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1.
Kyobu Geka ; 77(3): 191-195, 2024 Mar.
Artigo em Japonês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38465491

RESUMO

We experienced a case of surgical aortic valve re-replacement due to structural valve deterioration caused by pannus formation 4 years after transcatheter aortic valve replacement( TAVR). The patient underwent surgery because the mean transvalvular pressure gradient increased to 48 mmHg on echocardiography. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) was useful for predicting the site of adhesion to surrounding tissue preoperatively and exploring the presence of the pannus. Intraoperative findings showed the TAVR valve was covered with neointima except around the origins of the left and right coronary arteries and was firmly adhered to the surrounding tissues. As residual pannus was present in the subvalvular tissues, it was carefully removed. The explanted TAVR valve functioned well with good opening and closure. The postoperative course was uneventful. Pannus formation can result from mechanical stress. TAVR valves put significantly greater stress on the left ventricular outflow tract than surgical valves and may be more likely to cause pannus formation.


Assuntos
Estenose da Valva Aórtica , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Substituição da Valva Aórtica Transcateter , Obstrução da Via de Saída Ventricular Esquerda , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo , Humanos , Substituição da Valva Aórtica Transcateter/efeitos adversos , Pannus , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/efeitos adversos , Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Estenose da Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/diagnóstico por imagem , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/etiologia , Obstrução do Fluxo Ventricular Externo/cirurgia
2.
Radiologia (Engl Ed) ; 66(1): 90-93, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38365358

RESUMO

Prosthetic valve obstruction is a rare but potentially lethal complication. The most frequent causes are thrombus and pannus formation, in the absence of infectious data. Diagnosis is not always easy using cardiac CT scanning and in 46%-85% of cases thrombus and pannus coexist, complicating the diagnosis. A rapid diagnosis is essential to avoid a fatal outcome of this pathology whose mortality, despite correct treatment, is high.


Assuntos
Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Trombose , Humanos , Valva Mitral/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Mitral/patologia , Pannus , Trombose/diagnóstico por imagem , Trombose/etiologia , Trombose/patologia , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/efeitos adversos
5.
ASAIO J ; 69(1): 1-10, 2023 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35649199

RESUMO

Titanium alloys have traditionally been used in blood-contacting cardiovascular devices, including left ventricular assist devices (LVADs). However, titanium surfaces are susceptible to adverse coagulation, leading to thrombogenesis and stroke. To improve hemocompatibility, LVAD manufacturers introduced powder sintering on blood-wetted surfaces in the 1980s to induce endothelialization. This technique has been employed in multiple contemporary LVADs on the pump housing, as well as the interior and exterior of the inflow cannula. Despite the wide adoption of sintered titanium, reported biologic response over the past several decades has been highly variable and apparently unpredictable-including combinations of neointima, pseudoneoimtima, thrombus, and pannus. We present a history of sintered titanium used in LVAD, a review of accumulated clinical outcomes, and a synopsis of gross appearance and composition of various depositions found clinically and in animal studies, which is unfortunately confounded by the variability and inconsistency in terminology. Therefore, this review endeavors to introduce a unified taxonomy to harmonize published observations of biologic response to sintered titanium in LVADs. From these data, we are able to deduce the natural history of the biologic response to sintered titanium, toward development of a deterministic model of the genesis of a hemocompatible neointima.


Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Coração Auxiliar , Trombose , Animais , Titânio , Pannus , Neointima/etiologia , Trombose/etiologia , Coração Auxiliar/efeitos adversos
6.
Clin Orthop Relat Res ; 481(5): 1014-1021, 2023 05 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36218821

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Numerous studies have shown that elevated BMI is associated with adverse outcomes in THA; however, BMI alone does not adequately represent a patient's adipose and soft tissue distribution, especially when the direct-anterior approach is evaluated. Local soft tissue and adipose, especially in the peri-incisional region, has an unknown impact on patient outcomes after direct-anterior THA. Moreover, there is currently no known evaluation method to estimate the quantity of local soft tissue and adipose tissue. The current study introduced a new radiographic parameter that is measurable on supine AP radiographs: the abdominal pannus sign. QUESTION/PURPOSE: Are patients who have an abdominal pannus extending below the upper (cephalad) border of the symphysis pubis more likely to experience problems after anterior-approach THA that are plausibly associated with that finding, including infections resulting in readmission, wound complications resulting in readmission, fractures, or longer surgical time, than patients who do not demonstrate this radiographic sign? METHODS: Between 2015 and 2020, five surgeons performed 727 primary direct-anterior THAs. After exclusion criteria were applied, 596 procedures were included. Of those, we obtained postoperative radiographs in the postanesthesia care unit in 100% of procedures (596 of 596), and 100% of radiographs (596) were adequate for review in this retrospective study. The level of the pannus in relation to the pubic symphysis was assessed on immediate supine postoperative AP radiographs of the pelvis: above (pannus sign 1), between the upper and lower borders (pannus sign 2), or below the level of the pubic symphysis (pannus sign 3). In this study, we combined pannus signs 2 and 3 into a single group for analysis not only because there was a limited number of patients in each group, but also because there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups. Pannus sign 1 was identified in 82% of procedures (486 of 596), and pannus sign ≥ 2 was identified in 18% (110). We compared the groups (pannus sign 1 versus pannus sign ≥ 2) in terms of the percentage of patients who experienced problems within 90 days of THA that might be associated with that physical finding, including infections resulting in readmission including subcutaneous, subfascial, and prosthetic joint infections; wound complications resulting in readmission, defined as dehiscence or delayed healing; and all fractures, and we compared the groups in terms of surgical time-that is, the cut-to-close time. RESULTS: Patients with a pannus sign of ≥ 2 were more likely than those with a pannus sign of 1 to have a postoperative infection (6.4% [seven of 110 procedures] versus 0.6% [three of 486], odds ratio 10.96 [95% confidence interval (CI) 2.83 to 42.38]; p < 0.01), wound complications (0.9% [one of 110] versus 0% [0 of 486] with an infinite odds ratio [95% CI indeterminate]; p = 0.18), and fractures (4.5% [five of 110] versus 0% [0 of 486], with an infinite odds ratio [95% CI indeterminate]; p < 0.01). The mean surgical time was longer in patients with a pannus sign of ≥ 2 than it was in those with a pannus sign of 1 (128 ± 25.3 minutes versus 118 ± 27.5 minutes, mean difference 10 minutes; p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Based on these findings, patients who have an abdominal pannus that extends below the upper (cephalad) edge of the pubic symphysis are at an increased risk of experiencing serious surgical complications. If THA is planned in these patients, an approach other than the direct-anterior approach should be considered. Surgeons performing THA who do not obtain supine radiographs preoperatively should use a physical examination to evaluate for this finding, and if it is present, they should use an approach other than the direct-anterior approach to minimize the risk of these complications. Future studies might compare the abdominal pannus sign using standing radiographs, which are used more often, with other well-documented associated risk factors such as elevated BMI or higher American Society of Anesthesiologists classification. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III, retrospective cohort study.


Assuntos
Artroplastia de Quadril , Humanos , Artroplastia de Quadril/efeitos adversos , Artroplastia de Quadril/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Pannus , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/diagnóstico por imagem , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologia , Radiografia , Fatores de Risco
8.
Front Immunol ; 13: 934061, 2022.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35990694

RESUMO

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) has been recently acknowledged as an ideal biomarker in the early disease course, participating in the pathogenesis of pannus formation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, existing approaches for the detection of or antagonist targeting CTGF are either lacking or unsatisfactory in the diagnosis and treatment of RA. To address this, we synthesized and screened high-affinity single-stranded DNA aptamers targeting CTGF through a protein-based SELEX procedure. The structurally optimized variant AptW2-1-39-PEG was characterized thoroughly for its high-affinity (KD 7.86 nM), sensitivity (minimum protein binding concentration, 2 ng), specificity (negative binding to other biomarkers of RA), and stability (viability-maintaining duration in human serum, 48 h) properties using various biochemical and biophysical assays. Importantly, we showed the antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities of the aptamers obtained using functional experiments and further verified the therapeutic effect of the aptamers on joint injury and inflammatory response in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice, thus advancing this study into actual therapeutic application. Furthermore, we revealed that the binding within AptW2-1-39-PEG/CTGF was mediated by the thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) domain of CTGF using robust bioinformatics tools together with immunofluorescence. In conclusion, our results revealed a novel aptamer that holds promise as an additive or alternative approach for CTGF-targeting diagnostics and therapeutics for RA.


Assuntos
Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos , Artrite Experimental , Artrite Reumatoide , Neovascularização da Córnea , Animais , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/química , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/farmacologia , Aptâmeros de Nucleotídeos/uso terapêutico , Artrite Experimental/diagnóstico , Artrite Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Experimental/metabolismo , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico , Artrite Reumatoide/tratamento farmacológico , Artrite Reumatoide/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/genética , Humanos , Camundongos , Pannus
9.
A A Pract ; 16(1): e01559, 2022 Jan 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35849725

RESUMO

We present a 67-year-old woman who was hemodynamically stable with radiographic evidence of saddle pulmonary embolism (PE) in the main pulmonary artery and mobile thrombus in the right heart. Endovascular thrombectomy was scheduled under general anesthesia. Before anesthesia induction, femoral vessel access was planned under local anesthesia in case emergent cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was needed. Immediately after abdominal pannus retraction was applied for better groin access, the patient developed cardiac arrest, and advanced cardiovascular life support (ACLS) protocol was initiated. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) confirmed acute massive PE. CPB was emergently established. Surgical embolectomy was conducted with successful outcome.


Assuntos
Pannus , Embolia Pulmonar , Doença Aguda , Idoso , Embolectomia/efeitos adversos , Embolectomia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Salas Cirúrgicas , Embolia Pulmonar/etiologia , Embolia Pulmonar/cirurgia , Vigília
10.
World Neurosurg ; 165: 13-17, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35526815

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Retro-odontoid pseudotumors are rare inflammatory complications of atlantoaxial instability often associated with cervical degenerative disease and rheumatoid arthritis. While propagation of these lesions has been shown to cause spinal cord compression and cervical myelopathy, intradural extension has rarely been reported. METHODS: In this manuscript and 2-dimensional illustrative intraoperative video, we demonstrate cervical decompression, removal of the intradural component, and stabilization with C1-2 instrumentation using a posterior approach. A 71-year-old patient presented with progressive cervical myelopathy. Preoperative imaging demonstrated a large retro-odontoid pannus causing severe spinal cord compression and an associated contrast-enhancing intradural lesion, in the absence of obvious C1-2 instability or fractures on computed tomography scan. C1-2 posterior decompression and fusion were performed with maximally safe intradural pannus resection and ventral dural reconstruction. RESULTS: Postoperatively, the patient experienced significant improvement in myelopathic symptoms. Imaging demonstrated good spinal cord decompression with complete intradural pannus resection and debulking of the extradural component. CONCLUSIONS: Our outcome in this rare complication suggests a posterior approach may be effective in treating similar patients.


Assuntos
Processo Odontoide , Compressão da Medula Espinal , Doenças da Medula Espinal , Fusão Vertebral , Idoso , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Processo Odontoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Processo Odontoide/patologia , Processo Odontoide/cirurgia , Pannus , Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Compressão da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Compressão da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças da Medula Espinal/etiologia , Doenças da Medula Espinal/cirurgia , Fusão Vertebral/métodos
12.
Thorac Cardiovasc Surg ; 70(3): 182-188, 2022 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33940657

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to evaluate the occurrence rate and risk factors of subaortic pannus (SAP) after bileaflet mechanical aortic valve (AV) replacement. METHODS: Between 1990 and 2014, 862 patients underwent primary AV replacement with bileaflet mechanical prosthesis. SAP was defined as (1) gradual increase in mean pressure gradient through mechanical AV without any evidence of motion limitation of the leaflets on echocardiography and (2) AV mean pressure gradient >40 mm Hg or AV peak velocity >4 m/s on echocardiography, and (3) any visible subaortic tissue ingrowth beneath the mechanical AV on echocardiography or computed tomography. Clinical and echocardiographic follow-up durations were 13.8 ± 8.0 and 10.7 ± 7.9 years, respectively. RESULTS: Mean age was 51.1 ± 12.1 years and concomitant surgeries were performed in 503 patients (58.4%). Overall survival at 10 and 20 years was 84.2 and 67.1%, respectively. SAP occurred in 33 patients, and in only 2 patients during the first 10 years after surgery. The cumulative incidence of SAP formation at 10, 20, and 25 years were 0.3, 5.0, and 9.9%, respectively. The Fine and Gray model demonstrated that small prosthetic valve size (hazard ratio [HR] [95% confidence interval, CI] = 0.738 [0.575-0.946]), young age (HR [95% CI] = 0.944 [0.909-0.981]), and concomitant mitral valve replacement (MVR) (HR [95% CI] = 3.863 [1.358-10.988]) were significant risk factors for the SAP formation. CONCLUSIONS: SAP occurred gradually over time with 10- and 20-year cumulative incidence of 0.3 and 5.0%, respectively. Young age, small prosthetic valve size, and concomitant MVR were risk factors for SAP formation. Therefore, we recommend efforts to select large prostheses for young patients requiring concomitant MVR.


Assuntos
Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Adulto , Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/efeitos adversos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/efeitos adversos , Implante de Prótese de Valva Cardíaca/métodos , Humanos , Incidência , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pannus , Desenho de Prótese , Reoperação , Fatores de Risco , Resultado do Tratamento
13.
Neurochirurgie ; 68(1): 129-132, 2022 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33667534

RESUMO

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a debilitating inflammatory condition characterised by joint damage that affects the cervical spine most commonly at the atlantoaxial joint resulting in neck pain and myelopathy. The pathogenesis of RA involves the formation of a hyperplastic synovial tissue, termed pannus, which invades the local bone and causes osseous erosion. Here, we describe a case of rapid onset quadriparesis due to spinal cord compression at C5-C6 secondary to vertebral subluxation and mass effect from a large inflammatory pannus in the subaxial spine. Surgical decompression and resection of the subaxial pannus were performed, and the patient regained strength in all extremities. Histopathologic evaluation of the resected tissue confirmed the diagnosis of pannus over other more common epidural masses. Pannus formation commonly occurs in the peri-odontoid region; however, its presentation as a large soft tissue mass in the subaxial spine is not described in the current literature. Therefore, pannus should be considered in the differential diagnosis of epidural masses in the spine of RA patients. We use this case to discuss the pathology and radiological findings relevant to rheumatoid pannus formation in the subaxial cervical spine, as well as emphasise the importance of treatment in the context to severe degenerative disease.


Assuntos
Articulação Atlantoaxial , Luxações Articulares , Compressão da Medula Espinal , Articulação Atlantoaxial/diagnóstico por imagem , Articulação Atlantoaxial/cirurgia , Vértebras Cervicais/diagnóstico por imagem , Vértebras Cervicais/cirurgia , Humanos , Pannus , Compressão da Medula Espinal/diagnóstico por imagem , Compressão da Medula Espinal/etiologia
15.
Arthritis Res Ther ; 23(1): 266, 2021 10 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34702315

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)-induced angiogenesis is a crucial factor in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but CTGF-interacting protein and related molecular mechanism of their interaction have not been fully elucidated. METHODS: CTGF-interacting proteins were identified through the LC-MS/MS analysis of the Co-IP products from fibroblast-like synoviocyte (FLS) lysates, and the interaction between CTGF and annexin A2 (ANXA2) was further confirmed through Co-IP and BiFC assay. The binding domain, mutant, mechanism, and angiogenesis function were assessed by homology modeling, molecular docking, MTT, cell scratch, tube formation, and chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assays. Additionally, severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mouse co-implantation model was constructed to confirm the effect of ANXA2/CTGF-TSP1 in the process of RA in vivo. RESULTS: ANXA2 was identified and verified as an interaction partner of CTGF for the first time by Co-IP and LC-MS/MS analysis. Co-localization of CTGF and ANXA2 was observed in RA-FLS, and direct interaction of the TSP-1 domain of CTGF and ANXA2 was determined in HEK293T cells. The spatial conformation and stable combination of the ANXA2/CTGF-TSP1 complex were assessed by homology modeling in the biomimetic environment. The function of the ANXA2/CTGF-TSP1 complex was proved on promoting FLS proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in vitro and deteriorating FLS invasion and joint damage in SCID mice. CONCLUSIONS: TSP-1 is the essential domain in CTGF/ANXA2 interaction and contributes to FLS migration and pannus formation, inducing the process of RA.


Assuntos
Anexina A2 , Artrite Reumatoide , Animais , Anexina A2/genética , Cromatografia Líquida , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/genética , Fator de Crescimento do Tecido Conjuntivo/metabolismo , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Pannus , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem
16.
Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg ; 69(11): 1511-1514, 2021 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34510334

RESUMO

A 34-year-old woman was hospitalized with shortness of breath and chest tightness and pain. She had undergone aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis at the age of 18 years. Transthoracic echocardiography showed left ventricular asynergy and a high aortic valve pressure gradient. Thus, structural valve deterioration was diagnosed. Coronary computed tomography and coronary angiography revealed left main trunk ostial stenosis that had caused acute anteroseptal myocardial infarction. Urgent surgery revealed pannus formation around the prosthetic valve and covering the ostium of the left main trunk. A Bentall procedure and coronary artery bypass grafting were performed. The postoperative course was uneventful.


Assuntos
Valva Aórtica , Pannus , Adulto , Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Constrição Patológica , Feminino , Humanos
18.
Immunol Med ; 44(4): 246-251, 2021 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34010590

RESUMO

Osteoclasts have a unique capacity to destroy bone, playing key roles in physiological bone remodeling and arthritic bone erosion. It is not known whether the osteoclast populations in different tissue settings arise from similar monocytoid precursors. The rapid progress in the next-generation sequencing technologies has provided many valuable insights into the field of osteoimmunology, and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) can elucidate cellular heterogeneity within the synovial microenvironment. The application of scRNA-Seq to the defined osteoclast precursor (OP)-containing population enabled the identification of individual cells differentiating into mature osteoclasts in the inflamed synovium, which were distinct from conventional OPs in the bone marrow. In addition, an intravital imaging system using multi-photon microscopy has been applied to the synovial tissues of arthritic mice to observe the real-time dynamics of osteoclasts and immune cells in the pannus. These technologies have contributed to elucidate the transcriptomics and dynamics of specific cells involved in pathological osteoclastogenesis, improving our understand of the pathophysiology of inflammatory osteolytic diseases. Here, we review how novel technologies such as scRNA-Seq and intravital imaging help to better understand the pathogenesis of bone erosion and we introduce recent studies that have identified and directly visualized pathological OPs in inflamed synovium.


Assuntos
Artrite Reumatoide , Reabsorção Óssea , Animais , Artrite Reumatoide/diagnóstico por imagem , Camundongos , Osteoclastos , Pannus , Membrana Sinovial
19.
G Ital Cardiol (Rome) ; 22(6): 490-493, 2021 Jun.
Artigo em Italiano | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34037593

RESUMO

We report the case of a 72-year-old female patient admitted for worsening heart failure. The patient had undergone aortic valve replacement with a mechanical prosthesis 28 years before and since then she had several acute heart failure episodes, with a progressive increase in transprosthetic gradients, without identifying a specific cause.We describe the diagnostic tools used to reach a diagnosis, with particular emphasis on the use of cine-fluoroscopy that allowed to make the decisively diagnosis of prosthetic valve dysfunction, subsequently confirmed by cardiac computed tomography (CT). By cine-fluoroscopy, a widespread, easy, low-cost, and safe tool (no need for medium contrast and low radiation dose), it is possible to precisely define the function of the valve leaflets and measure their opening and closing angles, comparing them to the specific reference angles. To make the correct diagnosis we also performed a cardiac CT demonstrating a sub-aortic fibrous pannus. However, although cardiac CT is highly accurate for the identification of valve leaflet neoformations and abnormalities and for the discrimination between thrombotic formations and fibrous pannus, it is burdened by high costs, use of contrast medium, and limited available dedicated devices.


Assuntos
Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Trombose , Idoso , Valva Aórtica/diagnóstico por imagem , Valva Aórtica/cirurgia , Feminino , Fluoroscopia , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Pannus , Falha de Prótese
20.
Cardiovasc Eng Technol ; 12(4): 418-425, 2021 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33880722

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Bioprosthetic heart valves have several modes of failure. Tissue degeneration and calcification are the major modes of failure with the highest focus of attention, however pannus formation can also be problematic. We studied the effect of a new tissue technology with the absence of any glutaraldehyde-based storage solution and a stable aldehyde capping process on pannus formation. METHODS: Using a juvenile sheep model of mitral valve replacement, valves with the new tissue technology were compared to control valves with contemporary bovine pericardial tissue, regarding pannus formation. Valves were implanted for either a 5- or 8-month period. Explanted valves were examined macroscopically and histologically. Histological observations were made by an independent pathologist, blinded to group identity. RESULTS: Pannus area measured macroscopically on the test valves was significantly lower than the pannus on the control tissue. This was confirmed on the histological samples, where the total pannus overgrowth was significantly lower in the test group compared to the control. CONCLUSION: The new tissue technology leads to less pannus formation. This may beneficially influence both short- and long-term valve behavior of bioprosthetic valves.


Assuntos
Bioprótese , Próteses Valvulares Cardíacas , Animais , Bovinos , Valvas Cardíacas , Pannus , Falha de Prótese , Ovinos , Tecnologia
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