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1.
Med Hist ; 67(2): 109-127, 2023 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37525463

RESUMO

The late eighteenth and early nineteenth century witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of pauper lunatics being admitted to institutions and many mentally-ill paupers found their way into workhouses. The range of options existing for the admission of paupers, who at the time were described as lunatics or insane, included private madhouses, charitable asylums, public asylums as well as workhouses. Legislation relating to transfer from a workhouse to a one of these other institutions was ambiguous and depended on the concept of dangerousness and whether a workhouse inmate was manageable, rather than the nature of their illness. Because demand exceeded the space available because of overcrowding, workhouses and public asylums continually needed to increase provision by means of converting existing facilities or erecting new buildings. Nevertheless, the transfer of patients between asylums was commonplace and extensive. This article will explore the interface between two urban workhouses in the West Midlands of England and their local asylums from the late eighteenth until the end of the nineteenth century. It will demonstrate that, although local circumstances at any one time may have contributed to decisions on transfer, the overriding difficulty in the correct placement of pauper lunatics throughout the time period was institutional overcrowding, mainly driven by the increasing numbers of pauper lunatics.


Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais , Casas de Trabalho , Humanos , História do Século XIX , Inglaterra , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/história , Pobreza/história , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Transtornos Mentais/história
2.
Hist. ciênc. saúde-Manguinhos ; 28(3): 869-874, jul.-set. 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS | ID: biblio-1339968

RESUMO

Resumen Este artículo describe el inicio de las preocupaciones sanitarias vinculadas a las epidemias ocurridas durante el siglo XX en La Pampa, provincia argentina. Las epidemias, como las de la viruela, fueron un estímulo para estas políticas que frecuentemente tuvieron origen en Buenos Aires, la capital del país. El contagio de muchas epidemias dependía de carencias de infraestructura: agua, desagüe y desecho adecuado de basuras, de la ausencia de un número suficiente de trabajadores de salud, de la presencia de vectores transmisores de enfermedades como los mosquitos y, en última instancia, de la pobreza. La experiencia histórica descrita en este texto resalta la importancia de analizar el impacto del SARS-CoV-2 más allá de las grandes ciudades.


Abstract This article describes the emergence of health concerns relating to the epidemics that occurred during the twentieth century in La Pampa, a province in Argentina. Epidemics such as smallpox drove such policies, which frequently originated in Buenos Aires, the country's capital. The spread of many epidemics was due to shortages: water, sewage and adequate refuse disposal, an insufficient number of health care workers, the presence of disease transmission vectors such as mosquitos, and, ultimately, poverty. The historical experience described in this text highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 beyond the big cities.


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , História do Século XX , Varíola/história , Epidemias/história , COVID-19/história , Argentina/epidemiologia , Pobreza/história , Esgotos , Abastecimento de Água/história , Varíola/prevenção & controle , Varíola/epidemiologia , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/história , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Eliminação de Resíduos/história , Vacinação/história , Vacinação/legislação & jurisprudência , Cidades/história , Cidades/epidemiologia , Pessoal de Saúde/história , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Erradicação de Doenças/história , Erradicação de Doenças/organização & administração , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Política de Saúde/história , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , Insetos Vetores , Militares/história
3.
Hist Cienc Saude Manguinhos ; 28(3): 869-874, 2021.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34346995

RESUMO

This article describes the emergence of health concerns relating to the epidemics that occurred during the twentieth century in La Pampa, a province in Argentina. Epidemics such as smallpox drove such policies, which frequently originated in Buenos Aires, the country's capital. The spread of many epidemics was due to shortages: water, sewage and adequate refuse disposal, an insufficient number of health care workers, the presence of disease transmission vectors such as mosquitos, and, ultimately, poverty. The historical experience described in this text highlights the importance of analyzing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 beyond the big cities.


Este artículo describe el inicio de las preocupaciones sanitarias vinculadas a las epidemias ocurridas durante el siglo XX en La Pampa, provincia argentina. Las epidemias, como las de la viruela, fueron un estímulo para estas políticas que frecuentemente tuvieron origen en Buenos Aires, la capital del país. El contagio de muchas epidemias dependía de carencias de infraestructura: agua, desagüe y desecho adecuado de basuras, de la ausencia de un número suficiente de trabajadores de salud, de la presencia de vectores transmisores de enfermedades como los mosquitos y, en última instancia, de la pobreza. La experiencia histórica descrita en este texto resalta la importancia de analizar el impacto del SARS-CoV-2 más allá de las grandes ciudades.


Assuntos
COVID-19/história , Epidemias/história , Varíola/história , Animais , Argentina/epidemiologia , COVID-19/epidemiologia , Criança , Cidades/epidemiologia , Cidades/história , Erradicação de Doenças/história , Erradicação de Doenças/organização & administração , Feminino , Pessoal de Saúde/história , Pessoal de Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Política de Saúde/história , Política de Saúde/legislação & jurisprudência , História do Século XX , Humanos , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/história , Indígenas Sul-Americanos/estatística & dados numéricos , Insetos Vetores , Masculino , Militares/história , Pobreza/história , Eliminação de Resíduos/história , Esgotos , Varíola/epidemiologia , Varíola/prevenção & controle , Vacinação/história , Vacinação/legislação & jurisprudência , Abastecimento de Água/história
6.
Esc. Anna Nery Rev. Enferm ; 25(4): e20200152, 2021.
Artigo em Português | LILACS, BDENF - Enfermagem | ID: biblio-1286364

RESUMO

Resumo Objetivo refletir sobre a figura pública de Florence Nightingale, suas realizações, Reforma Sanitária e a criação da Escola de Enfermeiras, e compreender o nascimento da enfermagem como profissão. Método partiu-se da literatura de um quadro das pressões sociais que agiam sobre o comportamento individual de Florence Nightingale e dos marcos divisórios aparentes, que entendemos como a densidade das relações sócio-históricas, e o seu tempo social. Análise sócio-histórica da história de vida de Florence Nightingale e da literatura social de Charles Dickens. O marco temporal compreendeu da promulgação da New Poor Law (1.834) à revogação (1.601). Resultados Florence Nightingale foi uma mulher adiante do seu tempo que, contrariando as teorias do Darwinismo social de sua época, criou a profissão da enfermeira, e produziu uma clivagem na profissão definindo-a como ciência e arte. Conclusão e implicações para a enfermagem ao criar a figura emblemática da Dama da Lâmpada, Florence Nightingale gravou no cuidado de enfermagem, o zelo, o desvelo e a compaixão, aqui entendida como empatia e piedade com o sofrimento do outro acompanhada do desejo de minorá-lo, uma participação espiritual na dor do outro.


Resumen Objetivo reflexionar sobre la figura pública de Florence Nightingale, sus logros, Reforma Sanitaria y la creación de la Escuela de Enfermeras, y comprender el nacimiento de la enfermería como profesión. Método se partió de la literatura de un cuadro de las presiones sociales sobre el comportamiento individual de Florence Nightingale y de los marcos divisorios aparentes que se entiende como la densidad de las relaciones socio histórico y su tiempo social. Análisis socio histórico de la historia de vida de Florence Nightingale y de la literatura social de Charles Dickens. El marco temporal se comprendió entre la promulgación del New Poor Law en 1834 y su revocación promulgada en 1601. Resultados Florence Nightingale fue una mujer adelante a su tiempo que, contrariando las teorías del Darwinismo social de su época, creó la profesión de enfermera, y produjo una mirada embrionaria en la profesión definiéndola como ciencia y arte. Conclusión e implicaciones para la enfermería al crear la figura emblemática de la Dama de la Lámpara, Florence Nightingale registró en el cuidado de enfermería, el celo, el cuidado y la compasión, entendido aquí como empatía y piedad con el sufrimiento del otro acompañado del deseo de una disminución, una participación espiritual en el dolor del otro.


Abstract Objective to reflect on Florence Nightingale's public figure, her achievements, Health Care Reform and the creation of the School for Nurses, and understand the birth of nursing as a profession. Method a framework of the social pressures acting on Florence Nightingale's individual behavior and the apparent dividing marks, which we understand as the density of socio-historical relations, and her social time, was drawn from the literature. This is a socio-historical analysis of Florence Nightingale's life story and Charles Dickens' social literature. The time frame spanned from the enactment of the New Poor Law (1834) to the repeal (1601). Results Florence Nightingale was a woman ahead of her time who, going against the theories of social Darwinism of her time, created the nurse profession, and produced a divide in the profession by defining it as science and art. Conclusion and implications for nursing by creating the emblematic figure of the Lady of the Lamp, Florence Nightingale engraved in nursing care, zeal, devotion, and compassion, here understood as empathy and pity for the suffering of others accompanied by the desire to alleviate it, a spiritual participation in the pain of others.


Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , História do Século XIX , Reforma dos Serviços de Saúde/história , Descoberta do Conhecimento/história , História da Enfermagem , Profissionais de Enfermagem/história , Pobreza/história , Condições Sociais/história , Identificação Social , Higiene/história , Agressão , Alcoolismo , Londres
7.
Revista Digital de Postgrado ; 9(2): 219, ago. 2020.
Artigo em Espanhol | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1103455

RESUMO

¿Se puede ver el problema de la desnutrición y la alimentación desde el punto de vista ético? Se trata de un dilema o de una contradicción, revisaremos los conceptos de ética, moral y valor. Consideraremos el reto de ser ético al usar las Redes Sociales y la posibilidad de pensar en la Nutrición Virtual(AU)


Can we see the problem of malnutrition and nutrition from an ethical point of view? It is a dilemma or a contradiction, we will review the concepts of ethics, morals and value. We will consider the challenge of being ethical when using Social Networks and the possibility of thinking about Virtual Nutrition.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Pobreza/história , Classe Social , Ciências da Nutrição/ética , Rede Social , Direitos Humanos
10.
J Clin Psychol ; 76(2): 298-304, 2020 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31764995

RESUMO

The life and works of the great American artist Andy Warhol (1928-1987) are examined in the context of Warhol's compulsive and often gratuitous lying. Elements of early trauma-contracting St. Vitus Dance at age of 7, his father's death at age of 13, and the abject poverty in which he grew up as the son of immigrants-are viewed as central antecedents of his deceptiveness. The relevance of these dynamics to the clinical situation is examined.


Assuntos
Transtornos de Ansiedade/história , Arte/história , Confidencialidade/história , Enganação , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/história , Pessoas Famosas , Pobreza/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Autoimagem , Estados Unidos
11.
Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc ; 130: 127-135, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31516176

RESUMO

Human history has been profoundly affected by infection throughout the millennia. In most cases, the impact has been a direct consequence of infection in humans. However, in the 1840s, a plant infection - potato blight, caused by the fungus Phytopthera infestans - showed us how an environmental catastrophe in a vulnerable community can profoundly affect human history. Before the visitation of potato blight, the population of Ireland was the most rapidly growing in Europe in the early 1840s. Yet between 1845 and 1850, Ireland's population fell by over one-third - with 3 million people disappearing from the island - half through death and half through emigration. This directly led to a subsequent diaspora of almost 80 million people, many destined for residence in the Americas. The diaspora carried enormous consequences for the social, economic, and political development of the US. Today, lessons from the Irish famine remain poignant and relevant. Social science maps the dimensions of a disaster dependent on the size of its impact and the relative vulnerability of the society which experiences the disaster. Ireland's vulnerability was in terms of its overall poverty and its dependence on the potato as a subsistence crop. However, a critical factor in the disaster was the political structure in which it occurred - where governance was unwilling and unable to respond to the needs of the population.


Assuntos
Emigração e Imigração/história , Fome Epidêmica/história , Oomicetos , Doenças das Plantas/história , Solanum tuberosum , História do Século XIX , Migração Humana , Humanos , Irlanda , Pobreza/história
12.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 116(39): 19380-19385, 2019 09 24.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31501337

RESUMO

Food and diet were class markers in 19th-century Ireland, which became evident as nearly 1 million people, primarily the poor and destitute, died as a consequence of the notorious Great Famine of 1845 to 1852. Famine took hold after a blight (Phytophthora infestans) destroyed virtually the only means of subsistence-the potato crop-for a significant proportion of the population. This study seeks to elucidate the variability of diet in mid-19th-century Ireland through microparticle and proteomic analysis of human dental calculus samples (n = 42) from victims of the famine. The samples derive from remains of people who died between August 1847 and March 1851 while receiving poor relief as inmates in the union workhouse in the city of Kilkenny (52°39' N, -7°15' W). The results corroborate the historical accounts of food provisions before and during the famine, with evidence of corn (maize), potato, and cereal starch granules from the microparticle analysis and milk protein from the proteomic analysis. Unexpectedly, there is also evidence of egg protein-a food source generally reserved only for export and the better-off social classes-which highlights the variability of the prefamine experience for those who died. Through historical contextualization, this study shows how the notoriously monotonous potato diet of the poor was opportunistically supplemented by other foodstuffs. While the Great Irish Famine was one of the worst subsistence crises in history, it was foremost a social disaster induced by the lack of access to food and not the lack of food availability.


Assuntos
Cálculos Dentários/química , Dieta/história , Fome Epidêmica/história , Pobreza/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Cálculos Dentários/história , Carboidratos da Dieta/análise , Carboidratos da Dieta/história , Proteínas Alimentares/análise , Proteínas Alimentares/história , Feminino , Fósseis , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Irlanda/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Proteômica , Adulto Jovem
13.
Hist Psychiatry ; 30(4): 409-423, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31257940

RESUMO

In 1779, Susan Carnegie (1743-1821) persuaded the Town Council of Montrose, Scotland, to build a safe haven for those suffering from both poverty and mental illness. As a result, Montrose Lunatic Asylum became not only the first public asylum in Scotland, but among the first in the English-speaking world. Carnegie - born 175 years before women could vote - championed a humane and science-based response to mental illness. Montrose Asylum practised moral treatment a decade before Tuke and Pinel. As a champion of the new mental science, her enduring influence resulted in the hiring of the young W.A.F. Browne. Her story enriches the current wave of scholarship on Scottish psychiatry in particular, and on women in psychiatry in general.


Assuntos
Hospitais Psiquiátricos/história , Transtornos Mentais/história , Feminino , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Princípios Morais , Pobreza/história , Psiquiatria/história , Escócia
15.
Econ Hum Biol ; 34: 92-102, 2019 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30910342

RESUMO

As a way to contribute to the debate on social inequality, poverty, and well-being in Argentina's long-term development, this article presents new evidence on the stature of prisoners in Buenos Aires province, the richest province in the Pampa region. The evidence shows very modest gains in the stature of prisoners for the period 1885-1939. This finding clearly indicates the persistence of early childhood malnutrition and poor health among families of the working-poor in the small towns of Buenos Aires province. Five decades of modest stature growth underscores the limitation of state policies of education, sanitation, and social reform in elevating the health and nutrition conditions of the working-poor. At the heart of the pampas, in the context of a successful food exporting economy, a working-class population cursed by the combination of low human capital and social vulnerability failed to attained a substantial improvement in their biological wellbeing.


Assuntos
Emigrantes e Imigrantes/história , Pobreza/história , Prisioneiros/história , Adolescente , Adulto , Argentina/epidemiologia , Emigrantes e Imigrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , História do Século XIX , História do Século XX , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pobreza/estatística & dados numéricos , Prisioneiros/estatística & dados numéricos , Saneamento , Fatores Socioeconômicos , População Branca , Adulto Jovem
16.
Psychiatr Serv ; 69(1): 2-4, 2018 01 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29191142

RESUMO

Over 30 years ago, the U.S. Supreme Court held that indigent defendants raising psychiatric issues are entitled to the assistance of a mental health expert. However, the exact dimensions of that assistance, and whether the expert must be assigned exclusively to assist the defense, have been in contention ever since. In its recent decision in McWilliams v. Dunn, the Court underscored that the state-funded expert must be available to consult with the defense, not merely to evaluate the defendant, but declined to opine on whether the defense is entitled to its own expert for the purpose.


Assuntos
Criminosos/legislação & jurisprudência , Psiquiatria Legal/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/legislação & jurisprudência , Pobreza/legislação & jurisprudência , Decisões da Suprema Corte , Criminosos/história , Prova Pericial , Psiquiatria Legal/história , História do Século XX , Humanos , Pessoas Mentalmente Doentes/história , Pobreza/história , Decisões da Suprema Corte/história , Estados Unidos
18.
Br J Hist Sci ; 50(3): 429-449, 2017 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28923128

RESUMO

In the late 1920s, the American obstetrician Joseph DeLee brought the motion-picture camera into the birth room. Following that era's trend of adapting industrial efficiency practices for medical environments, DeLee's films give spectacular and unexpected expression to the engineering concept of 'streamlining'. Accomplishing what more tangible obstetric streamlining practices had failed to, DeLee's cameras, and his post-production manipulation, shifted birth from messy and dangerous to rationalized, efficient, death-defying. This was film as an active and effective medical tool. Years later, the documentarian Pare Lorentz produced and wrote his own birth film, The Fight for Life (1940). The documentary subject of the film was DeLee himself, and the film was set in his hospitals, on the same maternity 'sets' that had once showcased film's remarkable streamlining capacity to give and keep life. Yet relatively little of DeLee was retained in the film's content, resulting in a showdown that, by way of contrast, further articulated DeLee's understanding of film's medical powers and, in so doing, hinted at a more dynamic moment in the history of medicine while speaking also to the process by which that understanding ceased to be historically legible.


Assuntos
Parto Domiciliar/história , Filmes Cinematográficos/história , Obstetrícia/história , Pobreza/história , Feminino , História do Século XX , Humanos , Parto , Gravidez , Estados Unidos
19.
Psicol. Estud. (Online) ; 22(3): 461-472, jul.-set. 2017.
Artigo em Inglês, Português | LILACS, Index Psicologia - Periódicos | ID: biblio-1102386

RESUMO

O presente artigo consiste na descrição e análise de três episódios ocorridos durante o século XX relacionados ao governo e gestão dos corpos de pessoas pobres do Cariri cearense. O campo de concentração do Buriti, o Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto e um hospital psiquiátrico são objetos da análise das relações de poder e governamentalidade relacionadas às pessoas pobres, migrantes da seca e loucos. Para tanto, foram utilizados os elementos das análises arqueológicas e genealógicas presentes na obra de Michel Foucault, sobretudo, o conceito de biopoder como estratégia geral de governo. Ademais, foi utilizada a perspectiva multidimensional de pobreza, uma vez que esses mecanismos foram aplicados aos corpos de pessoas pobres sob a justificativa de preservação e manutenção da vida de outras. Nosso objetivo é mostrar a importância do aprofundamento crítico-reflexivo no que diz respeito aos contextos nos quais os discursos e as práticas de exclusão social se inscrevem.


The present study is the description and analysis of three episodes that occurred during the twentieth century in the region of Cariri, Ceará State, Brazil: the Buriti concentration camp, the community Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto and a psychiatric hospital. They are objects for the analysis of the power relations and governmentality related to the poor, drought migrants and the mad. To that end, elements and concepts from the work of Michel Foucault are used, especially the concept of biopower as a general governmental strategy. In addition, the multidimensional perspective of poverty was used, since these mechanisms were applied to the bodies of poor people, justified by the preservation and maintenance of others' lives. This work aims to describe and analyze three events of the early twentieth century, relating them to the strategies of governance, control and power over the bodies of poor people. We highlight the importance of critical and reflexive apprehension in relation to the contexts in whichdiscourses and practices of exclusion are inscribed.


Este artículo es la descripción y el análisis de tres episodios que se produjeron durante el siglo XX en relación con los órganos de gobierno y de gestión de las personas pobres de Ceará Cariri. El campo de concentración de Buriti, el Caldeirão da Santa Cruz do Deserto y un hospital psiquiátrico son el análisis de los objetos de las relaciones de poder y la gobernabilidad relacionados con los pobres, los migrantes sequías y loco. Por lo tanto, se utilizaron los elementos de análisis arqueológico y genealógico presente en la obra de Michel Foucault, especialmente el concepto de biopoder como estrategia general del gobierno. Además, se utiliza la perspectiva multidimensional de la pobreza, ya que estos mecanismos se aplicaron a los cuerpos de las personas pobres en los terrenos de la preservación y el mantenimiento de la vida de los demás. Nuestro objetivo es mostrar la importancia de la profundización crítica y reflexiva en relación con los contextos en los que los discursos y las prácticas de exclusión socialcaen.


Assuntos
História do Século XX , Pobreza/história , Marginalização Social/história , Migrantes/psicologia , Campos de Concentração/história , Estação Seca , Secas/história , Governo/história , Hospitais Psiquiátricos/história , Transtornos Mentais
20.
Med Hist ; 61(2): 225-245, 2017 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28260565

RESUMO

In recent years there has been growing acknowledgement of the place of workhouses within the range of institutional provision for mentally disordered people in nineteenth-century England. This article explores the situation in Bristol, where an entrenched workhouse-based model was retained for an extended period in the face of mounting external ideological and political pressures to provide a proper lunatic asylum. It signified a contest between the modernising, reformist inclinations of central state agencies and local bodies seeking to retain their freedom of action. The conflict exposed contrasting conceptions regarding the nature of services to which the insane poor were entitled. Bristol pioneered establishment of a central workhouse under the old Poor Law; 'St Peter's Hospital' was opened in 1698. As a multi-purpose welfare institution its clientele included 'lunatics' and 'idiots', for whom there was specific accommodation from before the 1760s. Despite an unhealthy city centre location and crowded, dilapidated buildings, the enterprising Bristol authorities secured St Peter's Hospital's designation as a county lunatic asylum in 1823. Its many deficiencies brought condemnation in the national survey of provision for the insane in 1844. In the period following the key lunacy legislation of 1845, the Home Office and Commissioners in Lunacy demanded the replacement of the putative lunatic asylum within Bristol's workhouse by a new borough asylum outside the city. The Bristol authorities resisted stoutly for several years, but were eventually forced to succumb and adopt the prescribed model of institutional care for the pauper insane.


Assuntos
Hospitais Psiquiátricos/história , Transtornos Mentais/história , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Inglaterra , História do Século XVII , História do Século XVIII , História do Século XIX , Humanos , Pobreza/história , Pobreza/legislação & jurisprudência , Seguridade Social/história , Seguridade Social/legislação & jurisprudência
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