Promoción de la salud afectiva-sexual en primera infancia, contexto de cuido y educativo en Costa Rica. Una revisión crítica / Affective-sexual health promotion in early childhood: critical review in the context of childcare and education in Costa Rica

Resumen La presente revisión describe investigaciones sobre el desarrollo afectivo-sexual en primera infancia en el ámbito preescolar y de cuido; éstas se analizan desde el marco normativo y operativo en el cual se sustenta la educación sobre este tema en Costa Rica. Dicha revisión se realizó con 4 bases de datos internacionales y se sustentó en estudios empíricos y de revisión. Los estudios hallados apuntan a una diversidad de procesos a tomar en cuenta. Algunos de éstos se relacionan con el desarrollo de vínculos seguros y confiables, el uso de terminología genital desde temprana edad, abordajes asertivos de las manifestaciones afectivas-sexuales de infantes, así como a contemplar los aspectos culturales y socio-históricos. A nivel nacional se encuentra que existe un amplio marco normativo que respalda la comprensión integral del desarrollo afectivo-sexual para su abordaje. Sin embargo, se observa que en el programa nacional de preescolar, se prioriza el riesgo al abuso sexual. Además en este se devela una visión moralista por edades, considerando que los genitales deben nombrarse sólo en los últimos niveles de preescolar y no cuando se conocen las partes del cuerpo en los niveles iniciales. Desde un enfoque de promoción de la salud sexual en el ámbito de cuido y educativo nacional, aquí se propone una visión más amplia que tiene plenamente en cuenta las complejidades en torno a los determinantes sociales del desarrollo afectivo sexual. Por lo que se requiere una actualización del programa de preescolar, acompañado de formación continua para el personal y las familias de infantes.

Abstract This critical review describes research on affective and sexual development in early childhood in preschool and childcare settings. Studies are analyzed from the point of view of the regulatory and operational frameworks on which education on this topic in Costa Rica is based. The review was carried out using 4 international databases, examining empirical studies and review studies. Costa Rica has put in place a broad national-level policy framework that supports a comprehensive understanding of affective-sexual development from infancy. However, implementation of the policy in the national preschool program does not always meet the framework's standards. We find that the risk of sexual abuse tends to be prioritized in early sexual-affective education. Sexual-affective development is often addressed from a moralistic standpoint, advising for instance that the genitals should be named only in the last levels of preschool and not when the other parts of the body are first named. From a health-promotional perspective on national childcare and early education, we here propose a broader view that takes fully into account the complexities around the social determinants of sexual-affective development. We conclude that an update of the preschool program is required, accompanied by continuous training for staff and families of infants.

School Performance in Third Grade After a Full-Day vs Part-Day Preschool Program.

This study assesses whether learning gains associated with full-day preschool were sustained through third grade by analyzing achievement scores and need for remediation.

Intervenciones parentales para el desarrollo lingüístico- comunicativo en preescolares con Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo: una revisión sistemática / Parental interventions for linguistic-communicative development in preschoolers with Neurodevelopmental Disorders: a systematic review

Resumen En el actual escenario sociosanitario enfrentado a raíz de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2, múltiples actividades se han visto mermadas, e incluso, suspendidas por los largos periodos de aislamiento social y las medidas de cuidado para evitar contagios. En este sentido, muchas personas han dejado de recibir con la misma regularidad, o bajo las mismas circunstancias, sus tratamientos, incluyendo a niños con Trastornos del Neurodesarrollo (TND). Es así como surgen las intervenciones Parentales. Estas son programas donde los padres o cuidadores primarios son entrenados para llevar a cabo acciones terapéuticas con el niño y cuyo objetivo puede estar orientado a promover múltiples habilidades. El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática fue determinar el efecto de estas intervenciones para promover el lenguaje y la comunicación en niños con diagnóstico de TND de entre 2 y 5 años. Se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en las bases de datos ERIC, MEDLINE y PubMed, considerando publicaciones de entre enero del 2010 y marzo de 2022. De las 9885 referencias iniciales, y posterior a las etapas de tamizaje y elegibilidad, 5 fuentes primarias cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Los resultados indican que las intervenciones parentales para habilidades de comunicación serían efectivas e incluso se mantendrían los efectos en medidas de seguimiento. En cuanto a las habilidades de lenguaje, los resultados a través de los estudios son contradictorios. Por otra parte, ninguno de los estudios reporta efectos adversos para los niños. En cuanto a efectos beneficios o adversos para padres o cuidadores primarios, ninguno de los estudios incluidos reporta medidas asociadas.

Abstract In the current socio-sanitary scenario that we are facing as a result of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic, there have been many activities that have been reduced and even suspended due to long periods of social isolation and care measures to avoid contagion. In this sense, many people have stopped receiving their treatments with the same regularity or under the same circumstances, including children with Neurodevelopmental Disorders. This is how parental interventions correspond to programs where parents or primary caregivers are trained to carry out therapeutic actions with the child and whose objective may be aimed at promoting multiple skills. The objective of this systematic review was to determine the effect of these interventions to promote language and communication in children diagnosed with Neurodevelopmental Disorders between 2 and 5 years of age. A systematic search was carried out in the ERIC, MEDLINE and PubMed databases including publications between January 2010 and March 2022. Of the 9885 initial references, and after the screening and eligibility stages, 5 primary sources met the selection criteria. The results indicate that parental interventions for communication skills would be effective, and the effects would even be maintained in follow-up measures. Regarding language skills, the results across studies are contradictory. On the other hand, none of the studies reported adverse effects for children. Regarding beneficial or adverse effects for parents or primary caregivers, none of the included studies reported associated measures.

Food and Nutrition Education integrated in a holistic educational model / Educação Alimentar e Nutricional integrada a um modelo educacional holístico

ABSTRACT: Objective: To propose elements for the development of Food and Nutrition Education practices integrated to pedagogical activities for children. Methods: This is a qualitative case study, with participant observation and semi-structured interviews, carried out in a non-formal learning space, that is inspired in anthroposophy, Slow Food movement and Pikler approach. Participants were 13 children aged one to four years and three educators, and the data were interpreted by reflexive thematic analysis, using the Complex Thought as a theoretical framework. Results: The Food and Nutrition Education was consolidated in different pedagogical activities, such as cultivation practices, reverence in dealing with food, rituals and sharing, in an environmental and transdisciplinary approach. Conclusion: Nutrition education activities as part of a relationship with the environment and the planet, seen from a transdisciplinary perspective, is a differential in the formation of principles and values in early childhood education.

RESUMO: Objetivo: O artigo busca propor elementos para o desenvolvimento de práticas de Educação Alimentar e Nutricional integradas a atividades pedagógicas para crianças. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de caso qualitativo, com observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas em um espaço de educação não formal, inspirado na antroposofia no movimento slow food e na abordagem Pikler. Os participantes foram 13 crianças de 1 a 4 anos e três educadores e os dados foram interpretados por meio de análise temática reflexiva, tendo como referencial teórico o Pensamento Complexo. Resultados: A Educação Alimentar e Nutricional foi consolidada em diferentes atividades pedagógicas, como práticas de cultivo, reverência aos alimentos, rituais e partilha, em uma abordagem ambiental e transdisciplinar. Conclusão: As atividades de educação nutricional como parte da relação com o meio ambiente e o planeta, vistas de uma perspectiva transdisciplinar, são um diferencial na formação de princípios e valores na Educação Infantil.

Concepções de desenvolvimento infantil: um estudo com educadoras de creches públicas / Conceptions of child development: a study with public day-care educators / Concepciones de desarrollo infantil: un estudio con educadoras de guarderías públicas

O presente estudo objetivou analisar as concepções de educadores de creches públicas acerca do desenvolvimento da criança na faixa etária de 24 a 35 meses de idade, considerando, a partir da perspectiva do desenvolvimento de Vygotsky, que o processo de constituição das concepções apresenta um caráter dinâmico na medida em que são influenciadas pelo contexto social, histórico e cultural do indivíduo. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas com três educadoras de creches públicas da cidade de João Pessoa-PB. Os dados foram analisados a partir da técnica de análise de conteúdo temática. Os resultados revelaram que as concepções das educadoras sobre o desenvolvimento infantil são demonstradas a partir da caracterização que estas atribuem a esse processo, destacando que a etapa da educação infantil tem expressiva influência no desenvolvimento da criança, sobretudo nas seguintes dimensões: a educação infantil como base para etapas posteriores do desenvolvimento; a perspectiva do desenvolvimento infantil enquanto processo; e a aprendizagem da criança compreendida numa perspectiva para além do brincar e do cuidar. Tais concepções são expressas ainda pelos aspectos que estas consideram significativos no desenvolvimento da criança de 24-35 meses tais como: cognição, linguagem, interação social, motricidade e autonomia. (AU)

The present study aimed to analyze the conceptions of educators of public day-care centers about the development of the children between 24 and 35 months old, considering, from the perspective of the development of Vygotsky, that the process of constitution of the conceptions has a dynamic character as they are influenced by social, historical and cultural context of the individual. Semi structured interviews were conducted with three educators of public day-care centers in the city of João Pessoa-PB. The data were analyzed using the thematic content analysis technique. The results revealed that the educators' conceptions about child development are demonstrated from the characterization they attribute to this process, highlighting that the stage of early childhood education has a significant influence on child development, especially in the following dimensions: early childhood education as basis for later stages of development; the perspective of child development as a process; and the child's learning understood from a perspective beyond playing and caring. Such conceptions are also expressed by the aspects that they consider significant in the development of children aged 24-35 months, such as: cognition, language, social interaction, motricity and autonomy. (AU)

El presente estudio objetivó analizar las concepciones de educadores de guarderías públicas acerca del desarrollo del niño en el grupo de edad de 24 a 35 meses de edad, considerando, a partir de la perspectiva del desarrollo de Vygotsky, que el proceso de constitución de las concepciones presenta el carácter dinámico en la medida en que son influenciadas por el contexto social, histórico y cultural del individuo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas con tres educadoras de guarderías públicas de la ciudad de João Pessoa-PB. Los datos fueron analizados a partir de la técnica de análisis de contenido temático. Los resultados revelaron que las concepciones de los educadores sobre el desarrollo infantil se evidencian a partir de la caracterización que atribuyen a este proceso, destacando que la etapa de la educación infantil tiene una influencia significativa en el desarrollo infantil, especialmente en las siguientes dimensiones: la educación infantil como base para etapas posteriores del desarrollo; la perspectiva del desarrollo infantil como proceso; y el aprendizaje del niño entendido desde una perspectiva más allá del juego y del cuidado. Dichas concepciones también se expresan en los aspectos que se consideran significativos en el desarrollo de los niños y niñas de 24 a 35 meses, entre ellos: cognición, lenguaje, interacción social, motricidad y autonomía. (AU)

Development and initial validation of the Spanish form of the adjustment scales for preschool intervention (ASPI).

The purpose of the study was to develop and validate a Spanish language form of the Adjustment Scales for Preschool Intervention (ASPI) for use by early childhood teachers. A multi-step, mixed method adaptation and translation process of the English form was used to increase the cultural relevance, linguistic comparability, and metric equivalence of the measure in its Spanish language form. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in a diverse sample of preschool children from low-income families (N = 4077) revealed two higher order behavioral dimensions of Overactivity and Underactivity. ASPI dimension scores across Spanish and English language forms were horizontally equated through IRT. Criterion-related validity using multilevel models was established through concurrent associations with social, emotional, behavioral, and academic readiness skills. Policy and practice applications, and future directions for the use of scale scores are discussed.

Association Between Early Admission at School and Oral Health and Nutritional Status of Children in the City of São Paulo, Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the possible relationship between early admission to the school of children in early childhood and oral health conditions (OH) and nutritional status (NS). Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study conducted with 140 children aged 3-4 years, selected for convenience, in 4 public schools in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, during 2016, divided into children with early (IE) and late (IL) admission at school. Comparisons between groups were performed for the presence of overweight / obesity (OW / OB), caries lesions (CL), malocclusion (MO) and dental biofilm (DB), in addition to socioeconomic and dietary data. Multiple regression analysis was applied to determine the association between age of admission at school and OH and NS. Results: Children with IE had CL = 28.1%; DB = 46.9%; MO = 54.7% and OW / OB = 25.9%. Children with IE had IL = 29.8%; DB = 35.1%; MO = 61.4% and OW / OB = 30.8%. No significant association was found between age of admission at school and CL: 1.40 (0.53-3.73) 0.490; DB: 0.51 (0.22-1.16) 0.112; MO: 1.77 (0.77-4.05) 0.173 and OW / OB: 1.27 (0.55-2.92) 0.568, [OR (95% CI) p]. Conclusion: The age of admission at school of children in early childhood did not show a significant association with OH and NS.

Automatized analysis of children's exposure to child-directed speech in reschool settings: Validation and application.

The present study explored whether a tool for automatic detection and recognition of interactions and child-directed speech (CDS) in preschool classrooms could be developed, validated, and applied to non-coded video recordings representing children's classroom experiences. Using first-person video recordings collected by 13 preschool children during a morning in their classrooms, we extracted high-level audiovisual features from recordings using automatic speech recognition and computer vision services from a cloud computing provider. Using manual coding for interactions and transcriptions of CDS as reference, we trained and tested supervised classifiers and linear mappings to measure five variables of interest. We show that the supervised classifiers trained with speech activity, proximity, and high-level facial features achieve adequate accuracy in detecting interactions. Furthermore, in combination with an automatic speech recognition service, the supervised classifier achieved error rates for CDS measures that are in line with other open-source automatic decoding tools in early childhood settings. Finally, we demonstrate our tool's applicability by using it to automatically code and transcribe children's interactions and CDS exposure vertically within a classroom day (morning to afternoon) and horizontally over time (fall to winter). Developing and scaling tools for automatized capture of children's interactions with others in the preschool classroom, as well as exposure to CDS, may revolutionize scientific efforts to identify precise mechanisms that foster young children's language development.

Look Again: Pedagogical Demonstration Facilitates Children's Use of Counterevidence.

In learning about the world children must not only make inferences based on minimal evidence, but must deal with conflicting evidence and question those initial inferences when they appear to be wrong. Four experiments (N = 144) found that young children were significantly more likely to revise their initial inferences when conflicting evidence was explicitly demonstrated for them. Four- and five-year-old children saw deterministic evidence about which objects had causal powers, and then saw counterevidence conflicting with that initial pattern. Critically, the conflicting evidence was either demonstrated communicatively and pedagogically, or produced in an intentional but nonpedagogical manner. Only when evidence was explicitly demonstrated for them did children revise their initial hypothesis and use a subtle clue to infer the correct rule.

Teaching With Televised Stories: A Story-Focused Narrative Preview Supports Learning in Young Children.

Researchers examined the effects of previewing on preschoolers' comprehension of narrative and educational content in a television program. Children (3-5 years, N = 107) watched an educational math episode in one of three conditions: no-preview control, education-focused expository preview, or story-focused narrative preview. A main effect of previewing was found, controlling for age, character familiarity, prior knowledge, and visual attention. Specifically, the narrative preview enhanced both narrative comprehension (including central, incidental, and inferential content) and educational comprehension (including direct learning and transfer), compared to a no-preview control. Conversely, the expository preview had no effect on comprehension. Findings are interpreted with respect to story schema and relevant cognitive theories of learning from media. Implications for educational media production are discussed.

Causal attributions in Early Childhood Education: A new categorization system.

BACKGROUND: From Early Childhood Education onwards, causal attributions influence explanations of school performance. We performed a systematic review of the available knowledge (1970-2019) about Weiner's (1986) Attribution Theory of the Motivation of Achievement in order to examine studies related to the causal attributions of success and failure at school. We found numerous empirical studies related to Bernard Weiner's theory. However, little research exists about students in Early Childhood Education. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the causes to which children attribute their successes and failures during this educational period. METHOD: A sample of 200 students aged between 3 and 6 years old was selected. To collect the data, an individually implemented Piagetian clinical interview was used. RESULTS: A large volume of qualitative information was collected for classification which exceeded Weiner's traditional causal attributions. Creating a category to group all new attributions implied losing too much information under a non-specific label. CONCLUSION: A new categorization of the causal attributions was designed, made up of 10 categories -adapted to the 3-6 years age range- which revises and expanding on the categorization created by Weiner.

Academic Outcomes of School-Aged Children Born Preterm: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Importance: Children born preterm are at an elevated risk of academic underachievement. However, the extent to which performance across domain-specific subskills in reading and mathematics is associated with preterm birth remains unclear. Objective: To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis of academic outcomes of school-aged children born preterm, compared with children born at term, appraising evidence for higher- and lower-order subskills in reading and mathematics. Data Sources: PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and the Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature electronic databases from January 1, 1980, to July 30, 2018, were searched for population, exposure, and outcome terms such as child (population), preterm birth (exposure), and education* (outcome). Study Selection: Peer-reviewed English-language publications that included preterm-born children and a comparison group of term-born children aged 5 to 18 years and born during or after 1980 and that reported outcomes on standardized assessments from cohort or cross-sectional studies were screened. Of the 9833 articles screened, 33 unique studies met the inclusion criteria. Data Extraction and Synthesis: Data were analyzed from August 1 to September 29, 2018. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Two reviewers independently screened the databases and extracted sample characteristics and outcomes scores. Pooled mean differences (MDs) were analyzed using random-effects models. Main Outcomes and Measures: Performance on standardized assessment of higher-order subskills of reading comprehension and applied mathematics problems; lower-order reading subskills of decoding, pseudoword decoding, and word identification; and lower-order mathematics subskills of knowledge, calculation, and fluency. Results: Outcomes data were extracted for 4006 preterm and 3317 term-born children, totaling 7323 participants from 33 unique studies. Relative to children born at term, children born preterm scored significantly lower in reading comprehension (mean difference [MD], -7.96; 95% CI, -12.15 to -3.76; I2 = 81%) and applied mathematical problems (MD, -11.41; 95% CI, -17.57 to -5.26; I2 = 91%) assessments. Across the assessments of lower-order skills, children born preterm scored significantly lower than their term-born peers in calculation (MD, -10.57; 95% CI, -15.62 to -5.52; I2 = 92%), decoding (MD, -10.18; 95% CI, -16.83 to -3.53; I2 = 71%), mathematical knowledge (MD, -9.88; 95% CI, -11.68 to -8.08; I2 = 62%), word identification (MD, -7.44; 95% CI, -9.08 to -5.80; I2 = 69%), and mathematical fluency (MD, -6.89; 95% CI, -13.54 to -0.23; I2 = 72%). The associations remained unchanged after sensitivity analyses for reducing heterogeneity. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings provide evidence that preterm birth is associated with academic underperformance in aggregate measures of reading and mathematics, as well as a variety of related subskills.

Questions Can Answer Questions About Mechanisms of Preschoolers' Selective Word Learning.

This study examined how inferences about epistemic competence and generalized labeling errors influence children's selective word learning. Three- to 4-year-olds (N = 128) learned words from informants who asked questions about objects, mentioning either correct or incorrect labels. Such questions do not convey stark differences in informants' epistemic competence. Inaccurate labels, however, generate error signals that can lead to weaker encoding of novel information. Preschoolers retained novel labels from both informants but were slower to respond in the Inaccurate Labeler condition. When the test procedure was not sensitive to the strength of information encoding, children performed above chance in both conditions and their response times did not differ. These results suggest that epistemic-level inferences and error generalizations influence preschoolers' selective word learning concurrently.

The Effects of Enrolling in Oversubscribed Prekindergarten Programs Through Third Grade.

This study leverages naturally occurring lotteries for oversubscribed Boston Public Schools prekindergarten program sites between 2007 and 2011, for 3,182 children (M = 4.5 years old) to estimate the impacts of winning a first choice lottery and enrolling in Boston prekindergarten versus losing a first choice lottery and not enrolling on children's enrollment and persistence in district schools, grade retention, special education placement, and third-grade test scores. There are large effects on enrollment and persistence, but no effects on other examined outcomes for this subsample. Importantly, children who competed for oversubscribed seats were not representative of all appliers and almost all control-group children attended center-based preschool. Findings contribute to the larger evidence base and raise important considerations for future prekindergarten lottery-based studies.

Associação entre desempenho motor, maturidade cognitiva e aspectos sociodemográficos em crianças pré-escolares / Association between motor performance, cognitive maturity and socio-demographic aspects in preschooler children

RESUMO A identificação da baixa proficiência motora em crianças na idade pré-escolar permite que programas de intervenção sejam propostos, para minimizar os prejuízos nas atividades escolares, relações sociais e aulas de Educação Física. Dessa forma, identificar os fatores subjacentes ao baixo desempenho motor é fundamental, na tentativa de reduzir possíveis desordens motoras. Objetivou-se investigar a associação entre desempenho motor, maturidade cognitiva e aspectos sociodemográficos em crianças pré-escolares paranaenses. Participaram 357 pré-escolares de 3,5 a 5 anos. Foram utilizados: Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia, teste Movement Assessment Battery for Children - 2 e uma ficha de dados sociodemográficos. Análise estatística: teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman (Wilcoxon) e Regressão logística binária (p<0,05). Verificou-se alta prevalência de baixa proficiência motora (16,8%), maturidade cognitiva (MC) na média para a idade (67,2%) e nível socioeconômico >R$1.500,00 (45,5%). Observou-se associação significativa entre MC superior e baixa proficiência motora, indicando a MC superior como um fator de proteção (OR 0,513 IC 95% 0,266-1,000). Os fatores sociodemográficos não se mostraram intervenientes no desempenho motor (DM). Concluiu-se que a MC superior em crianças na primeira infância atua como fator de proteção à baixa proficiência motora e que os fatores sociodemográficos da família não se associaram ao DM e a MC dos pré-escolares.

ABSTRACT The identification of low motor proficiency in children of preschool age allows intervention programs to be proposed, to minimize the losses in school activities, social relationships and Physical Education classes. Thus, identifying the factors underlying low motor performance is essential, in an attempt to reduce possible motor disorders. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between motor performance, cognitive maturity and sociodemographic aspects in preschool children from Paraná. The participants were 357 preschoolers from 3,5 years to 5 years. The Columbia Mental Maturity Scale, Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 test and a sociodemographic data sheet were used. For statistical analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Friedman (Wilcoxon) and binary logistic regression tests (p<0.05) were used. There was a high prevalence of low motor proficiency (16.8%), cognitive maturity (CM) on average age (67.2%) and socioeconomic level >R$1,500, 00 (45.5%). A significant association was observed between higher CM and low motor proficiency, indicating the upper CM as a protective factor for low motor proficiency (OR 0.513 IC 95% 0,266-1,000). The socio-demographic factors were not intervening in the motor performance (MP). It was concluded that the upper CM in children in early childhood acts as a protective factor for the low motor proficiency and that the socio-demographic factors of the family were not associated with MP and the CM of the preschoolers.

Confiança seletiva em crianças pré-escolares: uma revisão sistemática / La confiança selectiva: una revisión sistemática / Selective trust in preschoolers: a systematic review

RESUMO. Embora o campo de estudos sobre confiança seletiva tenha ganhado destaque nos últimos anos, essa linha de pesquisa não é ainda suficientemente divulgada no Brasil. A presente revisão sistemática teve como objetivo avaliar a produção científica sobre confiança seletiva em crianças pré-escolares, bem como sobre possíveis variáveis que influenciam os julgamentos de confiança. A busca foi realizada nas bases de dados PSYCINFO, Scielo Brasil, PEPSIC e LILACS, utilizando-se as palavras-chave selective trust, epistemic trust e seus correspondentes em português 'confiança seletiva' e 'confiança epistêmica'. De um total de 103 trabalhos, foram analisados 45 artigos empíricos, publicados entre 2008 e 2018, seguindo o protocolo PRISMA. Contrariando uma crença predominante em muitas culturas de que as crianças acreditam em tudo o que ouvem, elas não são consumidoras ingênuas de informação. Discutem-se os efeitos de variáveis individuais e contextuais sobre os julgamentos de confiança seletiva que apontam para direções futuras promissoras de pesquisa.

RESUMEN. Aunque el campo de estudios sobre confianza selectiva ha ganado destaque en los últimos años, esta línea de investigación aún no ha sido suficientemente divulgada en Brasil. En la presente revisión sistemática se tuvo como objetivo evaluar la producción científica sobre confianza selectiva en niños preescolares, así como sobre posibles variables que influencian los juicios de confianza. La búsqueda fue realizada en las bases de datos PSYINFO, Scielo Brasil, PEPSIC y LILACS, utilizando las palabras clave selective trust, epistemic trust y sus correspondientes en portugués 'confiança seletiva' y 'confiança epistémica'. De un total de 103 estudios, se analizaron 45 artículos empíricos, publicados entre 2008 y 2018, siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA. Contrariando una creencia predominante en muchas culturas de que los niños creen en todo lo que oyen, ellos no son consumidores ingenuos de información. Se discuten los efectos de variables individuales y contextuales sobre los juicios de confianza selectiva que apuntan a futuras direcciones prometedoras de investigación.

ABSTRACT. Although the field of studies on selective trust has gained much attention in recent years, this line of research is not yet sufficiently publicized in Brazil. The present systematic review aimed to assess scientific evidence on selective trust in preschool children, as well as on possible variables influencing trust judgements. The search was performed in PSYCINFO, ScieloBrasil, PEPSIC and LILACS, using the keywords 'selective trust', 'epistemic trust' and their correspondents in Portuguese confiança seletiva and confiança epistêmica. From a total of 103 studies found, 45 empirical articles, published between 2008 and 2018, were analyzed using the PRISMA protocol. In contrast to a predominant view in many cultures that children believe everything they hear, they are not naïve consumers of information. Effects of individual and contextual variables on selective trust judgments are discussed, which point to promising future research directions.

Characterizacion of objectal actions and verbal production in pre-school age / Caracterizacion de acciones objetales y la producción verbal en la edad preescolar menor / Caracterização das ações objetais e da produção verbal na idade pré-escolar

RESUMEN El tema de las condiciones óptimas para el desarrollo verbal del niño preescolar menor aún sigue abierto en psicología, y surge la pregunta acerca de la naturaleza de dichas condiciones. Desde la teoría de la actividad se plantea la posibilidad de análisis de fenómenos del desarrollo no como procesos aislados, sino como elementos de la actividad que predomina en el desarrollo del niño en una u otra etapa. El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer una relación entre la adquisición de las acciones objetales y la producción verbal en niños preescolares menores.En el estudio se valoraron los niveles de adquisición de la acción objetal, comunicación verbal en el juego y la forma de interacción entre niño y adultos que predomina en familia. Para las interacciones con los niños se utilizó el Protocolo para Evaluación del desarrollo para niños preescolares menores (Solovieva & Quintanar, 2014), mientras que con los cuidadores se aplicó una entrevista para precisar el tipo de acciones y orientaciones predominantes en familia. Se identificó una relación entre ambos fenómenos estudiados y una correlación significativa entre el nivel de adquisición de las acciones con objetos, expresiones verbales y orientación parental. Se precisaron las etapas de adquisición de acciones con objetos y el paso al inicio de la adquisición de la función simbólica con el rol específico de uso de juguetes animados. Se discute la utilidad del protocolo para diagnóstico e interacción con niños preescolares, así como para la formulación de programas de intervención y desarrollo en esta edad.

RESUMO O tema das condições ótimas para o desenvolvimento verbal da criança pré-escolar ainda está em aberto na psicologia, trazendo questões sobre a natureza destas condições. A partir da teoria da atividade, se apresenta a possibilidade da análise dos fenômenos do desenvolvimento não como processos isolados, mas sim como elementos da atividade que predomina no desenvolvimento da criança em uma ou outra etapa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi estabelecer uma relação entre a aquisição das ações objetais e a produção verbal em crianças pré-escolares. Neste estudo se consideraram os níveis de aquisição da ação objetal, a comunicação verbal no jogo e a forma de interação predominante na família entre a criança e os adultos. Para as interações com as crianças utilizou-se o protocolo para Evaluación del desarrollo para niños preescolares menores (Solovieva & Quintanar, 2014), ao passo que uma entrevista foi aplicada aos cuidadores para precisar o tipo de ações e orientações predominantes na família. Foi identificada uma relação entre ambos os fenômenos estudados e uma correlação significativa entre o nível de aquisição de ações com objetos, expressões verbais e orientação parental. Foram especificadas as etapas de aquisição de ações com objetos e a passagem ao início da aquisição da função simbólica, com a necessidade particular do uso de brinquedos animados. Por fim, se discute a utilidade do protocolo para o diagnóstico e interação com crianças pré-escolares, assim como para a formulação de programas de intervenção e desenvolvimento nesta idade.

ABSTRACT The topic of favorable conditions for verbal development is opened in psychology. The question about the nature of such conditions hasn't been solved. According to activity theory, it is possible to study aspects of psychological development no as isolated functions, but in relation to the main activity at each stage of development. The objective of the study was to establish a relationship between stages of play with objects using symbols and verbal production in preschool children. For the interactions with children, the Protocol for Evaluación del desarrollo para niños preescolares menores (Solovieva & Quintanar, 2014) was used, and a semi-structured interview was applied with the caregivers in order to specify the type of actions and orientations Predominant in family. We identified a relationship between studied phenomena and a significant correlation between the variables of actions with objects, verbal expressions and parental orientation. The stages of acquisition of actions with objects were determined together with the specific necessity of use of animated toys for verbal development. We discuss the usefulness of the protocol for diagnosis and interaction with preschool children, as well as for the formulation of intervention and development programs at this age.

Toilet Training: Common Questions and Answers.

Toilet training is a significant developmental milestone in early childhood. Most U.S. children achieve the physiologic, cognitive, and emotional development necessary for toilet training by 18 to 30 months of age. Markers of readiness for toilet training include being able to walk, put on and remove clothing, and follow parental instruction; expressive language; awareness of a full bladder or rectum; and demonstrated dissatisfaction with a soiled diaper. Other readiness cues include imitating toileting behavior, expressing desire to toilet, and demonstrating bladder or bowel control (staying dry through a nap or through the night). Physicians should provide anticipatory guidance to parents beginning at about 18 to 24 months of age, noting the signs of toilet training readiness, and setting realistic expectations for parents. Parents should be counseled that no training method is superior to another. Parents should choose a method that is best suited to them and their child, and the method should use positive reinforcement. Complications of toilet training include stool toileting refusal, stool withholding, encopresis, hiding to defecate, and enuresis. These problems typically resolve with time, although some may require further investigation and treatment. Medical comorbidities such as Down syndrome, autism spectrum disorder, and cerebral palsy reduce the likelihood of successfully attaining full toilet training and often require early consultation with occupational therapists, developmental pediatricians, or other subspecialists to aid in toilet training.