RESUMO
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) can be made an attractive approach for identification of Raman-active compounds and biological materials (i.e., toxins, viruses, or intact bacterial cells/spores) through development of reproducible, spatially uniform SERS-active substrates. Recently, reproducible (from substrate-to-substrate), spatially homogeneous (over large areas) SERS-active substrates have been commercialized and are now available in the marketplace. We have utilized these patterned surfaces to acquire SERS spectral signatures of intact bovine papular stomatitis, pseudocowpox, and Yaba monkey tumor viruses. Salient spectral signature features make it possible to discriminate among these genetically distinct Poxviridae-Chordopoxvirinae virions. In addition, partial least-squares, a multivariate calibration method, has been used to develop personal computer-borne algorithms useful for classification of unknown Parapoxvirus (e.g., bovine papular stomatitis virus and pseudocowpox virus) samples based solely on SERS spectral signatures. To our knowledge, this is the first report detailing application of these commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) SERS-active substrates to identification of intact poxviruses.
Assuntos
Parapoxvirus/química , Análise Espectral Raman/métodos , Vírion/química , Animais , Bovinos , Cercopithecus , Parapoxvirus/isolamento & purificação , Vírus da Pseudovaríola das Vacas/química , Vírus da Pseudovaríola das Vacas/isolamento & purificação , Vírion/isolamento & purificação , Vírus do Tumor do Macaco de Yaba/química , Vírus do Tumor do Macaco de Yaba/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
VEGF-A165 plays a central role in neovascularization. The biological activities of VEGF-A165 are largely mediated through KDR. VEGF-A165 also binds to cellular coreceptors, neuropilin-1 (NP-1), and heparin, via its C-terminal domain, resulting in functional modulation. Parapoxvirus-encoded VEGFs (PV-VEGFs), which recognize KDR, possess basic amino acid clusters in their C-terminal regions. Some PV-VEGFs may interact with NP-1; however, the NP-1- and heparin-binding properties have not been fully characterized. Here, we demonstrate that the heparin- and NP-1-binding region of PV-VEGFs is located in its C-terminal tail. Furthermore, the two arginine residues adjacent to the C-terminus greatly contribute to both interactions.
