Centering the Voices of Black Parasitologists During America's Racial Awakening.

During the fall of 2020, several panel discussions were held to highlight the perspectives of Black parasitologists. Here, I summarize the themes from three such discussions, held at the Molecular Parasitology Meeting, Black in Microbiology Week, and the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, respectively.

Field performance of ultrasensitive and conventional malaria rapid diagnostic tests in southern Mozambique.

BACKGROUND: An ultrasensitive malaria rapid diagnostic test (RDT) was recently developed for the improved detection of low-density Plasmodium falciparum infections. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic performance of the PfHRP2-based Abbott Malaria Ag P. falciparum ultrasensitive RDT (uRDT) to that of the conventional SD-Bioline Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT (cRDT) when performed under field conditions. METHODS: Finger-prick blood samples were collected from adults and children in two cross-sectional surveys in May of 2017 in southern Mozambique. Using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) as the reference method, the age-specific diagnostic performance indicators of the cRDT and uRDT were compared. The presence of histidine-rich protein 2 (HRP2) and Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) antigens was evaluated in a subset from dried blood spots by a quantitative antigen assay. pfhrp2 and pfhrp3 gene deletions were assessed in samples positive by RT-qPCR and negative by both RDTs. RESULTS: Among the 4,396 participants with complete test results, the sensitivity of uRDTs (68.2; 95% CI 60.8 to 74.9) was marginally better than that of cRDTs (61.5; 95% CI 53.9 to 68.6) (p-value = 0.004), while the specificities were similar (uRDT: 99.0 [95% CI 98.6 to 99.2], cRDT: 99.2 [95% CI 98.9 to 99.4], p-value = 0.02). While the performance of both RDTs was lowest in ≥ 15-year-olds, driven by the higher prevalence of low parasite density infections in this group, the sensitivity of uRDTs was significantly higher in this age group (54.9, 95% CI 40.3 to 68.9) compared to the sensitivity of cRDTs (39.2, 95% CI 25.8 to 53.9) (p-value = 0.008). Both RDTs detected P. falciparum infections at similar geometric mean parasite densities (112.9  parasites/µL for uRDTs and 145.5 parasites/µL for cRDTs). The presence of HRP2 antigen was similar among false positive (FP) samples of both tests (80.5% among uRDT-FPs and 84.4% among cRDT-FPs). Only one false negative sample was detected with a partial pfhrp2 deletion. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the uRDTs developed by Abbott do not substantially outperform SD-Bioline Pf malaria RDTs in the community and are still not comparable to molecular methods to detect P. falciparum infections in this study setting.

Model of Success: World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology African Foundation (1997-2019).

No abstract available.

Revista médica hondureña: noventa años de aportes en parasitología / Revista Médica Hondureña: ninety years of contributions in parasitology

Antecedentes: Este artículo conmemora el 90 aniversario de la Revista Médica Hondureña. Objetivo: Registrar artículos sobre parasitosis, comentar algunas investigaciones y documentar hallazgos. Metodología: Se consultó la revista en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud de Honduras (www.bvs.hn), separando artículos en parasitología de 1930 a 2019.Los trabajos libres presentados en Congresos Médicos Nacionales en temas de parasitología se identificaron de suplementos 2003-2019. Resultados: Se identificaron 234 publicaciones en parasitología en 12 temas, resaltando 73 artículos sobre malaria, 24 de insectos/arácnidos, 23 en tratamiento, 14 en teniasis y cisticercosis, 12 sobre Enfermedad de Chagas y leishmaniasis, respectivamente, y otros en menor número. Se reconoció la falta de investigación parasitológica. De 624 trabajos libres, 90 (14%) ocuparon temas parasitológicos, 40 en malaria y 17 en Enfermedad de Chagas. Casi ningún trabajo libre se completa a publicación. Discusión: Urgen publicaciones de investigaciones solidas en parasitología desarrolladas cuidadosamente, que fortalezcan el sector salud y provean productos adecuados con metas a reducir desigualdades. La Asociación Hondureña de Parasitología (AHPA), fundada el 23 de junio 2000, promueve el desarrollo de la parasitología en Honduras a través de la investigación científica y actividades de educación continua...(AU)

Building Parasitology Communities to Promote Gender Equality.

In an ideal world, there are equal opportunities for women to enter and progress in all scientific disciplines without bias or prejudice. Here, we share our experiences in building communities of women parasitology and offer easy-to-implement guidelines for scientists and institutions to overcome unconscious bias and create environments with better gender equality and diversity.

Larvas recién nacidas de Trichinella spiralis: cinética de agregación eritrocitaria / Newborn larvae of Trichinella spiralis: erythrocyte aggregation kinetics

El objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar la cinética de agregación eritrocitaria producida por dos concentraciones de larvas recién nacidas (LRN) de Trichinella spiralis. Se trabajó con 5 suspensiones eritrocitarias incubadas con 500 y 1.000±100 LRN/mL durante 120 minutos, con tomas de muestra al tiempo inicial y cada 15 minutos. Los respectivos controles se incubaron de la misma manera con solución salina. Se aplicaron el método de titulación por Polibrene calculando el CexpST y la técnica de análisis de la variancia con las comparaciones múltiples según Tukey. Los resultados mostraron para ambas concentraciones de LRN, que el coeficiente promedio disminuyó con el aumento del tiempo de incubación. En el tratamiento con 1.000 LRN/mL, el coeficiente promedio no presentó diferencias significativas a tiempo 0 y 15 minutos, ni entre 60 y 75 minutos, mientras que con 500 LRN/mL no hubo diferencias entre los tiempos 0, 15 y 30 minutos. Todas las restantes diferencias fueron significativas para ambas concentraciones larvales. El valor promedio de CexpST no difirió significativamente entre los dos tratamientos a tiempo 0 y 15 minutos, pero a todos los otros tiempos fue menor a mayor concentración de larvas. La experiencia realizada indicaría que in vivo, la cantidad de LRN y el tiempo que permanecen en circulación determinan el grado de desializacion eritrocitaria, y por lo tanto el riesgo de activación T y de alteraciones hemorreológicas en el hospedador.

The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of erythrocyte aggregation produced by two concentrations of Trichinella spiralis newborn larvae (NL). Work was performed with 5 erythrocyte suspensions incubated with 500 and 1000 ± 100 NL/mL for 120 minutes, taking samples at the initial time and every 15 minutes. The respective controls were incubated in the same way with saline solution. The Polybrene titration method calculating the CexpST and the variance analysis technique with the multiple comparisons according to Tukey were applied. The results showed that the average coefficient decreased with the rise in incubation time for both NL concentrations. The average coefficient did not present significant differences between the initial time and 15 minutes, nor between 60 and 75 minutes in the treatment with 1000 NL/mL, while there were no differences between 0,15 and 30 minutes in the treatment with 500 NL/mL. All other differences were significant for both larval concentrations. The average value of CexpST did not differ significantly between the two time treatments at zero time and 15 minutes, but at all other times it was less at a higher concentration of larvae. The experience carried out would indicate that in vivo, the amount of NL and the time that they remain in circulation determines the degree of erythrocyte desialylation, and therefore, the risk of T activation and hemorrheological alterations in the host.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a cinética de agregação eritrocitária produzida por duas concentrações de larvas recém nascidas (LRN) de Trichinella spiralis. O trabalho foi feito com 5 suspensões eritrocitárias incubadas com 500 e 1.000 ± 100 LRN/mL por 120 minutos, colhendo amostras no tempo inicial e a cada 15 minutos. Os respectivos controles foram incubados da mesma forma com solução salina. Foi aplicado o método de titulação por Polibreno e se calculou CexpST. e a técnica de análise da variância com as comparações múltiplas de acordo com Tukey. Os resultados mostraram, para ambas as concentrações de LRN, que o o coeficiente médio diminuiu com o aumento do tempo de incubação. No tratamento com 1.000 LRN/mL o coeficiente médio não mostrou diferenças significativas no tempo 0 e 15 minutos ou entre 60 e 75 minutos, ao passo que não houve diferenças com 500 LRN/mL entre tempos 0, 15 e 30 minutos. Todas as restantes diferenças foram significativas para ambas as concentrações de larvas. O valor médio de CexpST não diferiu significativamente entre os dois tratamentos no tempo de 0 e 15 minutos, mas em todos os outros tempos foi menor em maior concentração de larvas. A experiência realizada indicaria que in vivo a quantidade de LRN e o tempo que permanecem em circulação determina o grau de dessialização dos eritrócitos e, portanto, o risco de ativação T e de alterações hemorreológicas no hospedeiro.

Using mixed effects logistic regression models for complex survey data on malaria rapid diagnostic test results.

BACKGROUND: The effect of malaria in Nigeria is still worrisome and has remained a leading public health issue in the country. In 2016, Nigeria was the highest malaria burden country among the 15 countries in sub-Saharan Africa that accounted for the 80% global malaria cases. The purpose of this study is to utilize appropriate statistical models in identifying socio-economic, demographic and geographic risk factors that have influenced malaria transmission in Nigeria, based on malaria rapid diagnostic test survey results. This study contributes towards re-designing intervention strategies to achieve the target of meeting the Sustainable Development Goals 2030 Agenda for total malaria elimination. METHODS: This study adopted the generalized linear mixed models approach which accounts for the complexity of the sample survey design associated with the data. The 2015 Nigeria malaria indicator survey data of children between 6 and 59 months are used in the study. RESULTS: From the findings of this study, the cluster effect is significant [Formula: see text] which has suggested evidence of heterogeneity among the clusters. It was found that the vulnerability of a child to malaria infection increases as the child advances in age. Other major significant factors were; the presence of anaemia in a child, an area where a child resides (urban or rural), the level of the mother's education, poverty level, number of household members, sanitation, age of head of household, availability of electricity and the type of material for roofing. Moreover, children from Northern and South-West regions were also found to be at higher risk of malaria disease and re-infection. CONCLUSION: Improvement of socio-economic development and quality of life is paramount to achieving malaria free Nigeria. There is a strong link of malaria risk with poverty, under-development and the mother's educational level.

The dynamics of Brazilian protozoology over the past century.

Brazilian scientists have been contributing to the protozoology field for more than 100 years with important discoveries of new species such as Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. In this work, we used a Brazilian thesis database (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) covering the period from 1987-2011 to identify researchers who contributed substantially to protozoology. We selected 248 advisors by filtering to obtain researchers who supervised at least 10 theses. Based on a computational analysis of the thesis databases, we found students who were supervised by these scientists. A computational procedure was developed to determine the advisors' scientific ancestors using the Lattes Platform. These analyses provided a list of 1,997 researchers who were inspected through Lattes CV examination and allowed the identification of the pioneers of Brazilian protozoology. Moreover, we investigated the areas in which researchers who earned PhDs in protozoology are now working. We found that 68.4% of them are still in protozoology, while 16.7% have migrated to other fields. We observed that support for protozoology by national or international agencies is clearly correlated with the increase of scientists in the field. Finally, we described the academic genealogy of Brazilian protozoology by formalising the "forest" of Brazilian scientists involved in the study of protozoa and their vectors over the past century.

The Performance of a Rapid Diagnostic Test in Detecting Malaria Infection in Pregnant Women and the Impact of Missed Infections.

BACKGROUND: Intermittent screening and treatment in pregnancy (ISTp) is a potential strategy for the control of malaria during pregnancy. However, the frequency and consequences of malaria infections missed by a rapid diagnostic test (RDT) for malaria are a concern. METHODS: Primigravidae and secundigravidae who participated in the ISTp arm of a noninferiority trial in 4 West African countries were screened with an HRP2/pLDH RDT on enrollment and, in Ghana, at subsequent antenatal clinic (ANC) visits. Blood samples were examined subsequently by microscopy and by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the RDT to detect peripheral blood infections confirmed by microscopy and/or PCR at enrollment ranged from 91% (95% confidence interval [CI], 88%, 94%) in Burkina Faso to 59% (95% CI, 48%, 70% in The Gambia. In Ghana, RDT sensitivity was 89% (95% CI, 85%, 92%), 83% (95% CI, 76%, 90%) and 77% (95% CI, 67%, 86%) at enrollment, second and third ANC visits respectively but only 49% (95% CI, 31%, 66%) at delivery. Screening at enrollment detected 56% of all infections detected throughout pregnancy. Seventy-five RDT negative PCR or microscopy positive infections were detected in 540 women; these were not associated with maternal anemia, placental malaria, or low birth weight. CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of an RDT to detect malaria in primigravidae and secundigravidae was high at enrollment in 3 of 4 countries and, in Ghana, at subsequent ANC visits. In Ghana, RDT negative malaria infections were not associated with adverse birth outcomes but missed infections were uncommon.

The dynamics of Brazilian protozoology over the past century

Brazilian scientists have been contributing to the protozoology field for more than 100 years with important discoveries of new species such asTrypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. In this work, we used a Brazilian thesis database (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) covering the period from 1987-2011 to identify researchers who contributed substantially to protozoology. We selected 248 advisors by filtering to obtain researchers who supervised at least 10 theses. Based on a computational analysis of the thesis databases, we found students who were supervised by these scientists. A computational procedure was developed to determine the advisors’ scientific ancestors using the Lattes Platform. These analyses provided a list of 1,997 researchers who were inspected through Lattes CV examination and allowed the identification of the pioneers of Brazilian protozoology. Moreover, we investigated the areas in which researchers who earned PhDs in protozoology are now working. We found that 68.4% of them are still in protozoology, while 16.7% have migrated to other fields. We observed that support for protozoology by national or international agencies is clearly correlated with the increase of scientists in the field. Finally, we described the academic genealogy of Brazilian protozoology by formalising the “forest” of Brazilian scientists involved in the study of protozoa and their vectors over the past century.

Presenting parasitological data: the good, the bad and the error bar.

Visual displays of data in the parasitology literature are often presented in a way which is not very informative regarding the distribution of the data. An example being simple barcharts with half an error bar on top to display the distribution of parasitaemia and biomarkers of host immunity. Such displays obfuscate the shape of the data distribution through displaying too few statistical measures to explain the spread of all the data and selecting statistical measures which are influenced by skewness and outliers. We describe more informative, yet simple, visual representations of the data distribution commonly used in statistics and provide guidance with regards to the display of estimates of population parameters (e.g. population mean) and measures of precision (e.g. 95% confidence interval) for statistical inference. In this article we focus on visual displays for numerical data and demonstrate such displays using an example dataset consisting of total IgG titres in response to three Plasmodium blood antigens measured in pregnant women and parasitaemia measurements from the same study. This tutorial aims to highlight the importance of displaying the data distribution appropriately and the role such displays have in selecting statistics to summarize its distribution and perform statistical inference.

Rapid diagnostic test supply chain and consumption study in Cabo Delgado, Mozambique: estimating stock shortages and identifying drivers of stock-outs.

BACKGROUND: Malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) are particularly useful in low-resource settings where follow-through on traditional laboratory diagnosis is challenging or lacking. The availability of these tests depends on supply chain processes within the distribution system. In Mozambique, stock-outs of malaria RDTs are fairly common at health facilities. A longitudinal cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate drivers of stock shortages in the Cabo Delgado province. METHODS: Data were collected from purposively sampled health facilities, using monthly cross-sectional surveys between October 2011 and May 2012. Estimates of lost consumption (consumption not met due to stock-outs) served as the primary quantitative indicator of stock shortages. This is a better measure of the magnitude of stock-outs than binary indicators that only measure frequency of stock-outs at a given facility. Using a case study based methodology, distribution system characteristics were qualitatively analysed to examine causes of stock-outs at the provincial, district and health centre levels. RESULTS: 15 health facilities were surveyed over 120 time points. Stock-out patterns varied by data source; average monthly proportions of 59%, 17% and 17% of health centres reported a stock-out on stock cards, laboratory and pharmacy forms, respectively. Estimates of lost consumption percentage were significantly high; ranging from 0% to 149%; with a weighted average of 78%. Each ten-unit increase in monthly-observed consumption was associated with a nine-unit increase in lost consumption percentage indicating that higher rates of stock-outs occurred at higher levels of observed consumption. Causes of stock-outs included inaccurate tracking of lost consumption, insufficient sophistication in inventory management and replenishment, and poor process compliance by facility workers, all arguably stemming from inadequate attention to the design and implementation of the distribution system. CONCLUSIONS: Substantially high levels of RDT stock-outs were found in Cabo Delgado. Study findings point to a supply chain with a commendable degree of sophistication. However, insufficient attention paid to system design and implementation resulted in deteriorating performance in areas of increased need. In such settings fast moving commodities like malaria RDTs can call attention to supply chain vulnerabilities, the findings from which can be used to address other slower moving health commodities.

Malaria diagnostic capacity in health facilities in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Accurate early diagnosis and prompt treatment is one of the key strategies to control and prevent malaria in Ethiopia where both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are sympatric and require different treatment regimens. Microscopy is the standard for malaria diagnosis at the health centres and hospitals whereas rapid diagnostic tests are used at community-level health posts. The current study was designed to assess malaria microscopy capacity of health facilities in Oromia Regional State and Dire Dawa Administrative City, Ethiopia. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from February to April 2011 in 122 health facilities, where health professionals were interviewed using a pre-tested, standardized assessment tool and facilities' laboratory practices were assessed by direct observation. RESULTS: Of the 122 assessed facilities, 104 (85%) were health centres and 18 (15%) were hospitals. Out of 94 health facilities reportedly performing blood films, only 34 (36%) used both thin and thick smears for malaria diagnosis. The quality of stained slides was graded in 66 health facilities as excellent, good and poor quality in 11(17%), 31 (47%) and 24 (36%) respectively. Quality assurance guidelines and malaria microscopy standard operating procedures were found in only 13 (11%) facilities and 12 (10%) had involved in external quality assessment activities, and 32 (26%) had supportive supervision within six months of the survey. Only seven (6%) facilities reported at least one staff's participation in malaria microscopy refresher training during the previous 12 months. Although most facilities, 96 (79%), had binocular microscopes, only eight (7%) had the necessary reagents and supplies to perform malaria microscopy. Treatment guidelines for malaria were available in only 38 (31%) of the surveyed facilities. Febrile patients with negative malaria laboratory test results were managed with artemether-lumefantrine or chloroquine in 51% (53/104) of assessed health facilities. CONCLUSIONS: The current study indicated that most of the health facilities had basic infrastructure and equipment to perform malaria laboratory diagnosis but with significant gaps in continuous laboratory supplies and reagents, and lack of training and supportive supervision. Overcoming these gaps will be critical to ensure that malaria laboratory diagnosis is of high-quality for better patient management.

[Analysis of citing journals and cited journals of 3 core parasitological journals].

OBJECTIVE: To understand the achievement exchange and interpenetration situation between parasitological journals and the journals of other disciplines. METHODS: The citing journals and cited journals of Chinese parasitological journals were analyzed. Three Chinese core journals, namely Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control, and Chinese Journal of Zoonoses, were selected as the study objects. The number and citation times of citing and cited journals from 2002 to 2012 were collected from CNKI. These journals were classified according to China Journal Citation Reports-Expand (2013), and analyzed by the method of bibliometrics. RESULTS: The number of published papers in Chinese Journal of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Journal of Schistosomiasis Control, and Chinese Journal of Zoonoses were 1 160, 1 541 and 2 494 from 2002 to 2012, respectively. The numbers of citing journals of the 3 above journals included by the citation reports were 496, 547 and 592, respectively, the total citation frequencies were 4 778, 9 547 and 8 301, and the average citation frequencies per paper were 4.12, 6.20 and 3.33, respectively. The numbers of the cited journals were 532, 407 and 659, respectively, the total citation frequencies were 4 470, 7 206 and 7 885, and the average citation frequencies per paper were 3.85, 4.68 and 3.16, respectively. The top three disciplines of the citing journals and cited journals were medical and health, basic science, and agricultural sciences, and the top three secondary disciplines belonged to medical and health were general medical and health, preventive medicine and hygiene, and clinical medicine. CONCLUSION: There is an extensive exchange between parasitology journals and other journals, which promotes the exchange between parasitology and other relevant disciplines.

Estimating prevalence: a confidence game.

Prevalence is one of the few estimates that rarely are reported with an appropriate measure of error in the parasitological literature. A minimum sample size recommendation of 15 samples, based on the relationship between sample size and standard error, likely has led to a false degree of confidence because of the nonlinear relationship between standard error and "true" 95% confidence intervals (as determined by Monte Carlo simulation or integration of the Bayesian posterior). Given that 95% confidence intervals for proportions are influenced by both sample size and the actual estimate of the proportion, there is no "gold standard" sample size beyond which estimates of binomial proportions can be considered "reliable." This necessitates the reporting of confidence interval estimates that have been shown to be conservative, such as the Clopper-Pearson estimate, or robust, such as the Wilson score approximation, or the computationally intensive integration of the Bayesian posterior.

Frequency of presentation of bovine cutaneous pythiosis (Pythium insidiosum) in three cattle farms in Cordoba, Colombia / Frecuencia de presentación de Pythiosis Cutánea Bovina (Pythiuminsidiosum) en tres explotaciones ganaderas de Córdoba, Colombia / Freqüência de apresentação da Pitiose Cutânea Bovina (Pythiuminsidiosum) em 3 fazendas em Córdoba, Colômbia

The skin pythiosis is a chronic granulomatous, often pruriginous, rapidly progressive illness, caused by Pythium insidiosum. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of occurrence of bovine cutaneous pythiosis (Pythium insidiosum) in three farms in the department of Cordoba, Colombia. A prospective study in animals was performed, for convenience, between May and August 2011. 72 cattle with granulomatous skin lesions compatible with Pythiosis were evaluated clinical, epidemiological and histopathologically, from 187 cows belonging to three farms located in flood zones in the department of Cordoba, Colombia. The frequency of occurrence of bovine cutaneous Pythiosis in 3 cattle farms in Córdoba department, Colombia was 38,5%. It was concluded that clinical and epidemiological manifestations, macroscopic characteristics of the skin lesions and pathological findings, reported a median pythiosis presence of bovine dermal three farms located in flood zones of the department of Cordoba, Colombia.

La Pythiosis cutánea es una enfermedad crónica, granulomatosa, a menudo pruriginosa y rápidamente progresiva, causada por el Pythium insidiosum. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de presentación de pythiosis cutánea bovina en tres explotaciones ganaderas del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo prospectivo en animales a conveniencia, entre los meses de mayo y agosto de 2011. Fueron evaluados clínica, epidemiológica e histopatológicamente 72 bovinos con lesiones cutáneas granulomatosas compatibles con Pythiosis, a partir de 187 bovinos pertenecientes a tres explotaciones ganaderas ubicadas en zonas inundables del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. La frecuencia de la enfermedad fue de 38.5%. Se concluye que por las manifestaciones clínico-epidemiológicas, las características macroscópicas de las lesiones cutáneas y los hallazgos histopatológicos, se informa una mediana presencia de pythiosis cutánea en bovinos de tres explotaciones ganaderas ubicadas en zonas inundables del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia.

A pitiose cutânea é uma doença granulomatosa crônica, muitas vezes pruriginosa e rapidamente progressiva, causada por Pythium insidiosum. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a freqüência de ocorrência de pitiose cutânea bovina (Pythium insidiosum) em três fazendas no departamento de Córdoba, Colômbia. Foi realizado um estudo prospectivo em animais a conveniência, entre Maio e Agosto de 2011. Foram avaliados clínica, epidemiológica e histopatologicamente 72 bovinos com lesões cutâneas granulomatosas compatíveis com pitiose, a partir de 187 bovinos pertencentes a 3 fazendas localizadas em zonas inundáveis, no departamento de Córdoba, Colômbia. A freqüência de ocorrência de pitiose cutânea bovina em 3 fazendas no departamento de Córdoba, Colômbia foi de 38,5%. Concluímos que as manifestações clínicas e epidemiológicas, características macroscópicas das lesões de pele e achados patológicos, relatou uma presença mediana de pitiose bovina cutânea em 3 fazendas localizadas em zonas inundáveis no departamento de Córdoba, na Colômbia.

Review: analysis of parasite and other skewed counts.

OBJECTIVE: To review methods for the statistical analysis of parasite and other skewed count data. METHODS: Statistical methods for skewed count data are described and compared, with reference to a 10-year period of Tropical Medicine and International Health (TMIH). Two parasitological datasets are used for illustration. RESULTS: The review of TMIH found 90 articles, of which 89 used descriptive methods and 60 used inferential analysis. A lack of clarity is noted in identifying the measures of location, in particular the Williams and geometric means. The different measures are compared, emphasising the legitimacy of the arithmetic mean for the skewed data. In the published articles, the t test and related methods were often used on untransformed data, which is likely to be invalid. Several approaches to inferential analysis are described, emphasising (1) non-parametric methods, while noting that they are not simply comparisons of medians, and (2) generalised linear modelling, in particular with the negative binomial distribution. Additional methods, such as the bootstrap, with potential for greater use are described. CONCLUSIONS: Clarity is recommended when describing transformations and measures of location. It is suggested that non-parametric methods and generalised linear models are likely to be sufficient for most analyses.

[Current panorama of the teaching of microbiology and parasitology in Spain]. / Panorama actual de la docencia de la especialidad de microbiología y parasitología en España.

The training program of residents in microbiology and parasitology in Spain includes clinical skills, ranging from the diagnostic approach to the patient and adequate sample collection for diagnosis of infectious diseases to antimicrobial therapy and infection control measures. Training also includes new challenges in clinical microbiology that ensure residents' participation in infection control programs of health-care associated infections, training in the resolution of public health problems, and application of new molecular microbiology methods. Specialization in clinical microbiology may be undertaken by graduates in Medicine, Biology, Biochemistry and Chemistry. The training is performed in accredited microbiology laboratories at different hospitals (n = 61) across the country through 4-year residency programs. In the last few years, there has been a major imbalance between the number of intended residents (0.17 per 100,000 inhabitants) and those graduating as specialists in clinical microbiology (0.13 per 100,000 inhabitants), with wide variations across the country. The current tendency in Europe is to strengthen the role of clinical microbiologists as key figures in the diagnosis of infectious diseases and in public health microbiology. Training programs have been hampered by the practice of sending samples for microbiological tests to external, centralized multipurpose laboratories with few clinical microbiologists and without a core curriculum. Essential elements in the training of specialists in clinical microbiology are a close relationship between the laboratory and the clinical center and collaboration with other specialists.

Adaptação ao Método de Ritchie para diagnóstico de Helmintos e Protozoários em amostras de lodo de esgoto com minimização de produtos químicos / La adaptación del Método de Ritchie para la diagnosis de Helmintos y protozoos en muestras de aguas residuales con minimización de productos químicos / Adaptation of Ritchie Method for diagnosing Helminthes and Protozoa in samples of sewage silt with chemical substances minimization

O Método de Ritchie (1948) é uma metodologia eficiente para diagnóstico parasitário em matrizes ambientais, porém apresenta como desvantagem o uso do éter etílico e formaldeído, reagentes toxicológicos para a saúde ambiental e ocupacional. O objetivo do estudo foi padronizar uma técnica adaptada do Método de Ritchie para identificação de parasitas em lodo de esgoto, que evite o uso de substâncias tóxicas e possa ser utilizada em laboratórios de parasitologia. Amostras de lodo foram submetidas ao Método Ritchie (MR) e ao Método de Ritchie Modificado por Régis Anécimo (MRMRA), no qual substancias químicas são substituídas por água a 45 graus Ce detergente neutro. Os resultados demonstraram que, no MR, a porcentagem de Ancylostoma sp foi de 19%, Hymenolepis sp 79%, Ascaris sp 2% e Trichuris trichiura 0%, em um total de 1970 helmintos visualizados. Porém, no MRMRA, a porcentagem de Ancylostoma sp foi de 56%, Hymenolepis sp 40%, Ascaris sp 4% e Tricuris trichiura 0%, em um total de 398 helmintos. Avaliando quantitativamente o MRMRA foi menos eficiente, pois esses resultados demonstraram uma diferença significativa de helmintos visualizados entre os métodos. Porém, enquanto análise qualitativa, a técnica pode ser considerada válida, uma vez que a qualidade da visualização dos parasitas é correspondente em ambos os métodos. Pode ser concluído que o MRMRA é um método simples de realizar e de fácil implementação na rotina de laboratórios e estações de tratamento de esgoto.

El Método de Ritchie (1948) es una metodología eficiente para diagnosticar organismos parásitos en matrices ambientales, pero el uso de del éter etílico y del formaldehído es una desventaja, vez que son reactivos tóxicos para el ambiente y la salud ocupacional. El objetivo de este estudio fue estandardizar una técnica conveniente del Método de Ritchie como para la identificación de parásitos en el légamo de las aguas residuales, técnica que evita el uso de sustancias tóxicas y se puede utilizar en laboratorios parasitológicos. Las muestras de légamo fueron sometidas al Método de Ritchie (MR) y al Método de Ritchie Modificado por Régis Anécimo (MMRRA), en el cual quien el agua en 45 grados C y detergente neutral substituyen las sustancias químicas. Los resultados demuestran que en RM el porcentaje de Ancylostoma sp fue 19%, Hymenolepis sp 79%, Ascaris sp 2% y Trichuris trichiura 0% de un total de 1970 helmintos, mientras que enel MRMRA el porcentaje del de Ancylostoma sp fue 56%, Hymenolepis sp 40%, Ascaris sp 4% y Trichuris trichiura 0% de un total de 398 helmintos. Cuantitativamente evaluado MRMRA fue menos eficiente, porque estos resultados demuestran una diferencia significativa de los helmintos identificados por los métodos. Sin embargo, un análisis cualitativo demuestra que la técnica es válida, puesto que la calidad de la identificación de los parásitos está igual en ambos métodos. Se puede concluir que MRMRA es un método simple y fácil como para ser utilizado en la rutina de laboratorios y de estaciones del tratamiento de aguas residuales.

Ritchie Method (1948) is an efficient methodology for diagnosing parasitic organisms in environmental matrixes, but the use of ethylic ether and formaldehyde is an disadvantage, for these are toxic reagents that damages the environment and affects occupational health. The objective of this study was to standardize a suitable technique of Ritchie Method for the identification of parasites in sewage silt, which avoids the use of toxic substances and can be used in parasitological laboratories. Samples of silt were submitted to Ritchie Method (RM) and Method of Modified Ritchie by Régis Anécimo (MMRRA), in which water at 45 degrees C and neutral detergent substitute for chemical substances. Results show that in RM the percentage of Ancylostoma sp was 19%, Hymenolepis sp 79%, Ascaris sp 2% and Trichuris trichiura 0% from a total of 1970 visualized helminthes, whereas in MRMRA the percentage of Ancylostoma sp was 56%, Hymenolepis sp 40%, Ascaris sp 4% and Tricuris trichiura 0% in a total of 398 helminthes. Evaluated quantitatively MRMRA was less efficient, for these results show a significant difference in the number of helminthes identified by the methods. However, a qualitative analysis shows the technique to be valid, since the quality of parasites identification is the same in both methods. We may conclude that MRMRA is a simple and easy method to be used in the routine of laboratories and sewage treatment stations.