Using audiovisual vignettes to collect data remotely on complex clinical care: a practical insight.

BACKGROUND: Vignettes are regularly used in nursing research and education to explore complex clinical situations. However, paper-based vignettes lack clinical realism and do not fully recreate the pressures, sights and sounds of clinical settings, limiting their usefulness when studying complex decision-making processes. AIM: To discuss the approach taken by the authors in developing and implementing audiovisual vignettes to collect data remotely in a qualitative study. DISCUSSION: The authors describe how they created audiovisual vignettes for a qualitative 'Think Aloud' study exploring how critical care nurses decide whether to restrain agitated patients with varying degrees of psychomotor agitation. They discuss the practicalities of filming, editing and hosting, as well as the theoretical and clinical background that informed the creation of the vignettes. CONCLUSION: Audiovisual vignettes are a cost- and time-effective way of remotely exploring decision-making in challenging environments. This innovative method assists in studying decision-making under simulated clinical pressures and captures data about how people make complex decisions. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Audiovisual vignettes are an innovative tool for collecting data and could also be used in educational settings and offer the opportunity to explore complex clinical decision making remotely. Clinical accuracy is essential for immersing participants and simulating an environment and its pressures. The method could be further enhanced by making vignettes responsive to participants' decisions.

Use of modified Delphi introduces the risk of chronological bias during clinical research interventions.

BACKGROUND: A study aimed at reducing the time spent on the phone obtaining insurance preauthorisation in a neurosurgical clinic was successfully completed. However, the researchers were unable to reject the null hypothesis because of a combination of chronological bias and the Hawthorne effect. AIM: To increase nurse researchers' awareness of the potential to introduce a chronological bias as a confounder in clinical research and suggest potential alternative approaches to study design. DISCUSSION: The researcher shared the study's purpose, design and outcome measure with the participants before collecting the baseline data. This enabled the participants to alter their practice before the intervention was implemented (a chronological bias) and change their behaviour surrounding the outcome (the Hawthorne effect). CONCLUSION: The use of the Delphi method became a catalyst for change before the collection of baseline data, the combination of chronological bias and the Hawthorne effect affecting the study's results. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Nurse researchers seeking to improve practice should collect baseline data before informing participants and consider the risks and benefits of blinding (concealment) surrounding the outcome.

Gender as a principle of the organization of clinical sleep research.

In 2014 the National Institutes of Health required researchers to examine sex as a biological variable. While this approach is necessary to ensure adequate and appropriate female inclusion in research studies, it puts researchers at high risk for attributing their findings to biological sex differences when instead they may be more appropriately attributed to the influence and expectations of gender. In this paper, we specify how gender works as a principle of the social organization of symptoms, experiences, research, and clinical practice using obstructive sleep apnea symptomology to illustrate these patterns. We draw from psychologist Sandra Bem's account differentiating three specific mechanisms of gender: gender polarization, androcentrism, and biological essentialism.

US Food and Drug Administration Clinical Investigator Inspections.

OBJECTIVE: To review the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Bioresearch Monitoring clinical investigator inspection process from start to final classification to support clinical research nurses in practice. DATA SOURCES: Published articles, websites, and author's expertise with FDA inspections. CONCLUSION: Clinical research nurses should conduct and manage every clinical trial as if it were to be inspected by the FDA. This recommendation is considered best practice for clinical research nurses to prevent last-minute preparations to organize and clean up research data and records retrospectively. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: This article will assist the oncology research nurse and interdisciplinary research members at the research site in the preparedness for an FDA inspection.

Systematic and integrative reviews: synthesising evidence for community nursing practice.

Ease of access to vast amounts of information presents significant opportunities and challenges for nurses in the community as they seek to base their practice on the best available evidence. Growing expectations around evidence-based practice have developed alongside developments in evidence synthesis, which adopts robust approaches to identifying, appraising and synthesising key evidence for clinical decision-making. The context in which evidence-based practice occurs is key, and this article discusses the skills and knowledge needed for community nurses to discern how evidence and information should influence their decisions to review and change approaches to clinical practice. Importantly, if nurses understand the status of evidence underpinning areas of practice, they can ensure that the preferences and needs of patients and families are met.

Strategies for using non-participatory video research methods in general practice.

BACKGROUND: Non-participatory video research is useful for observing and analysing interactions between clinicians, patients and technology. However, few clinical nursing studies have used non-participatory video observation and there is limited literature describing the approach. AIM: To describe a study that used non-participatory video observation in general practice. DISCUSSION: The authors' experience of non-participatory video research methods indicates that the acceptability of the technique, workplace organisation and consultation space have implications for preparation and data collection. Strategies for success include engaging stakeholders early on, obtaining contextual knowledge and piloting the approach. CONCLUSION: Non-participatory video observation is valuable in understanding interactions between nurses and patients in a naturalistic setting. Careful planning is essential to ensure alignment between research aims, context and technology. The methods for analysing data must be chosen carefully to ensure the research question is answered. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Video observation provides rich data. Careful planning and engagement of participants is required for successful conduct of studies that use the technique.

Measurement Challenges in Research With Individuals With Cognitive Impairment.

This State of the Science Commentary responds to the preliminary recommendation from the National Research Summit on Dementia Care, Services and Supports for Persons with Dementia and Their Caregivers to develop and identify a broad array of outcome measures (objective and subjective) that are meaningful to different stakeholders. Five significant measurement challenges that nurse scientists confront when conducting research with individuals with cognitive impairment are presented: (a) assessment of subjective memory complaints; (b) validity of self-report; (c) ecological validity of cognitive performance measures; (d) use of biomarkers (neuroimaging) for describing the biological dynamics of symptoms; and (e) effect of high variability in measurement on statistical significance. Methods for addressing these challenges are offered. [Res Gerontol Nurs. 2019; 12(1):7-15.].

Linking to Improve Nursing Care and Knowledge: Evaluation of an Initiative to Provide Research Support to Clinical Nurses.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to describe and evaluate the impact of the Linking to Improve Nursing Care and Knowledge (LINK) project on increasing nurse-led clinical research. BACKGROUND: Nurse-generated research is the cornerstone of evidence-based practice and continues to be a marker of nursing excellence. However, the dearth of PhD-prepared nurses creates a challenge for creating an environment to promote clinical nursing research. We evaluated the LINK project, an academic-clinical partnership, to assess its impact and feasibility, for fostering nurse-led clinical research. METHODS: The LINK project created a formal command and control structure bringing together existing academic resources, including a PhD-prepared nurse researcher, a biostatistician, and a development of a formal research consultation request process. Measures tracked over a 12-month period included average response time, request volume, client satisfaction, institutional review board (IRB)-submitted protocols, and work products. RESULTS: All measures exceeded expectations with an average 1-day request response time, 35 requests, 98% client satisfaction, a 367% increase in nurse-led IRB approved protocols from the previous 12-month period, and 2 publications in peer-reviewed journals. CONCLUSIONS: The process and outcome measures indicate that the LINK project is feasible, sustainable, and reproducible. We were able to meet and, in many cases, exceed measurement goals. In addition, implementation science literature indicates that the most valid measure of a successful project rollout is user satisfaction and usefulness. The LINK project received consistently positive feedback.

Clinical Research Nursing: Awareness and Understanding Among Baccalaureate Nursing Students.

BACKGROUND: The American Nurses Association recognizes the specialty practice of Clinical Research Nursing, but many new nurses are unaware of the specialty and lack knowledge to effectively interact with research teams. METHOD: Participants completed a novel online survey to describe the level of awareness and understanding of the clinical research nursing specialty and the effect of clinical studies on nursing practice in fourth-year baccalaureate nursing program students. RESULTS: Ninety-three participants completed the survey. Most were aware that some nurses specialize in the care of clinical study participants, and most did not know how to effectively support research teams. Years of nursing experience was associated with an understanding of how to effectively collaborate with clinical research nurses and an interest in a career as a clinical research nurse. CONCLUSION: Entry-level nursing programs should expose students to the clinical research nurse role and provide the knowledge needed to collaborate with researchers when caring for patients in clinical studies. [J Nurs Educ. 2018;57(10):598-603.].

Advancing a Culture of Clinical Nursing Research Through Collaborative Partnership Between Practice and Academia.

Engaging in clinical inquiry is a natural foundation for a nurse's critical thinking strategy and application to practice. Transforming clinical inquiry into a formal research question designed to improve patient care and/or the practice environment can, however, sometimes seem overwhelming to clinical nurses. It may even be seen as out of scope for their daily practice. As a result, aligning the trifold mission of service, education, and research at an Academic Health Sciences Center can be challenging unless there exists a purposeful strategy to achieve this goal. Since the publication of the Institute of Medicine "Future of Nursing Report" in 2010, Emory Healthcare Nursing and the Emory University Nell Hodgson Woodruff School of Nursing (SON) have sought to advance the vision and mission of strengthening and sustaining a culture of clinical inquiry to advance nursing science through nurse-led research. This vision also aligns with the American Association of Colleges of Nursing to identify paths for achieving enhanced partnerships between academic nursing and academic health centers. This goal has been conceptually important since then. In the last 2 years, there has been a renewed and invigorated commitment between Emory Healthcare Nursing and the Emory School of Nursing to forge a path for improving and sustaining a rigorous culture of collaborative and interprofessional research. This article describes the journey of the "One Emory Nursing" initiative, which spans from bedside/chairside to bench and back again. This work is built on a foundation of clinical nurses engaged in leading research that is designed to transform care in partnership with SON.

Feasibility Studies: What They Are, How They Are Done, and What We Can Learn From Them.

Nursing clinical research is a growing field, and as more nurses become engaged in conducting clinical research, feasibility studies may be their first encounter. Understanding what they are, how to conduct them, and the importance of properly reporting their outcomes is vital to the continued advancement of nursing science.

Jacobson and Truax Method: evaluation of the clinical effectiveness of a home care program after prostatectomy / Método Jacobson e Truax: avaliação da efetividade clínica de um programa de ensino para cuidado domiciliar pós prostatectomia / Método Jacobson y Truax: evaluación de la efectividad clínica de un programa de enseñanza para cuidado domiciliario pos-prostatectomía

ABSTRACT Objective: to exemplify the applicability of the Jacobson and Truax Method in a nursing intervention study that analyzed the effectiveness of a home care teaching program after radical prostatectomy. Method: this is a descriptive study concerning the applicability of the Jacobson and Truax Method in the data analysis of a clinical trial. The intervention consisted of a teaching program for hospital discharge after radical prostatectomy through oral guidance, writing, and telephonic reinforcement. Thirty-four men participated in the intervention group and 34 men participated in the control group. A reliable index of change and clinical significance was calculated for the knowledge variable in both groups. Scatterplots were presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. Results: for 30 individuals in the intervention group, the intervention presented clinically relevant change than in knowledge. In the control group, none of the 34 individuals presented clinical significance of the results related to this variable, that is, the statistical significance identified by the inferential tests did not have clinically relevant changes in the knowledge variable. Conclusion: the educational intervention carried out through the combination of oral, written and telephone counseling was shown to be clinically effective in improving knowledge about home care.

RESUMO Objetivo: exemplificar a aplicabilidade do Método Jacobson e Truax em um estudo de intervenção de enfermagem que analisou a efetividade de um programa de ensino para cuidado domiciliar pós-prostatectomia radical. Método: estudo descritivo referente à aplicabilidade do Método Jacobson e Truax na análise de dados de um ensaio clínico. A intervenção consistiu em programa de ensino para alta hospitalar pós-prostatectomia radical por meio de orientação oral, escrita e reforço telefônico. Participaram 34 homens no grupo intervenção e 34 no controle. Calculou-se índice de mudança confiável e significância clínica para a variável conhecimento nos dois grupos. Gráficos de dispersão foram apresentados para demonstrar a efetividade do método. Resultados: no grupo intervenção, para 30 indivíduos, a intervenção apresentou mudança clinicamente relevante em relação ao conhecimento. Já no grupo controle, nenhum dos 34 indivíduos apresentou significância clínica dos resultados relacionada a essa variável, ou seja, a significância estatística identificada pelos testes inferenciais não representou mudanças clinicamente relevantes ao nível da variável conhecimento. Conclusão: a intervenção educativa realizada por meio da combinação de orientação oral, escrita e acompanhamento telefônico mostrou-se clinicamente efetiva no âmbito da melhoria do conhecimento quanto aos cuidados em domicílio.

RESUMEN Objetivo: ejemplificar la aplicabilidad del Método Jacobson y Truax en un estudio de intervención de enfermería que analizó la efectividad de un programa de enseñanza para cuidado domiciliario pos-prostatectomía radical. Método: estudio descriptivo referente a la aplicabilidad del Método Jacobson y Truax en el análisis de datos de un ensayo clínico. La intervención consistió en programa de enseñanza para alta hospitalario pos-prostatectomía radical por medio de orientación oral, escrita y refuerzo telefónico. Participaron 34 hombres en el grupo intervención y 34 en el grupo de control. Se calculó el índice de cambio confiable y significancia clínica para la variable conocimiento en los dos grupos. Gráficos de dispersión fueron presentados para demostrar la efectividad del método. Resultados: en el grupo intervención, para 30 individuos, la intervención presentó cambio clínicamente relevante en relación al conocimiento. Ya en el grupo control, ninguno de los 34 individuos presentó significancia clínica de los resultados relacionada a esa variable, o sea, la significancia estadística identificada por los tests inferenciales no representó cambios clínicamente relevantes al nivel del variable conocimiento. Conclusión: la intervención educativa realizada por medio de la combinación de orientación oral, escrita y acompañamiento telefónico se mostró clínicamente efectiva en el ámbito de la mejoría del conocimiento sobre los cuidados en domicilio.

Supporting Clinical Nurses Through a Research Fellowship.

After reviewing the literature, nurses at the bedside seeking answers to clinical questions may find their inquiries remain unanswered. This article describes the yearlong Research Fellows Program in which candidates, funded for 12 hours per month of research release time, answered formal research questions in a curriculum designed to provide the skills to complete their study. Five have completed their studies; 1 has received a grant to continue. Two are in process of submitting manuscripts to journals.

Success Stories: Overcoming Barriers to Research in Southern and Eastern African Countries.

There is an ever-growing need for clinically focused, culturally relevant research on which nurses can base their practice. However, there may not be a concurrent rise in efforts to strengthen infrastructure needed to promote research in developing and low-income countries. In such cases, nurse researchers must find innovative ways to address and overcome barriers to research. This article presents five exemplars of nurses conducting high-quality nursing research in resource-poor settings in southern and eastern Africa. Furthermore, it suggests strategies to address these barriers, such as piggybacking on larger studies, interdisciplinary collaboration, and partnership with influential stakeholders. These tactics may be used to increase research productivity elsewhere.

Response to "Patient-Inspired Research: A Better Way to Go?"

I would like to thank Anne Katz for her thoughtful editorial on the importance of patient opinion in defining research questions. Nurse researchers choose to study specific topics for a variety of reasons. These reasons often relate to research funding priorities. It costs a lot of money to do research; topics may be chosen not because they are necessarily the passion of the researcher, but because that is where the funding dictates.
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Video Analysis of Factors Associated With Response Time to Physiologic Monitor Alarms in a Children's Hospital.

Importance: Bedside monitor alarms alert nurses to life-threatening physiologic changes among patients, but the response times of nurses are slow. Objective: To identify factors associated with physiologic monitor alarm response time. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study used 551 hours of video-recorded care administered by 38 nurses to 100 children in a children's hospital medical unit between July 22, 2014, and November 11, 2015. Exposures: Patient, nurse, and alarm-level factors hypothesized to predict response time. Main Outcomes and Measures: We used multivariable accelerated failure-time models stratified by each nurse and adjusted for clustering within patients to evaluate associations between exposures and response time to alarms that occurred while the nurse was outside the room. Results: The study participants included 38 nurses, 100% (n = 38) of whom were white and 92% (n = 35) of whom were female, and 100 children, 51% (n = 51) of whom were male. The race/ethnicity of the child participants was 45% (n = 45) black or African American, 33% (n = 33) white, 4% (n = 4) Asian, and 18% (n = 18) other. Of 11 745 alarms among 100 children, 50 (0.5%) were actionable. The adjusted median response time among nurses was 10.4 minutes (95% CI, 5.0-15.8) and varied based on the following variables: if the patient was on complex care service (5.3 minutes [95% CI, 1.4-9.3] vs 11.1 minutes [95% CI, 5.6-16.6] among general pediatrics patients), whether family members were absent from the patient's bedside (6.3 minutes [95% CI, 2.2-10.4] vs 11.7 minutes [95% CI, 5.9-17.4] when family present), whether a nurse had less than 1 year of experience (4.4 minutes [95% CI, 3.4-5.5] vs 8.8 minutes [95% CI, 7.2-10.5] for nurses with 1 or more years of experience), if there was a 1 to 1 nursing assignment (3.5 minutes [95% CI, 1.3-5.7] vs 10.6 minutes [95% CI, 5.3-16.0] for nurses caring for 2 or more patients), if there were prior alarms requiring intervention (5.5 minutes [95% CI, 1.5-9.5] vs 10.7 minutes [5.2-16.2] for patients without intervention), and if there was a lethal arrhythmia alarm (1.2 minutes [95% CI, -0.6 to 2.9] vs 10.4 minutes [95% CI, 5.1-15.8] for alarms for other conditions). Each hour that elapsed during a nurse's shift was associated with a 15% longer response time (6.1 minutes [95% CI, 2.8-9.3] in hour 2 vs 14.1 minutes [95% CI, 6.4-21.7] in hour 8). The number of nonactionable alarms to which the nurse was exposed in the preceding 120 minutes was not associated with response time. Conclusions and Relevance: Response time was associated with factors that likely represent the heuristics nurses use to assess whether an alarm represents a life-threatening condition. The nurse to patient ratio and physical and mental fatigue (measured by the number of hours into a shift) represent modifiable factors associated with response time. Chronic alarm fatigue resulting from long-term exposure to nonactionable alarms may be a more important determinant of response time than short-term exposure.