected as the cause, this source is not yet proven. The management of this disease is still not well outlined. This article reviews recent developments in the understanding of SHAPU pathogenesis, clinical features, cause, and preventive measures as well as curative management. RECENT FINDINGS: Smaller summer outbreaks occur every even year together with larger autumn outbreaks every odd year. Vitreous fluid from some cases grew bacteria on culture. Viruses were isolated in one case. Tiny hair follicles have been identified in ocular structures. Several cases had decreased corneal sensation and few cases had iris atrophy. Early vitrectomy is beneficial. Intravitreal vancomycin, amikacin, and dexamethasone injection have given good results. Unlike previous reports, the use of repeated subconjunctival dexamethasone injection was also claimed to reverse the eye disease. However, treatment helped to save the vision in one eye or both only if cases presented early enough (within 7 days) for treatment. SUMMARY: Recent findings have shown a correlation between SHAPU and moths (probably Gazalina); therefore, more research on this moth is urged. Various new findings also hint towards the involvement of microbes; thus, further advanced studies are required to confirm this involvement.

Characteristics of uveitis presenting for the first time in the elderly: analysis of 91 patients in a tertiary center.

PURPOSE: To describe uveitis clinical characteristics in the elderly. METHODS: Retrospective review of 91 patients at the age of 60 or more years at the authors' uveitis tertiary center over a 7-year period. RESULTS: Uveitis in the elderly accounted for 30.1% of this population. Uveitis localization was anterior in 22.0% of patients, intermediate in 8.8%, posterior in 20.9%, while 41.7% patients presented with panuveitis. Sarcoidosis (37.4%) and idiopathic uveitis (36.3%) accounted for the majority of cases, whereas other diagnostic entities accounted for 26.3%. Panuveitis (41.7%) and sarcoidosis (37.4%) were detected at a significantly higher frequency than in the younger population. Contrarily, ankylosing spondylitis and established ophthalmological entities (pars planitis, Birdshot chorioretinopathy, Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis) were more common in patients younger than 60 years old. CONCLUSION: In the authors' experience, sarcoidosis is the leading cause of uveitis in the elderly. Idiopathic uveitis and other specific entities account for less than two-thirds of cases.