PYCR1 promotes liver cancer cell growth and metastasis by regulating IRS1 expression through lactylation modification.

BACKGROUND: Liver cancer (LC) is among the deadliest cancers worldwide, with existing treatments showing limited efficacy. This study aimed to elucidate the role and underlying mechanisms of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) as a potential therapeutic target in LC. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to analyse the expression of PYCR1 in LC cells and tissues. EdU assays, colony-forming assays, scratch wound healing assays, Transwell assays, nude mouse xenograft models and nude mouse lung metastasis models were used to detect the growth and metastasis abilities of LC cells. Transcriptome sequencing was used to search for downstream target genes regulated by PYCR1, and metabolomics was used to identify the downstream metabolites regulated by PYCR1. ChIP assays were used to analyse the enrichment of H3K18 lactylation in the IRS1 promoter region. RESULTS: We found that the expression of PYCR1 was significantly increased in HCC and that this high expression was associated with poor prognosis in HCC patients. Knockout or inhibition of PYCR1 inhibited HCC cell proliferation, migration and invasion both in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we revealed that knocking out or inhibiting PYCR1 could inhibit glycolysis in HCC cells and reduce H3K18 lactylation of the IRS1 histone, thereby inhibiting IRS1 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings identify PYCR1 as a pivotal regulator of LC progression that influences tumour cell metabolism and gene expression. By demonstrating the potential of targeting PYCR1 to inhibit LC cell proliferation and metastasis, this study identified PYCR1 as a promising therapeutic target for LC. HIGHLIGHTS: Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) promotes the proliferation and metastasis of liver cancer (LC) cells. The expression of PYCR1 in LC is regulated by DNA methylation. Knocking down or inhibiting PYCR1 inhibits glycolysis as well as the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and MAPK/ERK pathways in LC cells. PYCR1 regulates the transcriptional activity of IRS1 by affecting H3K18 lactylation in its promoter region.

Crosstalk between FTH1 and PYCR1 dysregulates proline metabolism and mediates cell growth in KRAS-mutant pancreatic cancer cells.

Ferritin, comprising heavy (FTH1) and light (FTL) chains, is the main iron storage protein, and pancreatic cancer patients exhibit elevated serum ferritin levels. Specifically, higher ferritin levels are correlated with poorer pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) prognosis; however, the underlying mechanism and metabolic programming of ferritin involved in KRAS-mutant PDAC progression remain unclear. Here, we observed a direct correlation between FTH1 expression and cell viability and clonogenicity in KRAS-mutant PDAC cell lines as well as with in vivo tumor growth through the control of proline metabolism. Our investigation highlights the intricate relationship between FTH1 and pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), a crucial mitochondrial enzyme facilitating the glutamate-to-proline conversion, underscoring its impact on proline metabolic imbalance in KRAS-mutant PDAC. This regulation is further reversed by miR-5000-3p, whose dysregulation results in the disruption of proline metabolism, thereby accentuating the progression of KRAS-mutant PDAC. Additionally, our study demonstrated that deferasirox, an oral iron chelator, significantly diminishes cell viability and tumor growth in KRAS-mutant PDAC by targeting FTH1-mediated pathways and altering the PYCR1/PRODH expression ratio. These findings underscore the novel role of FTH1 in proline metabolism and its potential as a target for PDAC therapy development.

Deciphering the Effects of the PYCR Family on Cell Function, Prognostic Value, Immune Infiltration in ccRCC and Pan-Cancer.

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (PYCR) is pivotal in converting pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) to proline, the final step in proline synthesis. Three isoforms, PYCR1, PYCR2, and PYCR3, existed and played significant regulatory roles in tumor initiation and progression. In this study, we first assessed the molecular and immune characteristics of PYCRs by a pan-cancer analysis, especially focusing on their prognostic relevance. Then, a kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC)-specific prognostic model was established, incorporating pathomics features to enhance predictive capabilities. The biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of PYCR1 and PYCR2 were investigated by in vitro experiments in renal cancer cells. The PYCRs' expressions were elevated in diverse tumors, correlating with unfavorable clinical outcomes. PYCRs were enriched in cancer signaling pathways, significantly correlating with immune cell infiltration, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI). In KIRC, a prognostic model based on PYCR1 and PYCR2 was independently validated statistically. Leveraging features from H&E-stained images, a pathomics feature model reliably predicted patient prognosis. In vitro experiments demonstrated that PYCR1 and PYCR2 enhanced the proliferation and migration of renal carcinoma cells by activating the mTOR pathway, at least in part. This study underscores PYCRs' pivotal role in various tumors, positioning them as potential prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, particularly in malignancies like KIRC. The findings emphasize the need for a broader exploration of PYCRs' implications in pan-cancer contexts.

Confirming the enzymatic activity and neurodevelopmental trajectory of PYCR1 mutation in one child with autosomal-recessive cutis laxa type 2.

Autosomal-recessive cutis laxa type 2 (ARCL2) is a rare genetic disorder caused by pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1) mutations and characterized by loose and sagging skin, typical facial features, intrauterine growth retardation, and developmental delay. To study the effect of PYCR1 mutations on protein function and clinical features, we identified a homozygous missense mutation c.559G > A (p.Ala187Thr) in PYCR1 in a Chinese child with typical clinical features, especially severe developmental delays. The three-dimensional (3D) model showed the modification of the hydrogen bonds produce a misfolding in the mutant PYCR1 protein. Mutagenesis and enzyme assay study revealed decreased activity of the mutant protein in vitro, indicating that this mutation impairs PYCR1 function. Our findings confirmed abnormal enzymatic activity and neurodevelopmental trajectory of this PYCR1 mutation.

Screening a knowledge-based library of low molecular weight compounds against the proline biosynthetic enzyme 1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate 1 (PYCR1).

Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoform 1 (PYCR1) is the last enzyme of proline biosynthesis and catalyzes the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate to L-proline. High PYCR1 gene expression is observed in many cancers and linked to poor patient outcomes and tumor aggressiveness. The knockdown of the PYCR1 gene or the inhibition of PYCR1 enzyme has been shown to inhibit tumorigenesis in cancer cells and animal models of cancer, motivating inhibitor discovery. We screened a library of 71 low molecular weight compounds (average MW of 131 Da) against PYCR1 using an enzyme activity assay. Hit compounds were validated with X-ray crystallography and kinetic assays to determine affinity parameters. The library was counter-screened against human Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoform 3 and proline dehydrogenase (PRODH) to assess specificity/promiscuity. Twelve PYCR1 and one PRODH inhibitor crystal structures were determined. Three compounds inhibit PYCR1 with competitive inhibition parameter of 100 µM or lower. Among these, (S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-carboxylic acid (70 µM) has higher affinity than the current best tool compound N-formyl-l-proline, is 30 times more specific for PYCR1 over human Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase isoform 3, and negligibly inhibits PRODH. Structure-affinity relationships suggest that hydrogen bonding of the heteroatom of this compound is important for binding to PYCR1. The structures of PYCR1 and PRODH complexed with 1-hydroxyethane-1-sulfonate demonstrate that the sulfonate group is a suitable replacement for the carboxylate anchor. This result suggests that the exploration of carboxylic acid isosteres may be a promising strategy for discovering new classes of PYCR1 and PRODH inhibitors. The structure of PYCR1 complexed with l-pipecolate and NADH supports the hypothesis that PYCR1 has an alternative function in lysine metabolism.

A micropeptide TREMP encoded by lincR-PPP2R5C promotes Th2 cell differentiation by interacting with PYCR1 in allergic airway inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Allergic asthma is largely dominated by Th2 lymphocytes. Micropeptides in Th2 cells and asthma remain unmasked. Here, we aimed to demonstrate a micropeptide, T-cell regulatory micropeptide (TREMP), in Th2 cell differentiation in asthma. METHODS: TREMP translated from lincR-PPP2R5C was validated using Western blotting and mass spectrometry. TREMP knockout mice were generated using CRISPR/Cas9. Coimmunoprecipitation revealed that TREMP targeted pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), which was further explored in vitro and in vivo. The levels of TREMP and PYCR1 in Th2 cells from clinical samples were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS: TREMP, encoded by lincR-PPP2R5C, was in the mitochondrion. The lentivirus encoding TREMP promoted Th2 cell differentiation. In contrast, Th2 differentiation was suppressed in TREMP-/- CD4+ T cells. In the HDM-induced model of allergic airway inflammation, TREMP was increased in pulmonary tissues. Allergic airway inflammation was relieved in TREMP-/- mice treated with HDM. Mechanistically, TREMP interacted with PYCR1, which regulated Th2 differentiation via glycolysis. Glycolysis was decreased in Th2 cells from TREMP-/- mice and PYCR1-/- mice. Similar to TREMP-/- mice, allergic airway inflammation was mitigated in HDM-challenged PYCR1-/- mice. Moreover, we measured TREMP and PYCR1 in asthma patients. And we found that, compared with those in healthy controls, the levels of TREMP and PYCR1 in Th2 cells were significantly increased in asthmatic patients. CONCLUSIONS: The micropeptide TREMP encoded by lincR-PPP2R5C promoted Th2 differentiation in allergic airway inflammation by interacting with PYCR1 and enhancing glycolysis. Our findings highlight the importance of neglected micropeptides from noncoding RNAs in allergic diseases.

BHLHE41 inhibits bladder cancer progression via regulation of PYCR1 stability and thus inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

BACKGROUND: The basic helix-loop-helix family member e41 (BHLHE41) is frequently dysregulated in tumors and plays a crucial role in malignant progression of various cancers. Nevertheless, its specific function and underlying mechanism in bladder cancer (BCa) remain largely unexplored. METHODS: The expression levels of BHLHE41 in BCa tissues and cells were examined by qRT-PCR and western blot assays. BCa cells stably knocking down or overexpressing BHLHE41 were constructed through lentivirus infection. The changes of cell proliferation, cell cycle distribution, migration, and invasion were detected by CCK-8, flow cytometry, wound healing, transwell invasion assays, respectively. The expression levels of related proteins were detected by western blot assay. The interaction between BHLHE41 and PYCR1 was explored by co-immunoprecipitation analysis. RESULTS: In this study, we found that BHLHE41 was lowly expressed in bladder cancer tissues and cell lines, and lower expression of BHLHE41 was associated with poor overall survival in bladder cancer patients. Functionally, by manipulating the expression of BHLHE41, we demonstrated that overexpression of BHLHE41 significantly retarded cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and induced cell cycle arrest in bladder cancer through various in vitro and in vivo experiments, while silence of BHLHE41 caused the opposite effect. Mechanistically, we showed that BHLHE41 directly interacted with PYCR1, decreased its stability and resulted in the ubiquitination and degradation of PYCR1, thus inactivating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Rescue experiments showed that the effects induced by BHLHE41 overexpression could be attenuated by further upregulating PYCR1. CONCLUSION: BHLHE41 might be a useful prognostic biomarker and a tumor suppressor in bladder cancer. The BHLHE41/PYCR1/PI3K/AKT axis might be a potential therapeutic target for bladder cancer intervention.

Exploring metabolic alterations in PYCR2 deficiency: Unveiling pathways and clinical presentations of hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10.

Proline-5-carboxylate reductase 2, encoded by PYCR2 gene, is an enzyme that catalyzes the last step of proline synthesis from pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase to proline. PYCR2 gene defect causes hypomyelinating leukodystrophy 10. Up until now, to our knowledge around 38 patients with PYCR2 defect have been reported. Herein, we describe clinical, neuroradiological, biochemical findings, and metabolomic profiling of three new genetically related cases of PYCR2 defects from a large family. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amino acid levels were measured and untargeted metabolomic profiling of plasma and CSF were conducted and evaluated together with the clinical findings in the patients. While plasma and CSF proline levels were found to be totally normal, untargeted metabolomic profiling revealed mild increases of glutamate, alpha-ketoglutarate, and l-glutamate semialdehyde and marked increases of inosine and xanthine. Our findings and all the previous reports suggest that proline auxotrophy is not the central disease mechanism. Untargeted metabolomics point to mild changes in proline pathway and also in purine/pyrimidine pathway.

Metabolic characterization of sphere-derived prostate cancer stem cells reveals aberrant urea cycle in stemness maintenance.

Alteration of cell metabolism is one of the essential characteristics of tumor growth. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are the initiating cells of tumorigenesis, proliferation, recurrence, and other processes, and play an important role in therapeutic resistance and metastasis. Thus, identification of the metabolic profiles in prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs) is critical to understanding prostate cancer progression. Using untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics methods, we show distinct metabolic differences between prostate cancer cells and PCSCs. Urea cycle is the most significantly altered metabolic pathway in PCSCs, the key metabolites arginine and proline are evidently elevated. Proline promotes cancer stem-like characteristics via the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Meanwhile, the enzyme pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (PYCR1), which catalyzes the conversion of pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid to proline, is highly expressed in PCSCs, and the inhibition of PYCR1 suppresses the stem-like characteristics of prostate cancer cells and tumor growth. In addition, carnitine and free fatty acid levels are significantly increased, indicating reprogramming of fatty acid metabolism in PCSCs. Reduced sphingolipid levels and increased triglyceride levels are also observed. Collectively, our data illustrate the comprehensive landscape of the metabolic reprogramming of PCSCs and provide potential therapeutic strategies for prostate cancer.

PYCR3 modulates mtDNA copy number to drive proliferation and doxorubicin resistance in triple-negative breast cancer.

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) poses significant challenges in treatment due to its aggressive nature and limited therapeutic targets. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms driving TNBC progression and chemotherapy resistance is imperative for developing effective therapeutic strategies. Thus, in this study, we aimed to elucidate the role of pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 3 (PYCR3) in TNBC pathogenesis and therapeutic response. We observed that PYCR3 is significantly upregulated in TNBC specimens compared to normal breast tissues, correlating with a poorer prognosis in TNBC patients. Knockdown of PYCR3 not only suppresses TNBC cell proliferation but also reverses acquired resistance of TNBC cells to doxorubicin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent. Mechanistically, we identified the mitochondrial localization of PYCR3 in TNBC cells and demonstrated its impact on TNBC cell proliferation and sensitivity to doxorubicin through the regulation of mtDNA copy number and mitochondrial respiration. Importantly, Selective reduction of mtDNA copy number using the mtDNA replication inhibitor 2', 3'-dideoxycytidine effectively recapitulates the phenotypic effects observed in PYCR3 knockout, resulting in decreased TNBC cell proliferation and the reversal of doxorubicin resistance through apoptosis induction. Thus, our study underscores the clinical relevance of PYCR3 and highlight its potential as a therapeutic target in TNBC management. By elucidating the functional significance of PYCR3 in TNBC, our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of TNBC biology and provide a foundation for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes.

Genetic engineering of drought- and salt-tolerant tomato via Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase S-nitrosylation.

Drought and soil salinization substantially impact agriculture. While proline's role in enhancing stress tolerance is known, the exact molecular mechanism by which plants process stress signals and control proline synthesis under stress is still not fully understood. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), drought and salt stress stimulate nitric oxide (NO) production, which boosts proline synthesis by activating Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (SlP5CS) and Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (SlP5CR) genes and the P5CR enzyme. The crucial factor is stress-triggered NO production, which regulates the S-nitrosylation of SlP5CR at Cys-5, thereby increasing its NAD(P)H affinity and enzymatic activity. S-nitrosylation of SlP5CR enables tomato plants to better adapt to changing NAD(P)H levels, boosting both SlP5CR activity and proline synthesis during stress. By comparing tomato lines genetically modified to express different forms of SlP5CR, including a variant mimicking S-nitrosylation (SlP5CRC5W), we found that SlP5CRC5W plants show superior growth and stress tolerance. This is attributed to better P5CR activity, proline production, water use efficiency, reactive oxygen species scavenging, and sodium excretion. Overall, this study demonstrates that tomato engineered to mimic S-nitrosylated SlP5CR exhibits enhanced growth and yield under drought and salt stress conditions, highlighting a promising approach for stress-tolerant tomato cultivation.

Novel Fragment Inhibitors of PYCR1 from Docking-Guided X-ray Crystallography.

The proline biosynthetic enzyme Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) reductase 1 (PYCR1) is one of the most consistently upregulated enzymes across multiple cancer types and central to the metabolic rewiring of cancer cells. Herein, we describe a fragment-based, structure-first approach to the discovery of PYCR1 inhibitors. Thirty-seven fragment-like carboxylic acids in the molecular weight range of 143-289 Da were selected from docking and then screened using X-ray crystallography as the primary assay. Strong electron density was observed for eight compounds, corresponding to a crystallographic hit rate of 22%. The fragments are novel compared to existing proline analog inhibitors in that they block both the P5C substrate pocket and the NAD(P)H binding site. Four hits showed inhibition of PYCR1 in kinetic assays, and one has lower apparent IC50 than the current best proline analog inhibitor. These results show proof-of-concept for our inhibitor discovery approach and provide a basis for fragment-to-lead optimization.

PYCR2, induced by c-Myc, promotes the invasiveness and metastasis of breast cancer by activating AKT signalling pathway.

BACKGROUND: Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 (PYCR2) expression is aberrantly upregulated in colon cancer. However, the functions and underlying mechanisms of PYCR2 in breast cancer remain elusive. The primary objective of the present study was to elucidate the function of PYCR2 in breast cancer and investigate whether PYCR2 may be transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc to activate the AKT signaling pathway. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to examine the expression of PYCR2 in breast cancer and adjacent non-cancerous tissues. Western blot and RT-qPCR were utilized to detect PYCR2 expression in breast cancer cells. Cellular functionalities were evaluated through Transwell assays in vitro and lung metastasis formation assays in vivo. Moreover, the impact of PYCR2 on the activation of AKT signaling was determined through western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis. The transcriptional regulation of PYCR2 expression by c-Myc was evaluated via both western blot analysis and luciferase gene reporter assay. RESULTS: PYCR2 overexpression was noted in breast cancer. Silencing PYCR2 expression attenuated the invasive and metastatic abilities of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the activation of the AKT signaling pathway is indispensable for the promotion of invasion and metastasis mediated by PYCR2. Lastly, the binding of c-Myc to the promoter sequence of PYCR2 resulted in the upregulation of PYCR2 transcription. CONCLUSION: Taken together, these results indicate that PYCR2 is transcriptionally regulated by c-Myc and promotes invasion and metastasis in breast cancer through the activation of the AKT pathway.

Bioinformatics and expression analysis of proline metabolism-related gene families in alfalfa under saline-alkali stress.

Regulation of the proline metabolic pathway is essential for the accumulation of proline under abiotic stress and for the amelioration of plant stress resistance. Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS), pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase (P5CR), ornithine transaminase (δ-OAT), proline dehydrogenase (PDH), pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase (P5CDH), and proline transporter (ProT) are the key enzymes in the proline metabolic pathway. However, the gene families responsible for proline metabolism have not yet been identified or reported in alfalfa. In this study, a total of 12 MsP5CSs, 4 MsP5CRs, 3 MsOATs, 6 MsPDHs, 2 MsP5CDHs, and 5 MsProTs were identified in the genome of alfalfa, and the members of the same subfamily had similar gene structures and conserved motifs. Analysis of cis-regulatory elements revealed the presence of light-responsive, hormone-regulated, and stress-responsive elements in the promoter regions of alfalfa proline metabolism-related genes. Following treatment with saline-alkali, the expression of MsP5CSs, MsP5CRs, MsOATs, and MsProTs was significantly upregulated, whereas the expression of MsPDH1.1, MsPDH1.3, and MsP5CDH was significantly downregulated. The proline content and enzyme activity of P5CS gradually increased, whereas the enzyme activity of PDH gradually decreased as the duration of stress increased. Root growth rates decreased upon MsP5CS1a suppression (MsP5CS1a-RNAi) in the hairy roots of alfalfa compared to the empty vector line under saline-alkali stress. These results show that proline metabolism-related genes play an important role in the saline-alkali stress tolerance of alfalfa and provide a theoretical basis for further research on the functions of proline metabolism-related genes in alfalfa in response to saline-alkali stress.

PYCR2 promotes growth and aerobic glycolysis in human liver cancer by regulating the AKT signaling pathway.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the world's third most fatal cancer. Because metabolic rewiring is a hallmark of HCC, studies into the causes of aberrant glycolysis could provide insight into novel HCC therapeutic strategies. Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 (PYCR2), a key enzyme of proline synthesis, has previously been found to play vital roles in various malignancies regarding amino acid metabolism and oxidative stress response. Our study investigated the mechanistic function of PYCR2 in HCC. We used Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis to perform bioinformatics analysis of PYCR2 expression and survival in human HCC patients based on the Cancer Genome Atlas database. The function of PYCR2 in cell viability and glycolysis was assessed using CCK-8 and ECAR assays. Transducing shRNA or overexpression vectors into the HCC cell line altered the expression status of PYCR2. PYCR2 expression was validated using quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot. In mouse xenograft models, the role of PYCR2 in HCC tumor formation was confirmed. PYCR2 was overexpressed in human HCC tumor tissue and was associated with a poor prognosis. The functional assay revealed that silencing PYCR2 inhibited cell viability, glycolysis, and AKT activation. Furthermore, the xenograft experiment demonstrated that silencing PYCR2 significantly inhibited tumor growth and Ki67 expression. On the other hand, PYCR2 overexpression significantly promoted cell viability and glycolysis, which could be inhibited by either a glycolysis inhibitor or an AKT inhibitor, indicating that PYCR2 may function via glycolysis and the AKT pathway. Moreover, despite the overexpression of PYCR2 in vivo, treatment with a glycolysis inhibitor may considerably suppress tumor growth. Our findings suggest that PYCR2 may play an oncogenic role in HCC growth by promoting glycolysis and activating AKT, emphasizing PYCR2's clinical relevance in HCC management as a novel potential therapeutic target.

LncRNA MALAT1 regulates growth of carcinoma of the lung through modulating miR-338-3p/PYCR2 axis.

The progression of several cancers, including lung cancer, has been linked to long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) (LC). The current research concentrated on elucidating the effects of MALAT1 on the course of LC and investigating potential pathways. The qPCR and in situ hybridization (ISH) assays were used to measure MALAT1 expression in LC tissues. Additionally, the overall survival (OS), a percentage of LC patients with various MALAT1 levels was examined. Additionally, it was determined whether MALAT1 was expressed in LC cells through qPCR analysis. LC cells' proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis were all examined concerning MALAT1 utilizing the following techniques: EdU, CCK-8, western blot and flow cytometry. This study predicted and verified the correlation between MALAT1, microRNA (miR)-338-3p as well as pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 using bioinformatics and dual-luciferase reporters (PYCR2). On the activity and function of MALAT1/miR-338-3p/PYCR2 in LC cell activities, more study was conducted. The amount of MALAT1 was raised in LC tissues and cells. Low OS was seen in patients with elevated MALAT1 expression. By inhibiting MALAT1, LC cells saw decreased migration, invasion, and proliferation as well as an increase in apoptosis. Additionally, PYCR2 appeared as an objective of miR-338-3p, while MALAT1 was a target of miR-338-3p. Additionally, the over-expression of miR-338-3p had effects that were comparable to those of MALAT1 down-regulation. The function of miR-338-3p inhibitor on the functional activities of LC cells co-transfected with sh-MALAT1 was partially recovered by PYCR2 inhibition. MALAT1/miR-338-3p/PYCR2 maybe the novel target for LC therapy.

Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2 (PYCR2) deficiency causes hereditary spastic paraplaegia in late childhood.

OBJECTIVES: PYCR2 gene variants are extremely rare condition which is associated with hypomyelinating leukodystrophy type 10 with microcephaly (HLD10). The aim of the present study is to report the clinical findings of patients having novel PYCR2 gene variant that manifest Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP) is the only symptom without hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. This is the first study that report the PYCR2 gene variants as a cause of HSP in late childhood. We believe it can contribute to expanding the spectrum of the phenotypes associated with PYCR2. METHODS: It is a retrospective study. Of the patients with similar clinical features from two related families, "patient 1" was designated as the index case, and was analyzed using Whole Exome Squence analysis (WES). The detected variation was investigated in the index case's parents, relatives, and sibling with a similar phenotype. Clinical, brain magnetic resonance (MR) images and MR spectroscopic findings of the patients were reported. RESULTS: A novel homozygous missense (NM_013328: c.383T > C, p.V128A) variant in the PYCR2 gene is detected in 5 patient from 2 related families. All the patients were male, their ages ranges from 6 to 26 years (15.58 ± 8,33 yrs). Developmantal milestones were normal without dysmorphic features. 4 (%80) patients exhibit mild intention tremor started at the age of approximately 6 years of age. 4 (%80) patients had gait difficulty and progressive lower limb spasticity started at the age of 8-12 years. White matter myelination was normal in all patients. Glycine peakes were detected on the MR spectroscopy in all patients. CONCLUSION: Some variants of PYCR2 gene are responsible for causing clinical features of HSP without hypomyelinating leukodystrophy in the pediatric patients.

Expression and kinetic characterization of PYCR3.

PYCRs are proline biosynthetic enzymes that catalyze the NAD(P)H-dependent reduction of Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate (P5C) to proline in humans. PYCRs - especially PYCR1 - are upregulated in many types of cancers and have been implicated in the altered metabolism of cancer cells. Of the three isoforms of PYCR, PYCR3 remains the least studied due in part to the lack of a robust recombinant expression. Herein, we describe a procedure for the expression of soluble SUMO-PYCR3 in Escherichia coli, purification of the fusion protein, and removal of the SUMO tag. PYCR3 is active with either NADPH or NADH as the coenzyme. Bi-substrate kinetic measurements obtained by varying the concentrations of both L-P5C and NADH, along with product inhibition data for l-proline, suggest a random ordered bi bi mechanism. A panel of 19 proline analogs was screened for inhibition, and the kinetics of competitive inhibition (with L-P5C) were measured for five of the compounds screened, including N-formyl-l-proline, a validated inhibitor of PYCR1. N-formyl-l-proline was found to be ten times more selective for PYCR1 over PYCR3. The SUMO-PYCR3 expression system should be useful for testing the isoform specificity of PYCR1 inhibitors.

Metabolomic and transcriptomic studies of improvements in myocardial infarction due to Pycr1 deletion.

Myocardial infarction (MI) remains a major challenge to cardiovascular health worldwide, with poor healing leaving a direct impact on patients' quality of life and survival. Metabolic abnormalities after MI are receiving increasing attention. Our previous studies showed that enhancing proline catabolism ameliorates hypoxic damage to myocardial cells; therefore, we sought to determine whether reducing the synthesis of endogenous proline also affects MI. We analysed GEO datasets associated with MI and western blot of mouse heart tissue in an MI model to demonstrate pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1 (Pycr1) expression level after MI. We constructed Pycr1 KO mice by CRISPR/Cas9 technology to explore the effect of Pycr1 gene KO after MI using transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques. In this study, we found reduced mRNA and protein expression levels of Pycr1 in the hearts of mice after MI. We observed that Pycr1 gene KO has a protective effect against MI, reducing the area of MI and improving heart function. Using transcriptomics approaches, we found 215 upregulated genes and 247 downregulated genes after KO of the Pycr1 gene, indicating that unsaturated fatty acid metabolism was affected at the transcriptional level. Metabolomics results revealed elevated content for 141 metabolites and decreased content for 90 metabolites, among which the levels of fatty acids, glycerol phospholipids, bile acids, and other metabolites increased significantly. The changes in these metabolites may be related to the protective effect of Pycr1 KO on the heart after MI. Pycr1 gene KO has a protective effect against MI and our research will lay a solid foundation for the development of future Pycr1-related drug targets.

The role of PYCR1 in inhibiting 5-fluorouracil-induced ferroptosis and apoptosis through SLC25A10 in colorectal cancer.

Although PYCR1 is a well-recognized oncogenic gene for malignant tumors, the causal relationship of its expression with malignant growth and cytotoxic chemotherapeutics remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the role of PYCR1 and its interaction with SLC25A10 in a chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)'s toxicity to colorectal cancer cells. PYCR1 and SLC25A10 expressions were detected in The Cancer Genome Atlas database and colon adenocarcinoma (COAD) clinical samples. PYCR1 upregulation was associated with SLC25A10 expression and poor prognosis, and its high expression indicated decreased survival rates in patients with COAD. PYCR1 overexpression inhibited lipid reactive oxygen species production and promoted SLC25A10 expression in colorectal cancer cells. PYCR1 silencing enhanced the antitumor effects of 5-FU. Ferroptosis inhibitor deferoxamine suppressed the antitumor effects of PYCR1 silencing, whereas ferroptosis inducer erastin inhibited the protumor effects of PYCR1 overexpression. SLC25A10 overexpression reversed the antitumor effects of PYCR1 silencing in vitro and inhibited the antitumor effects of erastin in vivo. Therefore, PYCR1 is an oncogenic gene that promotes colorectal tumor growth and desensitizes colorectal cancer cells to 5-FU cytotoxicity by preventing apoptosis and ferroptosis.