Radioimmunoassay of adjuvant-associated porcine parvovirus using a monoclonal antibody in a nitrocellulose membrane system.

A quantitative and simple indirect radioimmunoassay (IRIA) was developed for porcine parvovirus (PPV), employing a monoclonal antibody directed against PPV adsorbed to nitrocellulose membrane. The IRIA was equally sensitive to live or inactivated PPV. There was a linear relationship between membrane-bound radioactivity and PPV quantity within a range of 10-80 hemagglutinating (HA) units of virus. Two commercially used adjuvants, aluminum hydroxide (AH) and carboxyvinyl polymer (CP), reduced bound radioactivity in a concentration-dependent manner. At fixed adjuvant concentrations, there were, nevertheless, linear relationships between bound radioactivity and HA units of PPV. Known amounts of PPV were prepared in adjuvants according to commercial vaccine formulations. Using these standards, the PPV content of 16 commercial PPV vaccines was estimated by IRIA. The IRIA may be one practical method of in vitro estimation of antigenic mass in adjuvanted vaccines.

[Relation of the immunogenicity of artificial antigens to the number of polyelectrolyte-bound protein molecules]. / Zavisimost' immunogennosti iskusstvennykh antigenov ot kolichestva sviazannykh poliélektrolitom belkovykh molekul.

Complexes and covalent conjugates of protein antigens with polyelectrolytes of different molecular mass have been synthesised. The structure and composition of the resulting water-soluble complex particles were determined. Artificial antigen immunogenicity was shown to depend on the amount of protein molecules complexed with polyelectrolytes. Direct correlation between immunostimulating activity of the polymer-carrier, immunogenicity of complex antigens and size-dependent capacity of the polymer molecule to aggregate protein globules has been established.

[Synthetic polymers as stimulators and prolonging agents of the immune action of the brucellosis protective antigen]. / Izuchenie sinteticheskikh polimerov v kachestve stimuliatorov i prolongatorov immunogo deistviia brutselleznogo protektivnogo antigena.

Among a number of synthetic polymers under study polyvinylpyrrolidone was found to be most active in stimulating the immunogenic action of brucellosis protective antigen. It was also found that the polymer with a molecular weight of 490,000 had a longer stimulating effect on the protective properties of brucellosis protective antigen than the polymer with a molecular weight of 40,000. The intramuscular injection of brucellosis protective antigen had no sensitizing effect on the body and produced no pronounced local and systemic reaction.

Supply and release of storage neutrophils. A developmental study.

Depletion of the mature neutrophil reserve during bacterial sepsis is rare in adults but common in neonates; when it occurs, a fatal outcome is likely. Neutrophil reserve depletion was investigated in groups of premature, 1-day-old and 1-, 2-, and 4-week-old rats by measuring: (1) the size of the neutrophil storage pool, and (2) the proportion of this pool which was released from the storage compartment when a weight-standardized release stimulus was applied. It was found that the premature rat has a small neutrophil storage pool containing 1.29 +/- 0.07 X 10(6) cells/g body weight (mean +/- SE). This pool size increases to contain 4.35 +/- 0.23 X 10(6) cells/g in the 4-week-olds (p less than 0.001). With a standard neutrophil storage pool release stimulus, the premature rats depleted 68 +/- 4% of their neutrophil stores, vs. a depletion o only 13 +/- 6% of the stores in the 4-week-olds (p less than 0.001). The small neutrophil reserve and the exaggerated release of stored neutrophils in neonatal animals are factors which predispose neonates to neutrophil reserve exhaustion during bacterial sepsis.

[Modification of the immune response by using an antigen bound to synthetic polyelectrolytes]. / Modifikatsiia immunnogo otveta pri pomoshchi antigena, sviazannogo s neprirodnymi poliélektrolitami.

The immunogenic properties of the soluble complexes of bovine serum albumin (BSA) and synthetic polyelectrolytes were studied. The polyelectrolytes used in these complexes were 4-vinyl-N-ethylpyridinium bromide and 4-vinyl-N-cetylpyridinium bromide (complex I), 4-vinylpyridine and 4-vinyl-N-acetylpyridinium bromide (complex II). C57BL mice were immunized with different doses of BSA, complexes I and II introduced intraperitoneally in a single injection, and the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC) in the spleen was determined by modified Jerne's test with the use of BSA-covered sheep red blood cells. The above complexes were shown to stimulate the production of PFC against BSA 50-100 times more intensively than pure BSA. The mixtures of BSA with the above-mentioned polyelectrolytes stimulated PFC production to a considerably lesser extent. Thus, the polymeric part of these conjugates was not an antigen, but served as a carrier inducing pronounced immune response to the antigenic (protein) part of the complex.¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿

Alveolitis due to hair-spray. Ultrastructural observations in two patients and the results of experimental investigations.

Observation of two patients with hair-spray induced lung disease have prompted us to study the ultrastructure of the lung lesion. We have compared the results with experimental lesions in animals injected with hair-spray extracts and with human monocyte cell cultures exposed to hair-spray. The lungs show a chronic alveolitis with a striking granulomatous reaction including macrophages and multinucleated giant cells of the foreign body type. The intraalveolar and interstitial macrophages and the giant cells all contain PAS-positive material. Ultrastructurally distinct lamellar inclusions are found in the secondary lysosomes of the macrophages and giant cells. Identical structures can be produced in animals injected with hair-spray extracts and with polyvinyl-pyrrolidone and -acetate (PVP/PVA), which are regular ingredients of hair-sprays. Large, presumeably polymeric particles (PVP/PVA) are ingested by giant cells. This "gigantophagocytosis" is associated with the fusion of mononuclear phagocytes and leads to the genesis of giant cells. In cell cultures of human blood monocytes hair-spray extracts and PVP/PVA induce maturation and aggregation of these cells, with PAS-positive cytoplasmatic inclusions. The development of multinuclear giant cells in these monocyte cell cultures is also seen. These observations suggest that hair-spray induced lung disease is caused by the prolonged and extensive body response of the local mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). Overstimulation of the MPS leads to a quantitative and qualitative change which is followed by a partial blockade of this system. The alveolitis is a consequence of the foreign body response to inhaled hair-spray substances.

Histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate, an ingredient of chewing gum.

The histocompatibility of polyvinyl acetate (PVA), an ingredient of chewing gum, was evaluated from both a direct irritant (toxic reaction) and an allergic (antigen-antibody) standpoint. Subcutaneous injections in rats and topical application of hamster pouches were utilized. Polyvinyl acetate was shown to cause a moderate to severe inflammatory reaction when injected subcutaneously, which peaked at day 7 and was minimal at day 42. The histologic appearance of the hamster cheek pouch was not significantly altered by the PVA. Although PVA has been used as a plasticizer in chewing gum, it was not possible to induce any histologic changes in tissues which resembled the specific changes present in atypical gingivostomatitis (plasma-cell gingivostomatitis).

[Correction of the immune response to sheep erythrocytes in mice of different strains using polyelectrolytes]. / Korrektsiia immunnogo otveta k éritrotsitam brana u myshei raznykh linii s pomoshch'iu políelektrolitov

Inbred mice--C57BL, A, C57BR, C3H and CBA strains with a high, medium and low response to sheep red blood cells (SRBC) were injected with polymeres--poly-4-vinylpyridine (P-4-VP) and polyacrilic acid (PAA), and were immunized with SRBC; production of antibody-forming cells in their spleen was determined. It was shown that the administration of P-4-VP to C57BL mice was followed by a 5--fold increase of the immune response and injection of PAA--by a 4-fold increase. Injection of P-4-VP and PAA to CBA mice increase the immune response 2.5- and 2.8-fold, respectively. In the C57BR mice P-4-VP increased the immune response 4 times, and PAA--4.7 times. Treatment of C3H mice with P-4VP was followed by a 2-fold and with PAA by a 2.4-fold increase of the immune response. Injection of P-4-VP and PAA to CBA mice had no effect on the immune response. Thus, with the increase of the immunological reactivity to sheep erythrocytes in the mentioned strains of mice there was observed a reduction of the enhancing effect of the polymeres to the immune response.

[Substitution of T-cell function by poly-4-vinypyridine in the formation of the primary and secondary immune response]. / Zameshchenie funktsii T-kletok poli-4-vinilpiridinom pri formirovanii pervichnogo i vtorichnogo immunnogo otveta

The influence of poly-4-vinylpiridine (P-4-VP) on the production of antibody forming cells (AFC) has been studied. P-4-VP induces helper activity in lymphoid organs of B-mice. P-4-VP injected into mice substitutes T cell function in the development of immunological memory. The possibility of substitution by P-4-VP of various functions or of different subpopulations of T cells in T cell-deprived mice is discussed.

[Can polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide act as an antigen? (author's transl)]. / Kann Polyvinylpyridin-N-oxid antigen wirken?

Anaphylactic tests in guinea pigs and double-diffusion tests with rabbit serum produced no evidence of antigen-like properties of polyvinylpyridine-N-oxide (PVNO). It is very unlikely therefore that the occasional clinical observations of collapse-like states, occurring when PVNO injection is resumed after a treatment-free interval are of allergic nature. These are most probably due to erythrocyte aggregation following excessively rapid injection of PVNO, producing collapse in the terminal pulmonary vasculature by a reflex action. This reaction can be avoided by slow intravenous injection or infusion.