The first descriptions of therapeutic arthrocentesis: a historical note.

The existence of synovial fluid has been known since Hippocratic times. The abnormal accumulation of liquid inside the joints has been recognized as the proximal cause of rheumatic diseases since humoral theory was the dominant paradigm in Occidental medical culture. Although evacuating the excess of the abnormal humour was the target of all therapeutic measures taken during this era, no mention of arthrocentesis is found in Occidental medical texts until 1652. We present two earlier indications of arthrocentesis to treat abnormal accumulation of liquid inside the joints. One in the Codex Badianus, an Aztec manuscript written in the 16th century, and the other in the Tractado breve de medicina, published in Mexico in 1592.

Historical aspects of treatment of patients with cirrhosis and ascites.

The most striking feature of the history of treatment of patients with cirrhosis and ascites is the recurring cycle of initial enthusiasm for a new modality based on uncontrolled observations, followed by reports of complications and failures and/or negative randomized control trials (RCTs). The RCTs tend to be performed rather late, after it is realized that there are problems with the new treatment. In 1975 Tom Chalmers made a plea for randomization of the first patient treated with a new modality. The appropriateness of performing RCTs very early in the evaluation of a new treatment cannot be overemphasized today. Carefully designed RCTs that focus on appropriate subsets of patients and evaluate clinically important endpoints (rather than easier-to-measure, but unimportant indirect endpoints) are the keys to "evidence-based medicine" that will lead to the best outcomes for our patients. If we do not remember that uncontrolled studies regularly lead us into years or even decades of "blind alleys" of investigation, we are destined to repeat the mistakes of the past.