RESUMO
Transpiration efficiency (TE), the biomass produced per unit of water transpired, is a key trait for crop performance under limited water. As water becomes scarce, increasing TE would contribute to increase crop drought tolerance. This study is a first step to explore pearl millet genotypic variability for TE on a large and representative diversity panel. We analyzed TE on 537 pearl millet genotypes, including inbred lines, test-cross hybrids, and hybrids bred for different agroecological zones. Three lysimeter trials were conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2015, to assess TE both under well-watered and terminal-water stress conditions. We recorded grain yield to assess its relationship with TE. Up to two-fold variation for TE was observed over the accessions used. Mean TE varied between inbred and testcross hybrids, across years and was slightly higher under water stress. TE also differed among hybrids developed for three agroecological zones, being higher in hybrids bred for the wetter zone, underlining the importance of selecting germplasm according to the target area. Environmental conditions triggered large Genotype x Environment (GxE) interactions, although TE showed some high heritability. Transpiration efficiency was the second contributor to grain yield after harvest index, highlighting the importance of integrating it into pearl millet breeding programs. Future research on TE in pearl millet should focus (i) on investigating the causes of its plasticity i.e. the GxE interaction (ii) on studying its genetic basis and its association with other important physiological traits.
Assuntos
Genótipo , Pennisetum , Transpiração Vegetal , Pennisetum/genética , Pennisetum/fisiologia , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Transpiração Vegetal/fisiologia , Secas , Água/metabolismo , Biomassa , Melhoramento Vegetal/métodos , Variação GenéticaRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: Through the histological, physiological, and transcriptome-level identification of the abscission zone of Pennisetum alopecuroides 'Liqiu', we explored the structure and the genes related to seed shattering, ultimately revealing the regulatory network of seed shattering in P. alopecuroides. Pennisetum alopecuroides is one of the most representative ornamental grass species of Pennisetum genus. It has unique inflorescence, elegant appearance, and strong stress tolerance. However, the shattering of seeds not only reduces the ornamental effect, but also hinders the seed production. In order to understand the potential mechanisms of seed shattering in P. alopecuroides, we conducted morphological, histological, physiological, and transcriptomic analyses on P. alopecuroides cv. 'Liqiu'. According to histological findings, the seed shattering of 'Liqiu' was determined by the abscission zone at the base of the pedicel. Correlation analysis showed that seed shattering was significantly correlated with cellulase, lignin, auxin, gibberellin, cytokinin and jasmonic acid. Through a combination of histological and physiological analyses, we observed the accumulation of cellulase and lignin during 'Liqiu' seed abscission. We used PacBio full-length transcriptome sequencing (SMRT) combined with next-generation sequencing (NGS) transcriptome technology to improve the transcriptome data of 'Liqiu'. Transcriptomics further identified many differential genes involved in cellulase, lignin and plant hormone-related pathways. This study will provide new insights into the research on the shattering mechanism of P. alopecuroides.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Pennisetum , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas , Sementes , Transcriptoma , Pennisetum/genética , Pennisetum/fisiologia , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Lignina/metabolismoRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of extrusion and of open-pan cooking on whole germinated and non-germinated grains of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L. R. Br.), on its chemical-nutritional composition and in vitro iron bioavailability. The experimental design consisted of three flours: non-germination open-pan cooked millet flour (NGOPCMF), germination open-pan cooked millet flour (GOPCMF), and extrusion cooked millet flour (ECMF). The ECMF increased the carbohydrates, iron, manganese, diosmin, and cyanidin and decreased the total dietary fiber, resistant starch, lipids, and total vitamin E, in relation to NGOPCMF. The GOPCMF increased the lysine and vitamin C and decreased the phytate, lipids, total phenolic, total vitamin E, and riboflavin concentration, in relation to NGOPCMF. Furthermore, germinated cooked millet flour and extruded millet flour improved iron availability in vitro compared to non-germinated cooked millet flour. GOPCMF and ECMF generally preserved the chemical-nutritional composition of pearl millet and improved in vitro iron bioavailability; therefore, they are nutritionally equivalent and can be used to develop pearl millet-based products.
Assuntos
Disponibilidade Biológica , Culinária , Farinha , Germinação , Ferro , Pennisetum , Pennisetum/química , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ferro/análise , Ferro/metabolismo , Farinha/análise , Valor Nutritivo , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Fibras na Dieta/análise , Fibras na Dieta/metabolismoRESUMO
India's livestock industry is grappling with a shortage of green fodder, necessitating concerted efforts to boost organized production and ensure a sufficient supply of high-quality forages, crucial for formulating nutritionally balanced, cost-effective, and rumen-healthy animal diets. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the plant growth-promoting characteristics of liquid microbial inoculants and their impact on the yield of forage pearl millet. The bacterial cultures utilized included Sphingobacterium sp., Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and an isolate from vegetable cowpea, subsequently identified as Burkholderia seminalis. These cultures were initially characterized for their plant growth-promoting traits at different temperature and physiological conditions. All the bacterial cultures were found promising for PGPR traits over varied temperature conditions and the optimum activity was recorded at 40 °C, with tolerance to saline and drought stresses as well as wide pH and temperature ranges. A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2020 at Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Punjab Agricultural University, Regional Research Station, Bathinda, involving combinations of liquid microbial inoculants along with 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF). It was observed that the treatment including B. seminalis + S. maltophilia along with RDF yielded the highest green fodder and dry matter yield, In conclusion, it is evident that the utilization of these liquid microbial inoculants holds significant potential for playing a pivotal role in the integrated nutrient management of forage pearl millet, thereby contributing to heightened productivity and sustained soil health.
Assuntos
Ração Animal , Pennisetum , Pennisetum/microbiologia , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal/análise , Animais , Índia , Microbiologia do Solo , Temperatura , Fertilizantes/análise , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Bactérias/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Fungal communities associated with roots play a key role in nutrient uptake and in mitigating the abiotic and biotic stress of their host. In this study, we characterized the roots mycobiome of wild and cultivated pearl millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., synonym: Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone] in three agro-ecological areas of Senegal following a rainfall gradient. We hypothesized that wild pearl millet could serve as a reservoir of endophytes for cultivated pearl millet. We therefore analyzed the soil factors influencing fungal community structure and whether cultivated and wild millet shared the same fungal communities. The fungal communities associated with pearl millet were significantly structured according to sites and plant type (wild vs cultivated). Besides, soil pH and phosphorus were the main factors influencing the fungal community structure. We observed a higher fungal diversity in cultivated compared to wild pearl millet. Interestingly, we detected higher relative abundance of putative pathotrophs, especially plant pathogen, in cultivated than in wild millet in semi-arid and semi-humid zones, and higher relative abundance of saprotrophs in wild millet in arid and semi-humid zones. A network analysis based on taxa co-occurrence patterns in the core mycobiome revealed that cultivated millet and wild relatives had dissimilar groups of hub taxa. The identification of the core mycobiome and hub taxa of cultivated and wild pearl millet could be an important step in developing microbiome engineering approaches for more sustainable management practices in pearl millet agroecosystems.
Assuntos
Produtos Agrícolas/microbiologia , Fungos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Micobioma , Pennisetum/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/metabolismo , Código de Barras de DNA Taxonômico , DNA Fúngico/genética , Fungos/genética , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Fósforo/química , Filogenia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Senegal , Solo/químicaRESUMO
Pearl millet is an important staple food crop of poor people and excels all other cereals due to its unique features of resilience to adverse climatic conditions. It is rich in micronutrients like iron and zinc and amenable for focused breeding for these micronutrients along with high yield. Hence, this is a key to alleviate malnutrition and ensure nutritional security. This study was conducted to identify and validate candidate genes governing grain iron and zinc content enabling the desired modifications in the genotypes. Transcriptome sequencing using ION S5 Next Generation Sequencer generated 43.5 million sequence reads resulting in 83,721 transcripts with N50 of 597 bp and 84.35% of transcripts matched with the pearl millet genome assembly. The genotypes having high iron and zinc showed differential gene expression during different stages. Of which, 155 were up-regulated and 251 were down-regulated while during flowering stage and milking stage 349 and 378 transcripts were differentially expressed, respectively. Gene annotation and GO term showed the presence of transcripts involved in metabolic activities associated with uptake and transport of iron and zinc. Information generated will help in gaining insights into iron and zinc metabolism and develop genotypes with high yield, grain iron and zinc content.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Genes de Plantas , Genoma de Planta , Ferro/metabolismo , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/genética , Pennisetum/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Transcriptoma , Zinco/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Valor Nutritivo , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , RNA-SeqRESUMO
Drought is a major threat to global agricultural production that limits the growth, development and survival rate of plants, leading to tremendous losses in yield. Pearl millet (Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone) has an excellent drought tolerance, and is an ideal plant material for studying the drought resistance of cereal crops. The roots are crucial organs of plants that experience drought stress, and the roots can sense and respond to such conditions. In this study, we explored the mechanism of drought tolerance of pearl millet by comparing transcriptomic data under normal conditions and drought treatment at four time points (24 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 144 h) in the roots during the seedling stage. A total of 1297, 2814, 7401, and 14,480 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were found at 24 h, 48 h, 96 h, and 144 h, respectively. Based on Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and Gene Ontology enrichment analyses, we found that many DEGs participated in plant hormone-related signaling pathways and the "oxidoreductase activity" pathway. These results should provide a theoretical basis to enhance drought resistance in other plant species.
Assuntos
Resposta ao Choque Térmico/genética , Pennisetum/genética , Estresse Salino/genética , China , Secas , Expressão Gênica/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/genética , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Plântula/genética , Estresse Fisiológico/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Transcriptoma/genéticaRESUMO
High-temperature stress negatively affects the growth and development of plants, and therefore threatens global agricultural safety. Cultivating stress-tolerant plants is the current objective of plant breeding programs. Pearl millet is a multi-purpose plant, commonly used as a forage but also an important food staple. This crop is very heat-resistant and has a higher net assimilation rate than corn under high-temperature stress. However, the response of heat resistant pearl millet has so far not been studied at the transcriptional level. In this study, transcriptome sequencing of pearl millet leaves exposed to different lengths of heat treatment (1 h, 48 h and 96 h) was conducted in order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the heat stress response and to identify key genes related to heat stress. The results showed that the amount of heat stress-induced DEGs in leaves differs with the length of exposure to high temperatures. The highest value of DEGs (8286) was observed for the group exposed to heat stress for 96 h, while the other two treatments showed lower DEGs values of 4659 DEGs after 1 h exposure and 3981 DEGs after 48 h exposure to heat stress. The DEGs were mainly synthesized in protein folding pathways under high-temperature stress after 1 h exposure. Moreover, a large number of genes encoding ROS scavenging enzymes were activated under heat stress for 1 h and 48 h treatments. The flavonoid synthesis pathway of pearl millet was enriched after heat stress for 96 h. This study analyzed the transcription dynamics under short to long-term heat stress to provide a theoretical basis for the heat resistance response of pearl millet.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Vias Biossintéticas , Flavonoides/biossíntese , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Ontologia Genética , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Pennisetum/genética , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/genética , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folhas de Planta/metabolismo , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The research was conducted to determine the effects of cutting interval and fertilization on the nutritional quality, nutrient uptake, and biomass production of King grass. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, using 4 blocks and 8 treatments per block; treatments consisted of 4 ages of cutting (30, 45, 60, and 90 days), with fertilization and without fertilization. The results showed increases of up to 72,000 kg ha-1 year-1 of dry matter (DM) when fertilization was implemented. There was a significant reduction in with an increase in the cutting days (12.70-6.53% protein). Fiber increased (48.79-72.99% NDF) when fertilization treatments were included and cutting days increased. The elements that were included in fertilization (N, P, K) showed a higher foliar content and also presented a reduction in foliar content with growth of the plant. Treatments with fertilization showed a nutrient uptake increase for all the elements up to 60 days, where a reduction in uptake capacity was observed. King grass is a plant with a high nutrient uptake capacity and, therefore, with high biomass and nutrient production. This is an advantage since it can be used in multiple applications, such as animal feed, biofuel production, and as a substrate for biodigestion, among others.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Fertilização , Valor Nutritivo/efeitos dos fármacos , Poaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ração Animal , Animais , Biocombustíveis , Ingestão de Alimentos/efeitos dos fármacos , Nutrientes , Pennisetum/efeitos dos fármacos , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poaceae/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Tall- and dwarf-sized elephant grass cultivars have been developed for cut-and-carry system. Dwarf clones have better digestibility; on the other hand, tall-sized cultivars are more productive. The aim was to verify which grass would be most recommended for cut-and-carry: tall-sized (Elephant B and IRI-381) or dwarf (Taiwan A-146 2.37 and Mott) elephant grass cultivars to feed 24 male sheep, aged between 4 and 5 months, uncastrated, weighing approximately 24.08 ± 1.76 kg body weight which were sampled on intake, digestibility, performance, ingestive behavior, nitrogen balance, microbial protein synthesis, metabolic parameters, and ruminal degradability. This research was divided into two experiments: experiment 1 lasted 38 days, seven for adaptation and 31 for data collection. Elephant grass cultivars were supplied with a mineral mixture. Data collected were intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, metabolic parameters, microbial protein synthesis, and performance submitted to a completely randomized design. For experiment 2, three rumen fistulae animals were sampled, lasting 20 days. In this case, a randomized block in split-plot design was applied. Both designs were with P < 0.05 and analyzed through SAS statistical software. Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37 cultivars provided greater intake, digestibility, weight gain, feeding time, nitrogen retention, production and efficiency of microbial protein synthesis, dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) degradability, and DM, crude protein, and NDF, but shorter rumination time rather than Elephant B and IRI-381. There was also a significant difference for glucose, triglycerides, plasma urea, total serum protein, urinary urea (mg/L), and urea excretion in urine (mg/day). Dwarf elephant grass cultivars as Mott and Taiwan A-146 2.37 have greater nutritional value than tall-sized Elephant B and IRI-381. Dwarf elephant grass is recommended for cut-and-carry system.
Assuntos
Dieta/veterinária , Digestão , Ingestão de Alimentos , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Rúmen/fisiologia , Carneiro Doméstico/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição Animal , Animais , Pennisetum/químicaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A large number of digestates have not been fully utilized due to a lack of scientific, reasonable guidance, as well as imperfect technology. Hybrid giant Napier has great potential for use as a type of energy plant. As such, this study investigated the effects of digestate on the growth of a candidate energy crop and examined whether digestate was an ecologically viable means for soil restoration. RESULTS: The results showed that the total yields of all treatment groups receiving irrigation of digestate were higher (5.19-26.00%) than those of the control. The total phosphorus, total potassium, available nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium content of the soil had also increased after digestate application, compared with the control. Urease activities for all treatments increased 15.28 to 69.44% more than that of the corresponding control. Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) mainly contained humic-like and fulvic-like components through the application of digestate. More fluorescent components were also identified by two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). These fluorescent components can improve the aromaticity and molecular weight of soil DOM so as to improve soil quality. CONCLUSIONS: Digestate improved not only the aboveground biomass accumulation, but also the chemical properties of the soil, which was an appropriate strategy for restoring soil quality and contributing to the sustainable development of marginal. The long-term impact of digestate application on soil quality will require additional long-term experiments. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Pennisetum/química , Solo/química , Biomassa , Fertilizantes/análise , Substâncias Húmicas/análise , Nitrogênio/análise , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pennisetum/metabolismo , Fósforo/análise , Fósforo/metabolismo , Potássio/análise , Potássio/metabolismoRESUMO
Environmental pollution with heavy metals becomes an issue of serious concern worldwide. Cadmium is considered one which adversely affects living organisms. Recently, the usage of endophytic bacteria to enhance the plant growth and phytoremediation of heavy metals contaminated sites is gaining great attention. The current study focused on utilizing the spores of Bacillus megaterium BM18-2 as biofertilizer for enhancing the growth of Cd hyperaccumulator Hybrid Pennisetum and Cd tolerance of the plant. Therefore, the production of the highest proportion of BM18-2 spores in short incubation time was investigated using different culture media. The results revealed that the maximum proportion of BM18-2 spores (90%) was obtained following incubation for 48 h in Tryptone- yeast extract media (TY). Furthermore, several growth parameters of H. Pennisetum were shown to be significantly improved by inclusion of BM18-2 spores into Cd contaminated soil in contrast to non- inoculated plant. The chlorophyll concentration of the leaves rose by 5%, 13%, and 22.89% with increasing Cd concentration of soil (20, 40 and 60 mg/Kg, respectively). The percentage of total nitrogen content of the root, stem and leaf was increased due to the bacterial spores inoculation and the highest percentage was recorded in the leaf in all treatments. Moreover, Cd phytoremediation capacity of H. Pennisetum greatly enhanced with the application of BM18-2 spores into the soil. An obvious correlation was also observed between Cd accumulation and bacterial colonization where the Cd accumulation enhanced by 21.9%, 16.5%, and 94.6% and the maximum count of BM18-2 (27 × 105, 194 × 104,and 145 × 104 CFU/g) were recorded in the root system in 20, 40, and 60 mg/Kg Cd spiked soil, respectively. Consequently, the spores of BM18-2 was proven to succeed as biofertilizer to improve growth of H. pennisetum during Cd stress which subsequently improved the phytoremediation of Cd contaminated soil.
Assuntos
Bacillus megaterium/fisiologia , Cádmio/metabolismo , Fertilizantes , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Esporos Bacterianos/fisiologia , Biodegradação Ambiental , Biomassa , Cádmio/farmacologia , Clorofila , Metais Pesados , Desenvolvimento Vegetal , Folhas de Planta , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Solo , Poluentes do SoloRESUMO
Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a species of great agronomic potential due to its growth-promotion traits. Its colonization process in different plants has been reported. However, there have been no studies regarding its structural colonization in elephant grass. This is a fast-growing C4-Poaceae plant, and its application in Brazil is mainly aimed at feeding dairy cattle, due to its high nutritional value. Also, in the last decade, this grass has been applied in the production of biofuels. The present study aimed to monitor the colonization process of strain LP343 of G. diazotrophicus inoculated in elephant grass seedlings of PCEA genotype, by using a mCherry-tagged bacterium. Samples of roots and shoots collected at different periods were visualized by confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The colony-counting assay was used to compare the number of cells recovered in different niches and a qPCR was performed for the quantification of endophytic cells in root and shoot tissues. Results suggested that the strain LP343 quickly recognized the PCEA roots as host, attached to the elephant grass roots at 6 h, and 7 days after inoculation were able to colonize the xylem vessels of roots and shoots of elephant grass. This study advances our knowledge about the colonization process of G. diazotrophicus species in elephant grass, contributing to future studies involving the plant-bacteria interaction cultivated under gnotobiotic conditions.
Assuntos
Gluconacetobacter/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Pennisetum/microbiologia , Raízes de Plantas/microbiologia , Brotos de Planta/microbiologia , Brasil , Vida Livre de Germes , Gluconacetobacter/genética , Gluconacetobacter/isolamento & purificação , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/microbiologiaRESUMO
Seed is an important way to store germplasm resources but its genetic integrity will decrease during long-term preservation. So, it's essential to update seeds according to the aging level of different species. Pearl millet [Cenchrus americanus (L.) Morrone syn., Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] is a crucial forage grass, biofuel plant and important crops in the world bringing huge economic and ecological benefits. However, there is no report about the impact of aging on genetic integrity of its seeds. In this study, four genetic diversity indexes (the percentage of polymorphic bands, PPB; the effective number of alleles, Ne; the Nei's gene diversity index, H; the Shannon's information index, I) and 20 pairs of genomic-SSR primers were used to certify the optimal sample volume of pearl millet for molecular study and found that the best sample volume was 60. After the artificial aging test, the germination rate and four genetic diversity parameters (the number of alleles, Na; Ne; H; I) were used to evaluate the change of genetic integrity at different aging levels. The results showed that the germination rate and these four genetic diversity parameters declined with the increase of aging levels. Furthermore, when the germination rate of pearl millet seeds went down to 68.23%, a significant difference in genetic integrity was observed with unaged seeds. In conclusion, the optimal sample size of pearl millet was 60 and the critical point of germination rate to renew germplasm resources was 68.23% and these finds might contribute to the scientific study and the safe conservation of pearl millet.
Assuntos
DNA de Plantas/genética , Pennisetum/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico/métodos , Variação Genética , Genômica/métodos , Germinação , Repetições de Microssatélites , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) has become increasingly attractive due to its health benefits. It is grown as food for human consumption and fodder for livestock in Africa and Asia. This study focused on five pearl millet populations from different agro-ecological zones from Tunisia, and on characterization by morphological traits, total phenolic and flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and occurrence of Fusarium. RESULTS: Analysis of variance revealed highly significant differences between populations for the quantitative traits. The highest grain weights occurred in the pearl millet cultivated in Zaafrana and Gergis of Tunisia. Early flowering and early maturing populations cultivated in the center (Zaafrana, Rejiche) and south (Gergis) of Tunisia tended to have a higher grain yield. The Zaafrana population showed the highest value of green fodder potentiel (number and weight of leaves/cultivar and the weight of tillers and total plant/cultivar) followed by Gergis and Rejiche. The Kelibia population showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content. Rejiche exhibited the greatest antioxidant activity. Trans-cinnamic, protocatechuic, and hydroxybenzoic acids were the major phenolic compounds in all the extracts. Three Fusarium species were identified in Tunisian pearl millet populations based on morphologic and molecular characterization. Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum occurred most frequently. The average incidence of the three Fusarium species was relatively low (<5%) in all populations. The lowest infection rate (0.1%) was recorded in the samples from Zaafrana. CONCLUSION: Chemometric analysis confirmed the usefulness of the above traits for discrimination of pearl millet populations, where a considerable variation according to geographical origin and bioclimatic conditions was observed. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Antioxidantes/análise , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Pennisetum/microbiologia , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/análise , Sementes/química , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/genética , Pennisetum/química , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fenótipo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/microbiologia , TunísiaRESUMO
The leaching behavior of five additives, including citric acid (CA), wood vinegar (WV), 1-hydroxyethylidene-1,1-diphosphonic acid (HEDP), polyaspartic acid (PASP) and FeCl3, was investigated to evaluate the possibility of enhanced phytoextraction of Pennisetum sp. from cadmium-contaminated soil. FeCl3 and CA have the highest leaching potential due to the ability that could convert large amounts of mobile fractions of Cd. The pot experiment showed that HEDP, WV, and PASP treatments could not only significantly increase the biomass of Pennisetum sp., but also maintain high uptake capacity of Cd by activating the stable fractions. HEDP has the highest Cd extraction efficiency and metal extraction ratio (MER) value. The phytoremediation efficiency could be improved mainly by increasing the biomass of the tolerant shoots, and Pennisetum sp. seems to have the maximum potential of phytoextraction to Cd with HEDP which could achieve a higher phytoextraction effect than Cd-hyperaccumulator.
Assuntos
Cádmio/análise , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Poluentes do Solo/análise , Solo/química , Ácido Acético/química , Biodegradação Ambiental , Biomassa , Cloretos/química , Ácido Cítrico/química , Ácido Etidrônico/química , Compostos Férricos/química , Pennisetum/química , Peptídeos/químicaRESUMO
Predictions of habitat suitability for invasive plant species can guide risk assessments at regional and national scales and inform early detection and rapid-response strategies at local scales. We present a general approach to invasive species modeling and mapping that meets objectives at multiple scales. Our methodology is designed to balance trade-offs between developing highly customized models for few species versus fitting non-specific and generic models for numerous species. We developed a national library of environmental variables known to physiologically limit plant distributions and relied on human input based on natural history knowledge to further narrow the variable set for each species before developing habitat suitability models. To ensure efficiency, we used largely automated modeling approaches and human input only at key junctures. We explore and present uncertainty by using two alternative sources of background samples, including five statistical algorithms, and constructing model ensembles. We demonstrate the use and efficiency of the Software for Assisted Habitat Modeling [SAHM 2.1.2], a package in VisTrails, which performs the majority of the modeling analyses. Our workflow includes solicitation of expert feedback on model outputs such as spatial prediction results and variable response curves, and iterative improvement based on new data availability and directed field validation of initial model results. We highlight the utility of the models for decision-making at regional and local scales with case studies of two plant species that invade natural areas: fountain grass (Pennisetum setaceum) and goutweed (Aegopodium podagraria). By balancing model automation with human intervention, we can efficiently provide land managers with mapped predicted distributions for multiple invasive species to inform decisions across spatial scales.
Assuntos
Apiaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Espécies Introduzidas , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Algoritmos , Automação , Conservação dos Recursos Naturais , Técnicas de Apoio para a Decisão , Humanos , Modelos Estatísticos , Medição de Risco , Fluxo de TrabalhoRESUMO
Alternariol and altenuisol were isolated as the major phytotoxins produced by an Alternaria sp. pathogenic fungus of the invasive weed Xanthium italicum. Altenuisol exhibited stronger phytotoxic effect compared with alternariol. At 10â µg/mL, alternariol and altenuisol promoted root growth of the monocot plant Pennisetum alopecuroides by 11.1 % and 75.2 %, respectively, however, inhibitory activity was triggered by the increase of concentration, with root elongation being suppressed by 35.5 % and 52.0 % with alternariol and altenuisol at 1000â µg/mL, respectively. Alternariol slightly inhibited root length of the dicot plant Medicago sativa at 10-1000â µg/mL, whereas altenuisol stimulated root growth by 51.0 % at 10â µg/mL and inhibited root length by 43.4 % at 200â µg/mL. Alternariol and altenuisol did not exert strong regulatory activity on another dicot plant, Amaranthus retroflexus, when tested concentration was low, however, when the concentration reached 1000â µg/mL, they reduced root length by 68.1 % and 51.0 %, respectively. Alternariol and altenuisol exerted similar effect on shoot growth of three tested plants but to a lesser extent. It is noteworthy to mention that this is the first report on the phytotoxicity of altenuisol.
Assuntos
Alternaria/química , Micotoxinas/química , Xanthium/microbiologia , Alternaria/isolamento & purificação , Alternaria/metabolismo , Amaranthus/efeitos dos fármacos , Amaranthus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Espécies Introduzidas , Lactonas/química , Lactonas/isolamento & purificação , Lactonas/farmacologia , Micotoxinas/isolamento & purificação , Micotoxinas/farmacologia , Pennisetum/efeitos dos fármacos , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/fisiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Plants have developed various sophisticated mechanisms to cope up with climate extremes and different stress conditions, especially by involving specific transcription factors (TFs). The members of the WRKY TF family are well known for their role in plant development, phytohormone signaling and developing resistance against biotic or abiotic stresses. In this study, we performed a genome-wide screening to identify and analyze the WRKY TFs in pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum; PgWRKY), which is one of the most widely grown cereal crops in the semi-arid regions. RESULTS: A total number of 97 putative PgWRKY proteins were identified and classified into three major Groups (I-III) based on the presence of WRKY DNA binding domain and zinc-finger motif structures. Members of Group II have been further subdivided into five subgroups (IIa-IIe) based on the phylogenetic analysis. In-silico analysis of PgWRKYs revealed the presence of various cis-regulatory elements in their promoter region like ABRE, DRE, ERE, EIRE, Dof, AUXRR, G-box, etc., suggesting their probable involvement in growth, development and stress responses of pearl millet. Chromosomal mapping evidenced uneven distribution of identified 97 PgWRKY genes across all the seven chromosomes of pearl millet. Synteny analysis of PgWRKYs established their orthologous and paralogous relationship among the WRKY gene family of Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa and Setaria italica. Gene ontology (GO) annotation functionally categorized these PgWRKYs under cellular components, molecular functions and biological processes. Further, the differential expression pattern of PgWRKYs was noticed in different tissues (leaf, stem, root) and under both drought and salt stress conditions. The expression pattern of PgWRKY33, PgWRKY62 and PgWRKY65 indicates their probable involvement in both dehydration and salinity stress responses in pearl millet. CONCLUSION: Functional characterization of identified PgWRKYs can be useful in delineating their role behind the natural stress tolerance of pearl millet against harsh environmental conditions. Further, these PgWRKYs can be employed in genome editing for millet crop improvement.
Assuntos
Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Pennisetum/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Secas , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Pennisetum/genética , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Estresse Fisiológico , SinteniaRESUMO
KEY MESSAGE: Pearl millet breeding programs can use this heterotic group information on seed and restorer parents to generate new series of pearl millet hybrids having higher yields than the existing hybrids. Five hundred and eighty hybrid parents, 320 R- and 260 B-lines, derived from 6 pearl millet breeding programs in India, genotyped following RAD-GBS (about 0.9 million SNPs) clustered into 12 R- and 7 B-line groups. With few exceptions, hybrid parents of all the breeding programs were found distributed across all the marker-based groups suggesting good diversity in these programs. Three hundred and twenty hybrids generated using 37 (22 R and 15 B) representative parents, evaluated for grain yield at four locations in India, showed significant differences in yield, heterosis, and combining ability. Across all the hybrids, mean mid- and better-parent heterosis for grain yield was 84.0% and 60.5%, respectively. Groups G12 B × G12 R and G10 B × G12 R had highest heterosis of about 10% over best check hybrid Pioneer 86M86. The parents involved in heterotic hybrids were mainly from the groups G4R, G10B, G12B, G12R, and G13B. Based on the heterotic performance and combining ability of groups, 2 B-line (HGB-1 and HGB-2) and 2 R-line (HGR-1 and HGR-2) heterotic groups were identified. Hybrids from HGB-1 × HGR-1 and HGB-2 × HGR-1 showed grain yield heterosis of 10.6 and 9.3%, respectively, over best hybrid check. Results indicated that parental groups can be formed first by molecular markers, which may not predict the best hybrid combination, but it can reveal a practical value of assigning existing and new hybrid pearl millet parental lines into heterotic groups to develop high-yielding hybrids from the different heterotic groups.