A new and simple method for patellar height measurement: Fibula-condyle-patella angle.

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to evaluate the inter-observer reliability of fibula-condyle-patella angle measurements and to compare it with other measurement techniques. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between January 01, 2023 and January 31, 2023, a total of 108 patients (20 males, 88 females; mean age: 47.5±12.0 years; range, 18 to 72 years) who underwent X-rays using the fibula-condyle-patella angle, Insall-Salvati, Caton-Deschamps, Blackburne-Pell, and plateau-patella angle (PPA) methods were retrospectively analyzed. Knee lateral radiographs taken in at least 30 degrees of flexion and appropriate rotation were scanned. All measurements were made by two orthopedic surgeons who were blinded to measurement methods. RESULTS: Right knee patellar height measurements were conducted in 56 patients, while left knee patellar heights were assessed in 52 patients. The highest inter-observer concordance was found in the fibula-condyle-patella angle. The second highest concordance was found in the Insall-Salvati. The highest concordance correlation was found with PPA in the measurements of both researchers. CONCLUSION: The fibula-condyle-patella angle is a reliable technique with a good inter-observer reliability for measuring patellar height. We believe that this study will inspire future research to establish comprehensive reference values for clinical applications.

Evaluation of the relationship between the anatomical characteristics of the vastus medialis obliquus muscle and the patella chondral lesion occurrence.

OBJECTIVES: The study aims to investigate the relationship between the vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) muscle distal insertion features and patellar chondral lesion presence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included a total of 100 patients (18 males, 82 females, mean age 67.2±7.1 years; range, 50 to 86 years) who underwent total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Radiological assessments, including merchant view and standing orthoroentgenograms, were conducted. The current osteoarthritis stage, varus angle, quadriceps angle (Q angle), patella-patellar tendon angle (P-PT angle), congruence angle, and sulcus angle were calculated. The VMO tendon length, muscle fiber angle, tendon insertion width measurements, and patellar chondral lesion localization data were obtained intraoperatively. Grouping was done according to the distal insertion width of the VMO tendon to the medial edge of the patella. The medial rim of the patella was divided into three equal-sized sectors. The first group (Group 1, n=31) consisted of patients who had an insertion from the quadriceps tendon into the upper one-third of the patella. The second group (Group 1, n=48) consisted of patients with a distal insertion expanding into the middle one-third of the patella. The third group (Group 3, n=21) consisted of patients who had a distal insertion extending into the distal third region of the medial patella margin. The patella joint surface was divided into sectors, and the presence and location of cartilage lesions were noted in detail. RESULTS: The mean tendon insertion width rate was 45.99±16.886% (range, 16.7 to 83.3%). The mean muscle fiber insertion angle was 51.85±11.67º (range, 20º to 80º). The mean tendon length was 12.45±3.289 (range, 4 to 20) mm. There was no significant difference between the mean age, weight, height, body mass index, BMI, fiber angle, tendon length, varus angle, Q angle, sulcus angle, and congruence angle data among the groups. In terms of the P-PT angle, Groups 1 and 2 had a significant relationship (p=0.008). No relationship was found between the mean fiber insertion angle, mean tendon length, or the presence of chondral lesions. There was a statistically significant difference among the groups regarding the presence of chondral lesions. The highest percentage of chondral lesion frequency was observed in Group 3 (95.24%), followed by Group 1 (90.3%) and Group 2 (89.6%), respectively. Compared to the other two groups, Group 3 had a higher average ratio of lesion areas per patient. CONCLUSION: Our study results demonstrate that the formation and localization of the patellar chondral lesions are affected by the insertion width type of the VMO muscle into the patella. Group 2-type insertion is associated with a lower lesion frequency rate than Groups 1 and 3.

Relationship Between Prepatellar Fat Thickness and Bone Mineral Density.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) by measuring the prepatellar fat thickness with knee radiography and to gain a measurement method that has not been done before in the literature. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional descriptive study. Place and Duration of the Study: Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Training and Research Hospital, Sanliurfa, Turkiye, between January and June 2020. METHODOLOGY: Patients' age, body mass index (BMI) data, prepatellar fat thickness (mm), L1-L4 total, bone mineral density femoral neck, femur trochanter major, and femur total T scores were recorded. The relationships between these three groups (normal, osteopenia, osteoporosis) and between prepatellar fat tissue measurement were evaluated. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Tukey tests were used in the analysis. RESULTS:  A statistically significant difference was found in terms of trochanter major T score measurements (X2 = 20.435; p <0.001) and BMI (X2 = 66.535; p <0.001) measurements of prepatellar fat thickness measurement. A statistically significant difference was found between the three groups in terms of prepatellar fat thickness measurement, L1-4 T-score, femoral neck, and femur total values (p <0.001). CONCLUSION:  Prepatellar fat thickness in postmenopausal Turkish women was positively correlated with BMD; BMD increases as the prepatellar fat thickness increases. This explains that perapatellar fat thickness creates a mechanical load on the bones and causes an increase in BMD. KEY WORDS: Osteoporosis, Fat thickness, Bone mineral density.

Management of complete intra-articular distal femur and patellar fractures in an achondroplastic young adult; small is challenging' revisited: a case-report.

BACKGROUND: People with achondroplasia exhibit distinct physical characteristics, but their cognitive abilities remain within the normal range. The challenges encountered during surgical procedures and perioperative care for achondroplastic individuals, are underrepresented in the existing literature. CASE PRESENTATION: In this report, the management of a 26-year-old North-African achondroplastic male is highlighted. The patient suffered a complete intra-articular distal femur fracture (AO/OTA 33-C1) and an ipsilateral patella fracture (AO/OTA 34-C1). The patient's unusual anatomical variations and the lack of suitable orthopedic implants posed significant surgical challenges, particularly in the context of a resource-limited developing country. Facial and spinal deformities, which are common in patients with achondroplasia, further complicated the anesthetic approach. CONCLUSIONS: The limited information on operative management of fractures in achondroplastic patients necessitated independent decision-making and diverging from the convenient approach where clear guidance is available in the literature.

Patellar Instability: Imaging Findings.

Patellofemoral instability results from impaired engagement of the patella in the trochlear groove at the start of flexion and may lead to pain and lateral patellar dislocation. It occurs most frequently in adolescents and young adults during sporting activities. Trochlear dysplasia, patella alta, and excessive lateralization of the tibial tuberosity are the most common risk factors for patellar instability. The main role of imaging is to depict and assess these anatomical factors and highlight features indicating previous lateral dislocation of the patella.

Patella Cartilage Status Does Not Affect the Clinical Outcomes of Non-resurfaced Patella in Mobile-Bearing Total Knee Arthroplasty.

Background: During total knee arthroplasty (TKA), patellar retention is performed when the cartilage is fairly well preserved and the thickness of the patella is relatively thin. However, clinical outcomes of the non-resurfaced patella in TKA according to the cartilage status are lacking in the literature. The purpose of this study was to compare patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) according to the grade and location of the patellar cartilage lesion in TKA patients. Methods: The outcomes of 165 osteoarthritis patients (186 knees) who underwent cemented mobile-bearing TKA without patellar resurfacing were assessed and classified according to the grade and location of the patellar cartilage lesion. PROMs using the Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis index, the Knee Society Score (Knee Society Function Score and Knee Society Knee Score), and the Hospital for Special Surgery score were evaluated preoperatively and at postoperative 2, 4, 6, and 8 years. The correlations between PROMs and the grade and location of the cartilage lesion were assessed. Additionally, radiologic outcomes including the patellar tilt angle and patellar height were assessed and their correlation with the grade of cartilage lesion was analyzed. Analysis of variance was used to determine statistical significance. Results: There was no significant difference between PROMs according to the grades and locations of cartilage lesions at any postoperative follow-up. Radiologic parameters also showed no significant differences according to the grades of patellar cartilage lesions. Conclusions: The grade and location of the patellar cartilage lesion had no influence on clinical outcomes in mobile-bearing TKA with patellar retention at short- and long-term follow-up.

Reconstruction of the extensor mechanism using polypropylene mesh in a displaced pathological fracture of the patella affected by giant cell tumour.

A man in his 30s came to our clinic with a year-long history of progressive pain and swelling in his knee. Diagnostic imaging revealed a displaced patellar fracture with an osteolytic, septated lesion and thinned expanded cortex in both fracture fragments. A core needle biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of giant cell tumour. Treatment involved wide excision of the tumour and the use of polypropylene mesh and a peroneal longus tendon autograft to reconstruct the extensor mechanism of the knee joint. One year postoperatively, the patient experienced no pain, demonstrated full range of motion and showed no signs of functional impairment or local tumour recurrence. This case highlights that reconstruction of the extensor mechanism of the knee after tumour excision with synthetic mesh is an affordable, user-friendly and widely accessible method. It can address large defects effectively while minimising the risks of disease transmission and graft lengthening, resulting in satisfactory outcomes.

The Importance of Medial Patellar Shape as a Risk Factor for Recurrent Patellar Dislocation in Adults.

BACKGROUND: Research on the cause of lateral patellar dislocation (LPD) has focused on trochlear morphologic parameters, joint alignment, and patellofemoral soft tissue forces. A paucity of information is available regarding how patellar morphologic parameters influence the risk for LPD. PURPOSE/HYPOTHESIS: The purpose was to assess whether patellar morphology is a risk factor for recurrent LPD. It was hypothesized that (1) patients with recurrent LPD would have decreased patellar width and volume and (2) patellar morphologic parameters would accurately discriminate patients with recurrent LPD from controls. STUDY DESIGN: Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3. METHODS: A total of 21 adults with recurrent LPD (age, 29.7 ± 11.1 years; height, 170.8 ± 9.9 cm; weight, 76.1 ± 17.5 kg; 57% female) were compared with 21 sex- and height-matched controls (age, 27.2 ± 6.7 years; height, 172.0 ± 10.6 cm; weight, 71.1 ± 12.8 kg; 57% female). Three-dimensional axial fat-saturated magnetic resonance imaging scans were used to measure patellar medial, lateral, and total width; patellar volume; patellar medial and lateral facet length; the Wiberg index; and previously validated knee joint alignment and femoral shape measurements (eg, tibial tuberosity to trochlear groove distance, trochlear dysplasia). RESULTS: The LPD group demonstrated reduced medial patellar width (Δ = -3.6 mm; P < .001) and medial facet length (Δ = -3.7 mm; P < .001) but no change in lateral width or facet length. This resulted in decreased total patellar width (Δ = -3.2 mm; P = .009), decreased patellar volume (Δ = -0.3 cm3; P = .025), and an increased Wiberg index (Δ = 0.05; P < .001). No significant differences were found for all other patellar shape measures between cohorts. Medial patellar width was the strongest single discriminator (83.3% accuracy) for recurrent LPD. Combining medial patellar width, patellofemoral tilt, and trochlear groove length increased the discrimination to 92.9%. CONCLUSION: The medial patellar width was significantly smaller in patients with recurrent LPD and was the single most accurate discriminator for recurrent LPD, even compared with traditional trochlear shape and joint alignment measures (eg, trochlear dysplasia, patella alta). Therefore, medial patellar morphology should be assessed in patients with LPD as a risk factor for recurrence and a potential means to improve treatment.

Effect of Patellar Morphology on the Risk of Osteochondral Fracture after Patellar Dislocation: A Cross-sectional Study.

OBJECTIVE: The risk of osteochondral fracture (OCF) after patellar dislocation has been shown to be related to patellofemoral anatomy, but its relationship to patellar morphology remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between patellar morphology and the risk of OCF after patellar dislocation. METHODS: A total of 140 patients with patellar dislocation between January 2018 and June 2023 were enrolled in this study and divided into two groups. Sixty-five patellar dislocation patients with OCF were included in the OCF group, while 75 patellar dislocation patients without OCF were included in the non-OCF group. Computed tomography was used to compare measurements of patellar morphology including Wiberg classification, patellar width and thickness, Wiberg angle, Wiberg index, facet ratio, lateral patellar facet angle, and patellar tilt angle. A logistic regression model was performed to evaluate the correlations between patellar morphology and the risk of OCF after patellar dislocation. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) and determine the diagnostic values of patellar morphology for OCF after patellar dislocation. Subgroup analyses for gender and age were conducted to compare the differences in patellar morphology of PD patients. RESULTS: Wiberg angle was significantly lower in the OCF group (p = 0.017), while Wiberg index (p = 0.002) and facet ratio (p = 0.023) were significantly higher in the OCF group. According to the results of logistic regression analysis, Wiberg angle (odds ratio [OR] = 0.96, p = 0.022) and Wiberg index (OR = 1.105, p = 0.032) were the final relevant factors for the occurrence of OCF after patellar dislocation. The AUC was 0.622 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.529-0.714) for Wiberg angle, 0.65 (95% CI: 0.558-0.742) for Wiberg index, and 0.702 (95% CI: 0.615-0.788) for the combination of Wiberg angle plus Wiberg index. CONCLUSION: Wiberg angle and Wiberg index were independent risk factors for the occurrence of osteochondral fracture after patellar dislocation. Moreover, Wiberg angle, Wiberg index, and the combination of Wiberg angle plus Wiberg index had good predictive diagnostic value for the occurrence of OCF after patellar dislocation.

A retrospective investigation on clinical and radiographic outcomes of distal tibial fractures after intramedullary nailing using the lateral parapatellar extra-articular approach.

INTRODUCTION: According to reports, the modified extra-articular parapatellar approach allows the performance of tibial nailing in the semi-extended position without the concern of joint violation. However, there remains no special study that has provided a detailed assessment of the benefits and risks of this approach for treating distal tibial fractures (DTFs). The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the clinical and radiological outcomes of patients with DTFs after intramedullary nailing using a lateral parapatellar extra-articular (LPE) approach in comparison to using the suprapatellar (SP) and transpatellar (TP) approaches. METHODS: Data were collected from 99 patients with a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Comparisons were conducted between the groups regarding the number of intraoperative fluoroscopies, complications, knee pain, knee range of motion (ROM), the Lysholm Knee Scale (LKS), the Olerud-Molander Ankle Score (OMAS) and radiological findings. RESULTS: The demographic characteristics were comparable between the groups. Fewer intraoperative fluoroscopies were performed in the LPE (27.47 ± 4.98) and SP (26.03 ± 5.12) groups than in the TP group (30.20 ± 7.42; P<0.001). When compared with the other two approaches, the LPE approach was associated with less knee pain (P<0.001) and better knee ROM (P<0.001) at one week postoperative. No significant intergroup differences were detected in the incidence of complications, LKS scores (P = 0.687) and OMAS (P = 0.926). Radiological findings demonstrated that postoperative tibial alignment (P = 0.853), the time of bony union and rate of non-union were similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: The LPE approach can serve as a safe and effective option for tibial nailing, as it offers favourable outcomes in knee pain relief and knee ROM in the early postoperative period and is equivalent to the other two approaches in terms of the incidence of complications, fracture healing, functional recovery and postoperative alignment for patients with DTFs.

Patellar osteochondritis dissecans: maturation-dependent patellofemoral joint characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The likelihood of healing of osteochondritis dissecans decreases with skeletal maturity and there are theories that abnormal biomechanical forces contribute to the development and progression of these lesions. OBJECTIVE: To characterize, according to regional skeletal maturity, the morphology and alignment indices of the patellofemoral joint on MRI in patients with patellar osteochondritis dissecans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MRI examinations of patients with patellar osteochondritis dissecans obtained between January 2008 and May 2023 were retrospectively reviewed to determine regional skeletal maturity, osteochondritis dissecans lesion size and location, patellar and trochlear morphology (Wiberg/Dejour classifications), and to calculate trochlear sulcus angles, trochlear depth index, lateral trochlear inclination, Insall-Salvati index, Caton-Deschamps index, patellar tendon-lateral trochlear ridge, and tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distances. Values were compared between skeletally immature and mature groups. RESULTS: Sixty-eight children (22 girls, 46 boys, age: 14.0 ± 1.7 years) yielded 74 knees with patellar osteochondritis dissecans lesions, 14 (19%) of which were skeletally mature. The most common anatomic location was over the central patella [median ridge (34/74 - 46%) on the axial images and over the middle third (45/74 - 61%) on the sagittal images]. Overall, mean trochlear sulcus angle (high, 151 ± 11°), trochlear depth index (low, 2.8 ± 1.4 mm), and Insall-Salvati index (borderline, 1.3 ± 0.1) were abnormal for the entire sample. Skeletally mature knees were significantly more likely to have higher (more dysplastic) Dejour types when compared to skeletally immature knees (p < 0.01). Knees in the mature group, compared to immature, had significantly more abnormal mean lateral trochlear inclination (15 ± 8° vs. 19 ± 6°, p = 0.03) and patellar tendon-lateral trochlear ridge distance (5.55 ± 4.31 mm vs. 2.89 ± 4.69 mm, p = 0.04). Half of the knees had ≥ 4 abnormal features that predispose to patellofemoral maltracking; mature knees were significantly (p = 0.02) more likely to have a higher number of abnormal features (> 6 features, 7/14, 50.0%) versus immature knees (0-3 features, 33/60, 55.0%). CONCLUSION: In children with patellar osteochondritis dissecans, abnormal patellofemoral morphology and alignment indices were common in all patients and more severe in mature knees.

Adaptive Fusion of Deep Learning With Statistical Anatomical Knowledge for Robust Patella Segmentation From CT Images.

Kneeosteoarthritis (KOA), as a leading joint disease, can be decided by examining the shapes of patella to spot potential abnormal variations. To assist doctors in the diagnosis of KOA, a robust automatic patella segmentation method is highly demanded in clinical practice. Deep learning methods, especially convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have been widely applied to medical image segmentation in recent years. Nevertheless, poor image quality and limited data still impose challenges to segmentation via CNNs. On the other hand, statistical shape models (SSMs) can generate shape priors which give anatomically reliable segmentation to varying instances. Thus, in this work, we propose an adaptive fusion framework, explicitly combining deep neural networks and anatomical knowledge from SSM for robust patella segmentation. Our adaptive fusion framework will accordingly adjust the weight of segmentation candidates in fusion based on their segmentation performance. We also propose a voxel-wise refinement strategy to make the segmentation of CNNs more anatomically correct. Extensive experiments and thorough assessment have been conducted on various mainstream CNN backbones for patella segmentation in low-data regimes, which demonstrate that our framework can be flexibly attached to a CNN model, significantly improving its performance when labeled training data are limited and input image data are of poor quality.

Effects of alendronate on cartilage lesions and micro-architecture deterioration of subchondral bone in patellofemoral osteoarthritic ovariectomized rats with patella-baja.

BACKGROUND: Patellofemoral osteoarthritis (PFJOA) is a subtype of knee OA, which is one of the main causes of anterior knee pain. The current study found an increased prevalence of OA in postmenopausal women, called postmenopausal OA. Therefore, we designed the ovariectomized rat model of patella baja-induced PFJOA. Alendronate (ALN) inhibits osteoclast-mediated bone loss, and has been reported the favorable result of a potential intervention option of OA treatment. However, the potential effects of ALN treatment on PFJOA in the ovariectomized rat model are unknown and need further investigation prior to exploration in the clinical research setting. In this study, the effects of ALN on articular cartilage degradation and subchondral bone microstructure were assessed in the ovariectomized PFJOA rat model for 10 weeks. METHODS: Patella baja and estrogen withdrawal were induced by patellar ligament shortening (PLS) and bilateral ovariectmomy surgeries in 3-month-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively. Rats were randomly divided into five groups (n = 8): Sham + V; OVX + V, Sham + PLS + V, OVX + PLS + V, OVX + PLS + ALN (ALN: 70 µg/kg/week). Radiography was performed to evaluate patellar height ratios, and the progression of PFJOA was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic analyses, immunohistochemistry and micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). RESULTS: Our results found that the patella baja model prepared by PLS can successfully cause degeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone, resulting in changes of PFJOA. OVX caused a decrease in estrogen levels in rats, which aggravated the joint degeneration caused by PFJOA. Early application of ALN can delay the degenerative changes of articular cartilage and subchondral bone microstructure in castrated PFJOA rat to a certain extent, improve and maintain the micrometabolism and structural changes of cartilage and subchondral bone. CONCLUSION: The early application of ALN can delay the destruction of articular cartilage and subchondral bone microstructure in castrated PFJOA rat to a certain extent.

Exploring osteochondral damage patterns in acute patellar dislocation: insights into morphological associations and risk factors.

Osteochondral damage (OD) is a significant outcome following acute patellar dislocation (APD), yet the factors contributing to its susceptibility remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to assess the association between demographic characteristics, patellofemoral (PF) joint morphology, and the occurrence of OD. A retrospective analysis identified 74 patients with APD who underwent treatment in our unit between 2019 and 2022. All patients received MRI within a week of injury to assess OD, subsequently categorized according to the injury pattern. The Caton-Deschamps index (CDI), tibial tuberosity-trochlear groove distance (TT-TG), lateral trochlear inclination (LTI), sulcus angle (SA), patellar width (PW), patellar thickness (PT), and femoral condyle geometry were calculated from the MRI scans and compared between groups. The findings revealed that OD predominantly manifested in the lateral femoral condyle (LFC) region and the medial patella (MP) region. In our patient cohort, this study identified a significant association between sulcus angle and the incidence of OD in both MP and LFC regions. Additionally, a significant correlation was discerned between skeletal maturity and the incidence of OD in the LFC region within demographic characteristics.

Patella height measurements in patients with patellofemoral instability: the power to predict patella height indices.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous indices for patella height measurement are described in the literature; however, there is not a universally accepted 'gold standard'. Choice of indices varies depending on personal preference and previous experience, making it difficult to compare results between studies. The aims of this study were to assess the correlation between different patella height indices and generate statistically derived formulae that can be used to predict the value of one patella height ratio when another is known. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with patellofemoral instability were radiologically evaluated using both X-ray and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the knee. Two observers measured six validated patella height indices at two separate time intervals. All measurements were aggregated together and a mean average for each patella height ratio was calculated. These results were then statistically analysed using Pearson product-moment correlation and linear regression tests. RESULTS: Forty-four patients were included in the study. A statistically significant correlation was found between the majority of patella height ratios. On X-ray, the strongest correlation (r = 0.92, p < 0.001) and regression (R2 = 0.85, p < 0.001) coefficients were between the Blackburne-Peel and Caton-Dechamps ratios, with the formula; CD = 0.20 + (0.95xBP). On MRI, the strongest correlation (r = - 0.84, p < 0.001) and regression (R2 = 0.71, p < 0.001) coefficients were between the Patellophyseal index and Patellotrochlear index, with the formula; PP = 1.02-(1.10xPT). CONCLUSION: The formulae produced in this study can predict the value of one patella height ratio when the results of another are known. This could facilitate systematic reviews and meta-analyses by allowing the pooling together of data from many studies.

Patellar Lateralization, Absence of Joint Hypermobility, and the Mechanism of Injury Are Associated With Osteochondral Fracture After First-time Acute Lateral Patellar Dislocation in Adolescents: An MRI-based Evaluation.

BACKGROUND: Although the risk factors for patellofemoral dislocation are clearly defined, risk factors for osteochondral fracture (OCF) after patellar dislocation are not as well defined. The aim of this study was to investigate the risk factors for OCF by evaluating patients with and without OCF after first-time acute patellar dislocation. METHODS: This multicenter study was conducted as a retrospective examination of the radiologic measurements on the magnetic resonance imaging of 306 patients. The patients were divided into the OCF group and non-OCF group, and OCFs were grouped according to whether the fracture was in the patella or femur. Patellar height, patellar lateralization, trochlear morphology, patellofemoral matching, and patella types were evaluated on patient magnetic resonance imaging. The presence of joint hypermobility in the patients was determined according to the Beighton scale score. The injury mechanisms of the patients were grouped as sports-related injuries, injuries resulting from simple falls, and injuries during daily activities. RESULTS: A total of 120 OCFs were detected in 108 (35.2%) patients, of which 96 (80%) were in the patella and 24 (20%) in the femur. The rate of OCF after sports-related injuries was found to be significantly higher than in other injury mechanisms ( P =0.001). More joint hypermobility was detected in patients without OCF ( P =0.041). The measurements of tibial tubercle-trochlear groove, tibial tubercle-posterior cruciate ligament distance and lateral patellar displacement were statistically higher in cases with OCF ( P =0.001). In patients with normal joint mobility, the rate of OCF localization in the patella was significantly higher ( P =0.035). No correlation was found between any other parameters and OCF ( P >0.05). The absence of joint hypermobility and the measurements of tibial tubercle-trochlear groove distance, tibial tubercle-posterior cruciate ligament distance, and lateral patellar displacement were independent risk factors for the incidence of OCF according to the logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: The absence of joint hypermobility and patellar lateralization are independent risk factors for the occurrence of OCF after first-time patellar dislocation. Sports-related injury is a nonindependent risk factor for the presence of OCF. In patients with normal joint mobility, the incidence of OCF in the patella is higher than in the femur. These important factors should be considered when evaluating patients and starting their treatment. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level III-retrospective cohort study.

Osteotomy Correction Angle Cut-off Points Can Guide the Operation to Prevent a Significant Decrease in Patella Height.

OBJECTIVE: Patients who undergo a biplanar ascending medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy with an excessive correction angle might experience patella infera and even knee pain after surgery. The purpose of this study was to identify the cut-off points for the degree of knee varus correction of open-wedge high tibial osteotomy, which is related to the symptomatic patellar position change. METHODS: This retrospective study included 124 patients (mean age 61.69 ± 6.28 years; 78 women, 46 men) with varying degrees of varus knee osteoarthritis. All patients had undergone standard biplanar medial open-wedge high tibial osteotomy. They were divided into nine groups according to the change in hip-knee-ankle angle. Plain radiographs and three-dimensional CT images were obtained preoperatively and 18 months postoperatively. Patellar height was assessed using the Caton-Deschamps index, the Insall-Salvati index, and the Blackburne-Peel index. The patellofemoral index and patellar tilt were used to evaluate the degree of horizontal displacement of the patella. The varus correction, medial-proximal tibial angles, joint line convergence angles, and hip-knee-ankle angles were also measured. The subjective score was evaluated using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities osteoarthritis index (WOMAC). RESULTS: There were significant changes in patella indexes in each group after surgery, among which there was no significant difference in patellar height changes for Groups A to F (p > 0.05), which were significantly lower than those in Group G, H, and I (p < 0.001). The patellar tilt and patellofemoral index also followed the same trend. The improvement in WOMAC scores for Groups G, H, and I was also significantly less for Groups A to F (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The patellar height, patellar tilt, and patellofemoral index all changed significantly in parallel with increasing degrees of osteotomy correction. The cut-off points for correction angle are 12.5° to 13.4°. When the correction angle is larger than this range, the patellar position can be significantly affected. Postoperative patellofemoral joint pain may be related to the changes in patella position.

The Influence of Tibial Tubercle-Sparing Slope-Reducing Osteotomy on Patellar Height in Patients Undergoing Revision ACL Reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: A posterior tibial slope (PTS) >12° is an independent risk factor for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft rupture, and a high tibial osteotomy (HTO) for slope correction can help avoid it. Management of patellar height is of major concern when performing HTO. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of tibial tubercle-sparing anterior closing-wedge osteotomy on patellar height in revision ACL reconstruction (ACLR). STUDY DESIGN: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. METHODS: Patients who underwent arthroscopic revision ACLR combined with retro-tibial tubercle anterior closing-wedge HTO (ACW-HTO) between January 1, 2016, and March 31, 2021, were assessed for eligibility. Patellar height was measured on full weightbearing lateral radiographs according to the Insall-Salvati index (ISI) and Caton-Deschamps index (CDI) or frontal radiographs using the femoral patellar height index. The PTS was evaluated using the proximal anatomic axis of the tibia on standard short lateral radiographs. The delta (postoperative - preoperative) and the ratio (preoperative/postoperative) of the 3 patellar height indices and PTS were calculated. Preoperative and postoperative patellar heights were compared using independent t tests for each index. Also investigated was whether patients changed patellar height category (baja, normal, or alta) after slope osteotomy. RESULTS: Among 475 revision ACLRs, 47 tibial tubercle-sparing ACW-HTOs were retained for analysis. No significant difference in patellar height was found between pre- and postoperative radiographs regardless of the index (preoperative - postoperative) (ISI: 1.0 ± 0.2 - 0.9 ± 0.2, P = .1729; CDI: 1.0 ± 0.2 - 1.0 ± 0.2, P = .4034; femoral patellar height index: 1.5 ± 0.2 - 1.5 ± 0.2; P = .5130). Fifteen patients (31.9%) exhibited a postoperative change in their patellar height category when measured by the ISI (6 moved up a category, 9 moved down one), and 18 patients (38.3%) changed category according to the CDI (10 moved up a category, 8 moved down one). No significant difference was found between pre- and postoperative patellar height among these patients (ISI: P = .2418; CDI: P = .3005). CONCLUSION: Changes in patellar height ratio are common after tibial tubercle-sparing ACW-HTO in patients undergoing revision ACLR. The clinical effect of these changes is unknown, and further study is needed to investigate whether they may result in patellofemoral symptoms.

MR imaging after patellar MACI and MPFL reconstruction: a comparison of isolated versus combined procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To qualitatively and quantitatively evaluate the 2.5-year MRI outcome after Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte implantation (MACI) at the patella, reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), and combined procedures. METHODS: In 66 consecutive patients (age 22.8 ± 6.4years) with MACI at the patella (n = 16), MPFL reconstruction (MPFL; n = 31), or combined procedures (n = 19) 3T MRI was performed 2.5 years after surgery. For morphological MRI evaluation WORMS and MOCART scores were obtained. In addition quantitative cartilage T2 and T1rho relaxation times were acquired. Several clinical scores were obtained. Statistical analyses included descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney-U-tests and Pearson correlations. RESULTS: WORMS scores at follow-up (FU) were significantly worse after combined procedures (8.7 ± 4.9) than after isolated MACI (4.3 ± 3.6, P = 0.005) and after isolated MPFL reconstruction (5.3 ± 5.7, P = 0.004). Bone marrow edema at the patella in the combined group was the only (non-significantly) worsening WORMS parameter from pre- to postoperatively. MOCART scores were significantly worse in the combined group than in the isolated MACI group (57 ± 3 vs 88 ± 9, P < 0.001). Perfect defect filling was achieved in 26% and 69% of cases in the combined and MACI group, respectively (P = 0.031). Global and patellar T2 values were higher in the combined group (Global T2: 34.0 ± 2.8ms) and MACI group (35.5 ± 3.1ms) as compared to the MPFL group (31.1 ± 3.2ms, P < 0.05). T2 values correlated significantly with clinical scores (P < 0.005). Clinical Cincinnati scores were significantly worse in the combined group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: After combined surgery with patellar MACI and MPFL reconstruction inferior MRI outcomes were observed than after isolated procedures. Therefore, patients with need for combined surgery may be at particular risk for osteoarthritis.

Patellar height: an important parameter in knee MRI associated with tendinopathy, quadriceps fat pad edema (QFPE), anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration (ACL-MD), and lateral cartilage damage.

BACKGROUND: Some pathologies associated with abnormal patellar height have been reported in the literature. However, its relationship with some pathologies, such as anterior cruciate ligament mucoid degeneration (ACL-MD) and focal cartilage defect, has not been investigated. PURPOSE: To investigate the relationship between patellar height with patellar-quadriceps tendinopathy, quadriceps fat pad edema, ACL-MD, and focal cartilage defect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging of the knees of 261 patients were classified into three groups as normal, patella alta, and patella baja, and evaluated in terms of patellar-quadriceps tendinopathy, quadriceps fat pad edema, ACL-MD, and focal cartilage defect. RESULTS: There were 261 patients (140 men, 121 women; age range = 18-60 years; mean age = 30 ± 4.7 years). Of the 261 patients, 181 (69.3%) were normal, 56 (21.4%) were patella alta, and 24 were patella baja (9.1%). Patellar-quadriceps tendinopathy, quadriceps fat pad edema, and ACL-MD rates were significantly higher compared to the normal group (P <0.05). While a moderate positive correlation was found between patellar height shift and patellar-quadriceps tendinopathy and ACL-MD, there was a small correlation between patellar height shift and quadriceps fat pad edema. The rate of focal cartilage defect was significantly higher in the middle part of the lateral femoral condyle and lateral knee joint only in patella alta. CONCLUSION: The risk of patellar-quadriceps tendinopathy, quadriceps fat pad edema, ACL-MD, and lateral focal cartilage defect is higher in patients with alta-baja. The radiologist should evaluate these pathologies more carefully, especially subtle ones, in patients with abnormal patellar height.