Assessment of neonaticide in the setting of concealed and denied pregnancies.

It is known that concealed and denied pregnancy are both associated with increased health risks to the mother and infant. Whilst there is literature surrounding management and safeguarding in these instances, we are not aware of a case review of post-mortem findings in infants with a history of concealed or denied pregnancy. We performed a retrospective review of all coronial post-mortems performed between 2003 and 2018 on infants and fetuses with a history of concealment or denial of pregnancy. Maternal demographics, delivery information, post-mortem findings and results of ancillary investigations were analyzed. Twenty cases (1.8% of total coronial workload in the period of the study) were included. Four women admitted to concealing their pregnancy, eleven denied their pregnancy and in the remaining five cases the bodies of the infants had been abandoned and the mother was not traceable. The bodies of these infants were found in waste disposal sites, wooded areas and in a drainpipe. Only six infants in total were judged to have survived delivery, all others were stillborn or unascertained. Perinatal hypoxia, large subdural hemorrhage and congenital pneumonia were the reported causes of death in those infants that were liveborn. In one case there was suspicion of neonaticide. Concealment and denial of pregnancy occur in a wider demographic than perhaps anticipated and is not limited to teenage primigravids. Mothers with concealed and denied pregnancy hid the body of their deceased infant out of fear of prosecution. In many circumstances, viability at birth cannot be ascertained.

Is serum procalcitonin level a reliable indicator in early diagnosis of congenital pneumonia?

Bozkaya D, Yigit S, Yurdakök M. Is serum procalcitonin level a reliable indicator in early diagnosis of congenital pneumonia? Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 34-39. The clinical signs in congenital pneumonia mimic other conditions like transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) and respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Differential diagnosis is difficult since laboratory findings have limited value. Procalcitonin (PCT) is an important and widely studied marker of infection. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of PCT in newborn patients hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) with the diagnosis of congenital pneumonia. The infants with respiratory distress who were born at Hacettepe University between 2005-2015 and hospitalized in the NICU were included in the study. A total of 200 newborn infants; 54 (27%) infants with congenital pneumonia (Group-1), 42 (21%) infants with TTN (Group-2), 40 (20%) infants with RDS (Group-3) and 64 (32%) healthy infants (group-4), were included in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between the groups for serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, sampling time for PCT and CRP and the characteristics of the mother (p > 0.05). Mean serum PCT level was higher in the congenital pneumonia group than in the other groups (p < 0.001). Result of this study shows that procalcitonin is an important early marker in the diagnosis of congenital pneumonia.

Role of chest ultrasound in neonatal lung disease: a review of current evidences.

Among the common causes of neonatal admission to NICU, respiratory distress is one of the important causes. The neonatal respiratory distress is end result of various pulmonary and non-pulmonary causes. Differentiation of pulmonary causes of respiratory distress is important for the neonatologist as treatment differs with different etiologies. Conventionally, chest X-ray and sometimes CT scan have been used to identify the etiology of respiratory distress but these modalities have several limitations which make their use in NICU doubtful. In recent decades, there has been use of lung ultrasound (LUS) to identify and differentiate the etiologies of respiratory distress. The current available evidence show that LUS has good sensitivity and specificity to identify all the common causes of neonatal distress like respiratory distress syndrome, transient tachypnea of newborn, pneumothorax, and pneumonia. This review will cover the various uses of LUS in neonatal care with current available evidence.

Congenital Cytomegalovirus Pneumonitis and Treatment Response Evaluation Using Viral Load during Ganciclovir Therapy: a Case Report.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most common cause of congenital infection. Pneumonitis is considered to be a rare manifestation although congenital CMV infection presents with various non-specific findings. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are beneficial for improving neurodevelopmental sequelae and hearing outcomes of congenital CMV infection; however, treatment response evaluation is not well reported. We report a female case of congenital CMV infection presenting with pneumonitis, meningoencephalitis, and chorioretinitis. She was treated with intravenous ganciclovir for 6 weeks, and clinical features improved. Measurement of the CMV genome load by real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was performed during treatment. After the administration of ganciclovir, the CMV genome was not detected in the blood and levels decreased gradually in the urine. Physicians should consider the possibility of congenital CMV infection in neonates who present with respiratory distress. Furthermore, measurement of the CMV genome load in blood and urine may be useful for evaluating treatment response.

Infant Respiratory Outcomes Associated with Prenatal Exposure to Maternal 2009 A/H1N1 Influenza Vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Infants are at high risk for influenza illness, but are ineligible for vaccination before 6 months. Transfer of maternal antibodies to the fetus has been demonstrated for 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic vaccines; however, clinical effectiveness is unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the association between 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic vaccination during pregnancy and rates of infant influenza and pneumonia. METHODS: We linked a population-based birth cohort to administrative databases to measure rates of influenza and pneumonia diagnosed during ambulatory physician visits, hospitalizations and emergency department visits during one year of follow-up. We estimated incidence rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) using Poisson regression, comparing infants born to A/H1N1-vaccinated women (vaccine-exposed infants) with unexposed infants, adjusted for confounding using high-dimensional propensity scores. RESULTS: Among 117,335 infants in the study, 36,033 (31%) were born to A/H1N1-vaccinated women. Crude rates of influenza during the pandemic (per 100,000 infant-days) for vaccine-exposed and unexposed infants were similar (2.19, 95% CI: 1.27-3.76 and 3.60, 95% CI: 2.51-5.14, respectively), as were crude rates of influenza and pneumonia combined. We did not observe any significant differences in rates of study outcomes between study groups during the second wave of the 2009 A/H1N1 pandemic, nor during any post-pandemic time period. CONCLUSION: We observed no difference in rates of study outcomes among infants born to A/H1N1-vaccinated mothers relative to unexposed infants born during the second A/H1N1 pandemic wave; however, due to late availability of the pandemic vaccine, the available follow-up time during the pandemic time period was very limited.

Oral sildenafil and inhaled iloprost in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

OBJECTIVE: This study was performed to examine the effectiveness and safety of oral sildenafil and inhaled iloprost in term newborns with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Oral sildenafil and inhaled iloprost were administered to 27 and 20 neonates, respectively, for treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension. All patients were term infants at 37 gestational weeks or older. In the sildenafil group, 14 patients had meconium aspiration syndrome, 8 had asphyxia (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy stages II and III), 3 had congenital pneumonia, 1 had transient tachypnea, and 1 had idiopathic PPHN. In the iloprost group, 9 patients had meconium aspiration syndrome, 7 had asphyxia (hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy stages II and III), 3 had congenital pneumonia, and 1 had transient tachypnea. Sildenafil citrate was administered via an oral feeding tube. Iloprost was administered endotracheally to patients on mechanical ventilation using a jet nebulizer. RESULTS: Iloprost appeared to be more effective than sildenafil in the treatment of PPHN with regard to time to adequate clinical response, ventilatory parameters, duration of drug administration, duration of mechanical ventilation, duration of return to normal values of respiratory failure indices, use of MgSO4 as a second vasodilator and requirement for support with inotropic agents. We observed no side effects on blood pressure or homeostasis in any of the patients in the iloprost group. Systemic hypotension was significantly elevated in the sildenafil group. Four and three infants died of PPHN in the sildenafil and iloprost groups, respectively. Pulmonary systolic arterial pressure decreased to normal levels in the remaining 40 patients, and they were discharged from hospital. CONCLUSION: We suggested that inhaled iloprost may be a safe and effective treatment choice in newborn infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. In cases where treatment with inhaled iloprost, ECMO or INO is not possible, oral sildenafil can be an alternative therapy option in the treatment of PPHN.

The use of continuous positive airway pressure in preterm babies with respiratory distress syndrome: a report from Baghdad, Iraq.

OBJECTIVES: To study maternal and neonatal risk factors related to outcome of preterm babies with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) on Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP) in a tertiary Iraqi NICU. METHODS: A prospective case study carried out from January 5, 2011 to January 5, 2012, on 70 preterm neonates with RDS who were started on CPAP. Maternal and infant variables of preterm babies with successful or failed CPAP therapy were compared. RESULTS: Seventy neonates, 44 (63%) males and 26 (37%) females were included. Mean (SD) gestation was 32.8 (2.8) weeks and mean (SD) birth weight was 1860 (656) g. Thirty-seven (52.9%) babies failed CPAP, of them 29 (78.3%) were started on mechanical ventilation. The variables associated with failure of CPAP were: Birth weight ≤1500 g, gestational age ≤30 weeks, white out on the chest X-ray, FiO2 ≥50% at 20 min of CPAP, PEEP ≥5.5 cm H2O. Mortality rates were 94.6% in CPAP failures versus 5.4% in CPAP successes (p = 0.001). In infants surviving till discharge, duration of hospital stay was longer in babies who were CPAP successes (9.6 ± 3.7 versus 3.0 ± 2.7 days, p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Gestational age, birth weight, whiteout chest X-ray, and FiO2 are important predictive values for success of CPAP therapy. A larger prospective multicenter controlled trial is needed to determine the benefits and risks of CPAP and predictors of its failure in our setting. Our results may be useful for others practicing in similar settings as us.

The specific characteristics of DIC syndrome vary with different clinical settings in the newborn.

Abstract Two hundred fourteen newborns with serious perinatal pathology (posthypoxic syndrome, sepsis, surgical intervention, etc.) were examined in progress, according to 27 parameters including coagulative, trombocitic, anti-coagulative and fibrinolitic parts of hemostasis system. It was proved, that neonatal disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) syndrome had different hemostasiological patterns, which were connected with the genesis: sepsis, surgical intervention or posthypoxic syndrome. Precise periods of DIC syndrome are not always presented in newborns. DIC syndrome with neonatal sepsis has two different patterns (overcompensated and decompensated). The manifestation of trombo-hemorrhagic disorders and their characteristics depend on the genesis of DIC syndrome (e.g. an infection process and hyperbilirubinemia can provide the appearance of hemorrhagic syndrome).

[Epidemiology of infections in very low birth weight infants. Polish Neonatology Network research]. / Epidemiologia Zakazen Noworodkówz Bardzo Mala Masa Urodzeniowa.badania Polskiej Sieci Neonatologicznej.

AIM OF STUDY: 1. prospective record of infections; 2. prevention of nosocomial infections by providing current data about infections, which are significant for making therapeutic decisions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Recorded infections: early-onset sepsis (congenital), late-onset sepsis (acquired in hospital), necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), pneumonia. Infections were diagnosed and qualified on the basis of definitions of infections based on the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) criteria, developed by CDC, USA, including modifications of German Neo-KISS programme. Infection control was realised as a part of common research project of "Polish Neonatology Network", appointed by the decision of the Minister of Science and Higher Education no. 669/E-215/BWSN- 0180/2008 dated 20.05.2008 r. The study was conducted by 6 Polish neonatology units, Microbiology Chair of Jagiellonian University Collegium Medicum and Institute of Theoretical and Applied Computer Science. Infants with birth weight lower than 1500 g were qualified for the study. RESULTS: Between 1.01.2009 and 31.12.2009, 910 patients were registered, i.e. 19.1% of VLBW infants born in that period. The conducted analysis showed significant differences between centres in gestational age, birth weight, hospitalisation, use of invasive procedures, antibiotics and parenteral feeding. Cumulative morbidity rate was 68.5% total. Blood infection (sepsis) was the most commonly observed type of infection: 268 cases - 43.1% of all recorded forms of infection. Pneumonia was diagnosed in 242 cases, 38.8% total. NEC constituted 12.7% studied infections (79 cases). Apart from NEC, the risk of other forms of infection differed between centres. Dominant etiologic factor of all infections were Gram-positive cocci, which constituted 565 isolated microorganisms. Among them coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) were the most common (41.7%), while Staphylococcus aureus was fourth most frequent etiologic factor of infections (6.3% total). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Introduction of unified definition and criteria for diagnosing infections and the use of morbidity rates enables comparative analysis of epidemiology of infections in neonatal intensive care units. 2. Due to significant differences observed between prophylactic and therapeutic procedures in various units, it is essential to propose Polish recommendations regarding control over etiology of infections and use of invasive procedures, such as intravenous catheters and ventilation. 3. It is essential to undertake action leading to fully rational antibiotic therapy, because overuse of antibiotics leads to bacterial resistance and increases incidence of infections.

Management of prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) at term.

Over a 20-month period we identified several cases of neonatal pneumonia associated with prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) at term. PROM complicates 8%-10% of all pregnancies, yet 60% of cases occur at term. Ascending infection is a contributing factor and the incidence of chorioamnionitis in these patients is relatively high, especially with prolonged membrane rupture. The signs and symptoms NICE recommends patients look out for are not always present as the majority of infections are subclinical, yet associated maternal and neonatal morbidity of chorioamnionitis is potentially devastating. A survey of maternity units in the West Midlands reveals significant variance in management of these cases. Given the lack of consensus and clear evidence on optimal management of PROM at term, we believe early detection of developing infections could be enhanced by using a combination of investigations (at presentation, 12 and 24 h), as well as current advice to self-monitor temperature and vaginal loss.

Respiratory support practices in infants born at term in the United Kingdom.

Infants born at term requiring mechanical ventilation suffer significant mortality and morbidity, yet few studies have tried to identify the optimum respiratory support for such infants. We, therefore, hypothesised that practice would vary, particularly between different levels of neonatal care provision. The lead clinicians of all 212 UK neonatal units were asked to complete an electronic web-based survey regarding respiratory support practices for term-born infants. Survey questions included the level of neonatal care provided, number of term-born infants ventilated per annum, initial and rescue ventilation modes and whether surfactant or inhaled nitric oxide (NO) were used. The overall response rate was 82 %. A greater proportion of neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) compared to local neonatal units (LNUs) stated that they used volume-targeting, particularly for infants with RDS (p = 0.0006) or congenital pneumonia (p = 0.0005). High-frequency oscillatory ventilation was stated as initial mode by a greater proportion of NICUs compared to LNUs and special care units (SCUs), particularly for respiratory distress syndrome (p < 0.0001) or persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (p < 0.001). Continuous mandatory ventilation was stated to be the rescue mode by a greater proportion of LNUs/SCUs compared to NICUs (p < 0.0001). Surfactant was stated to be most commonly given for respiratory distress syndrome (79 % of units) and MAS (61 % of units); surfactant use was lowest in SCUs (p < 0.0001); inhaled NO was infrequently used by LNUs and SCUs. Conclusions There was considerable variation in respiratory support practices for term-born infants, particularly between different levels of neonatal care provision.

Transient tachypnea of the newborn and congenital pneumonia: a comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: Identify perinatal risk factors for transient tachypnea and pneumonia in neonates, and compare the outcome of these clinical conditions during the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) stay. METHODS: Retrospective review of newborns admitted to a level III NICU, comparing patients with transient tachypnea, pneumonia and a control group of healthy neonates. RESULTS: We included 202 patients with transient tachypnea, 29 with pneumonia and 498 controls. Perinatal infectious risk factors were more frequent in patients with pneumonia than in transient tachypnea (p < 0.001), but the two were identical in terms of the remaining perinatal variables. Patients with pneumonia were admitted for a longer period (p < 0.001) and required supplemental oxygen and ventilatory support more frequently and for a longer period. Comparing with controls, Apgar score at one and five minutes was higher in controls than in patients with pneumonia (p0.032 and p < 0.001) or transient tachypnea (p < 0.001 and p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In most cases, newborns with transient tachypnea and pneumonia are indistinguishable at presentation but clinical evolution is significantly different. The presence of perinatal infectious risk supports the diagnosis of pneumonia. Low Apgar score at one and five minutes was associated with both diseases, suggesting that etiologic factors may already be present at birth.

Early gestational intrauterine infection induces postnatal lung inflammation and arrests lung development in a rat model.

OBJECTIVE: In order to investigate the early gestational inflammation effect on the prenatal and postnatal lung development, identification of the proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß and TNF-α), genes implicated in angiogenesis (Vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF], fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 [Flt-1], fetal liver kinase-1 [Flk-1]), and surfactant proteins (SPs) were observed. METHODS: Escherichia coli (E. coli) was inoculated into uterine cervix of pregnant rats at embryonic day 15 (E15) during pseudoglandular period of lung development and the control group was inoculated with normal saline. IL-1ß, TNF-α, VEGF, Flt-1, Flk-1, SP-A, and SP-B mRNA in pup's lung at E17, 19, 21 and postnatal day (P) 1, 3, 7, 14 were quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Western blot or immunohistochemistry analysis was also performed for the evaluation of VEGF, Flk-1, Flt-1, and SP-A expression in pup's lung. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the fetal lung of the E. coli-treated group was more immature, the postnatal lung development was impaired marked by less alveoli, fewer secondary septa, and thicker alveolar wall. The lung weight and lung/body weight ratio were lower in the E. coli-treated group pups. IL-1ß and TNF-α mRNA were increased significantly in E. coli-treated pup's lung after birth, but no significant difference of IL-1ß and TNF-α mRNA levels in fetal lung were found between the two groups. SP-A expression was depressed at E17, E19, and E21 after intrauterine E. coli treated, accompanied with lower SP-B mRNA level at E19 and E21. Furthermore, intrauterine E. coli treated reduced the VEGF mRNA and protein levels in the fetal lung at E17 and E19, while the expression of Flt-1 and Flk-1 were higher at P7, P14 and P1, P7, P14, respectively, compared to the controls. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested early gestational intrauterine E. coli infection could induce a postnatal pulmonary inflammation and might arrest the alveolarization in developing lung which was involved with the VEGF signaling. However, intrauterine E. coli infection could not induce the increase of proinflammatory cytokines in fetal lung and might fail to accelerate the maturation of fetal lung.

[Measurement of the passive compliance of the total respiratory system in newborn after respiratory insufficiency for risk assessment of respiratory disorders during the first 6 month of life]. / Pomiar podatnosci ukladu oddechowego u noworodków po przebyciu niewydolnosci oddechowej w ocenie ryzyka wystapienia zaburzen oddechowych w pierwszych 6 miesiacach zycia.

AIMS: To evaluate the relationships between postnatal passive respiratory compliance (Crs) and development of respiratory disorders during the first 6 month of life in preterm and full-term infants after respiratory insufficiency. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether other relevant neonatal factors, like degree of prematurity, birth weigh, ventilatory conditions, sepsis, and respiratory disease severity affected this relationship. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The passive respiratory compliance was measured by the single occlusion technique in 73 preterm infants after respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), 19 full-term infants after congenital pneumonia and 33 healthy full-term infants. Respiratory function measurements were performed by single occlusion technique, during natural sleep, after acute phase of illness, before discharge from neonatal department. RESULTS: Crs was significantly lower in premature newborns < 36 weeks gestation after RDS (p = 0.0002) and in term newborns who have suffered from a congenital pneumonia (p = 0.0411), than in healthy full-term newborn infants. Premature infants who have undergone sepsis have significantly decreased Crs in relationship with those who did not have this complication (p = 0.0334). Preterm newborns who have suffered pneumonia during treatment of RDS have significantly frequent respiratory problems during the first 6 month of age (p = 0.043). Full-term infants after congenital pneumonia have more but not significantly frequent respiratory problems than healthy term newborns (p = 0.055) in this period. Decreased neonatal Crs wasn't significantly related to respiratory disorders in age of 6 month of life. CONCLUSION: Prematurity under 36 week of gestational age, low birth weight and suffering from sepsis in premature infants significantly decreased Crs in newborn. Decreased neonatal Crs in premature and full term infants after respiratory insufficiency wasn't significantly related to respiratory disorders during first 6 month of life. This study has showed significantly increase of respiratory problems in this period in preterm infants who have suffered from pneumonia during neonatal period.

Severe postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus infection presenting with colitis, pneumonitis and sepsis-like syndrome in an extremely low birthweight infant.

Few cases of severe postnatally acquired cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection are reported in premature infants. We report on an extremely low birthweight (ELBW) preterm infant who presented with a sepsis-like syndrome and multiple organ involvement, notably pneumonitis and colitis. The course of infection was assessed by repeated analysis of urine, tracheal aspirates and blood. The patient was given intravenous ganciclovir. The clinical course was rapidly favorable. Development of neutropenia led to the discontinuation of the antiviral treatment after 28 days. Follow-up showed moderate white matter anomalies on cerebral MRI, a transient hypoacusis and a mild developmental delay at 18 months of corrected age. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a severe combination of pneumonitis and colitis in postnatal CMV infection. Many issues remain controversial and are discussed. We propose that antiviral treatment should be considered in severe postnatal CMV infection in ELBW patients.

Congenital and neonatal pneumonia.

The greatest risk of death from pneumonia in childhood is in the neonatal period. It is estimated that pneumonia contributes to between 750000-1.2 million neonatal deaths annually, accounting for 10% of global child mortality. Congenital and neonatal pneumonias are often a difficult disease to identify and treat, with clinical manifestations often being non-specific. Many of the normal lung defences are compromised in the fetus and neonate, leading to an increased susceptibility to infection. The aetiology and epidemiology of congenital and neonatal pneumonias will depend on the clinical setting and population that the baby belongs to, the stage in the perinatal period, the gestational age of the baby and the definition of pneumonia. Diagnosis, treatment and prevention strategies are therefore also dependent on these factors, and will differ depending on the clinical setting. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning congenital and neonatal pneumonia worldwide and discusses future directions in the prevention of the disease.

Congenital candidiasis: a rare and unpredictable disease.

We present a full-term female infant with congenital candidiasis characterized by extensive vesicular and pustular skin lesions associated with pneumonia and severe respiratory distress that appeared during the first hours after birth. The patient was born by cesarean section with no history of rupture of membranes. The mother had a vaginal discharge 3 weeks before delivery. The diagnosis was made by culture of pustular fluid, which grew Candida albicans. Systemic cultures were negative. The infant required a very brief course of conventional mechanical ventilation in spite of impressive and extensive lung infiltrates on the chest radiograph. She made a very quick clinical recovery although it is remarkable that antifungal treatment with amphotericin B was begun very late in her clinical course at the time when she was showing obvious signs of major improvement. Current management guidelines strongly recommend specific therapy for infants with invasive congenital candidiasis or with burn-like extensive dermatitis even without lung involvement. We are not suggesting any change in these recommendations; however, at least in our patient, when amphotericin B was started, she was clearly recovering; it seems possible that her disease although extensive might have experienced an unusual spontaneous regression. This case can provide further insights into this unusual neonatal infection.

[High-frequency oscillatory lung ventilation in complex therapy for congenital pneumonia and hyaline membrane disease in newborns].

Fifty-eight neonatal infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD) and congenital pneumonia were examined in the critical status. In 32 of them, high-frequency oscillatory lung ventilation (HFOLV) was employed. The use of HFOLV was found to reduce the length of stay in neonates on toxic oxygen concentrations by more than 2 times and to accelerate the normalization of ventilation-perfusion relationships by more than 3 times. A study of the basic parameters of central and regional hemodynamics showed that HFOLV failed to affect the patients' hemodynamic status. The efficiency of correction of severe respiratory disorders in neonatal infants with HMD was ascertained to increase with the combined use of the Russian surfactant and HFOLV. A formula was developed to calculate the starting amplitude of oscillations when HFOLV was employed. The maximum allowable values of mean airway pressure at which HFOLV could be discontinued were determined, which prevented the regimens from toughening when HFOLV was changed to the routine artificial ventilation. The use of HFOLV was established to reduce the risk of severe cerebral structural and vascular lesions and mortality rates.