Considering the Promise of Vamorolone for Treating Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

This commentary provides an independent consideration of data related to the drug vamorolone (VBP15) as an alternative steroid proposed for treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Glucocorticoids such as prednisone and deflazacort have powerful anti-inflammatory benefits and are the standard of care for DMD, but their long-term use can result in severe adverse side effects; thus, vamorolone was designed as a unique dissociative steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, to retain efficacy and minimise these adverse effects. Extensive clinical trials (ongoing) have investigated the use of vamorolone for DMD, with two trials also for limb-girdle muscular dystrophies including dysferlinopathy (current), plus a variety of pre-clinical trials published. Vamorolone looks very promising, with similar efficacy and some reduced adverse effects (e.g., related to height) compared with other glucocorticoids, specifically prednisone/prednisolone, although it has not yet been directly compared with deflazacort. Of particular interest to clarify is the optimal clinical dose and other aspects of vamorolone that are proposed to provide additional benefits for membranes of dystrophic muscle: to stabilise and protect the sarcolemma from damage and enhance repair. The use of vamorolone (and other glucocorticoids) needs to be evaluated in terms of overall long-term efficacy and cost, and also in comparison with many candidate non-steroidal drugs with anti-inflammatory and other benefits for DMD.

Effects of nigella sativa oil on allergic rhinitis: an experimental animal study.

OBJECTIVES: Nigella sativa oil is known antiallergic and immunomodulatory effects. We aimed to compare this oil with mometasone furoate, a topical steroid, on a rat model in the prevention of allergic rhinitis symptoms. METHODS: A total of 28 two-to-four-month-old Wistar Hannover rats weighing 250-350 g were randomly divided into four groups of seven, which included control, allergic rhinitis, mometasone furoate, and Nigella sativa oil groups. Loss of cilia, an increase of goblet cells, vascular proliferation, inflammatory cell count, eosinophil infiltration, and the degree of hypertrophy in chondrocytes were assessed by light microscopy. RESULTS: The frequency of nasal scratching in the Nigella sativa oil group was found to be significantly lower compared with the allergic rhinitis group (p < 0.05). Typical inflammatory changes seen in allergic rhinitis were not detected in the Nigella sativa oil group. No inflammation was observed in 85.7% of both the healthy control group and the Nigella sativa oil group. In addition, no inflammation was observed in 71.4% of the mometasone furoate group, and this difference was found to be significant compared with the control group (p < 0.05). In addition, eosinophil infiltration, cilia loss, chondrocyte hypertrophy, vascular proliferation, and goblet cell increase were found to be significantly decreased in the mometazone furoate and Nigella sativa oil groups compared to the allergic rhinitis group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: According to the findings obtained from this study, we found anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects of Nigella sativa oil as equally effective as mometasone furoate in the treatment of experimentaly generated allergic rhinitis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Mometasone furoate nasal spray in Italian children with seasonal allergic rhinitis: a comprehensive assessment.

OBJECTIVE: Seasonal allergic rhinitis (SAR) is a common disease of childhood and is characterized by type 2 inflammation, bothersome symptoms, and impaired quality of life (QoL). Intranasal corticosteroids are effective medications in managing SAR. In addition, mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS) is a well-known therapeutic option. However, the literature provided no data about the effects of MFNS in European children with SAR. Thus, this study addressed this unmet requirement. METHODS: MFNS was compared to isotonic saline. Both treatments were prescribed: one drop of spray per nostril, twice a day, for 3 weeks. Nasal cytology, total symptom score (TSS), visual analogic scale concerning the parental perception of severity of symptoms, and the Pediatric Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (PRQLQ) were assessed at baseline, after 7 and 21 days, and 1 month after discontinuation. RESULTS: MFNS significantly reduced eosinophil and mast cell counts, improved QoL, and relieved symptoms, as assessed by doctors and perceived by parents. These effects persisted over time, even after discontinuation. Both treatments were safe and well-tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: The present study documented that a 3-week MFNS treatment was able to significantly dampen type 2 inflammation, improve QoL, and reduce severity of symptoms in Italian children with SAR, and was safe.

Efficacy and Safety of Vamorolone in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: A 30-Month Nonrandomized Controlled Open-Label Extension Trial.

Importance: Vamorolone is a synthetic steroidal drug with potent anti-inflammatory properties. Initial open-label, multiple ascending dose-finding studies of vamorolone among boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) found significant motor function improvement after 6 months treatment in higher-dose (ie, ≥2.0 mg/kg/d) groups. Objective: To investigate outcomes after 30 months of open-label vamorolone treatment. Design, Setting, and Participants: This nonrandomized controlled trial was conducted by the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group at 11 US and non-US study sites. Participants were 46 boys ages 4.5 to 7.5 years with DMD who completed the 6-month dose-finding study. Data were analyzed from July 2020 through November 2021. Interventions: Participants were enrolled in a 24-month, long-term extension (LTE) study with vamorolone dose escalated to 2.0 or 6.0 mg/kg/d. Main Outcomes and Measures: Change in time-to-stand (TTSTAND) velocity from dose-finding baseline to end of LTE study was the primary outcome. Efficacy assessments included timed function tests, 6-minute walk test, and NorthStar Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA). Participants with DMD treated with glucocorticoids from the Duchenne Natural History Study (DNHS) and NorthStar United Kingdom (NSUK) Network were matched and compared with participants in the LTE study receiving higher doses of vamorolone. Results: Among 46 boys with DMD who completed the dose-finding study, 41 boys (mean [SD] age, 5.33 [0.96] years) completed the LTE study. Among 21 participants treated with higher-dose (ie, ≥2.0 mg/kg/d) vamorolone consistently throughout the 6-month dose-finding and 24-month LTE studies with data available at 30 months, there was a decrease in mean (SD) TTSTAND velocity from baseline to 30 months (0.206 [0.070] rises/s vs 0.189 (0.124) rises/s), which was not a statistically significant change (-0.011 rises/s; CI, -0.068 to 0.046 rises/s). There were no statistically significant differences between participants receiving higher-dose vamorolone and matched participants in the historical control groups receiving glucocorticoid treatment (75 patients in DNHS and 110 patients in NSUK) over a 2-year period in NSAA total score change (0.22 units vs NSUK; 95% CI, -4.48 to 4.04]; P = .92), body mass index z score change (0.002 vs DNHS SD/mo; 95% CI, -0.006 to 0.010; P = .58), or timed function test change. Vamorolone at doses up to 6.0 mg/kg/d was well tolerated, with 5 of 46 participants discontinuing prematurely and for reasons not associated with study drug. Participants in the DNHS treated with glucocorticoids had significant growth delay in comparison with participants treated with vamorolone who had stable height percentiles (0.37 percentile/mo; 95% CI, 0.23 to 0.52 percentile/mo) over time. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that vamorolone treatment was not associated with a change in TTSTAND velocity from baseline to 30 months among boys with DMD aged 4 to 7 years at enrollment. Vamorolone was associated with maintenance of muscle strength and function up to 30 months, similar to standard of care glucocorticoid therapy, and improved height velocity compared with growth deceleration associated with glucocorticoid treatment, suggesting that vamorolone may be an attractive candidate for treatment of DMD. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03038399.

Biomarker-focused multi-drug combination therapy and repurposing trial in mdx mice.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy is initiated by dystrophin deficiency, but downstream pathophysiological pathways such as membrane instability, NFĸB activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and induction of TGFß fibrosis pathways are thought to drive the disability. Dystrophin replacement strategies are hopeful for addressing upstream dystrophin deficiency; however, all methods to date use semi-functional dystrophin proteins that are likely to trigger downstream pathways. Thus, combination therapies that can target multiple downstream pathways are important in treating DMD, even for dystrophin-replacement strategies. We sought to define blood pharmacodynamic biomarkers of drug response in the mdx mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy using a series of repurposed drugs. Four-week-old mdx mice were treated for four weeks with four different drugs singly and in combination: vehicle, prednisolone, vamorolone, rituximab, ß-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) (11 treatment groups; n = 6/group). Blood was collected via cardiac puncture at study termination, and proteomic profiling was carried out using SOMAscan aptamer panels (1,310 proteins assayed). Prednisolone was tested alone and in combination with other drugs. It was found to have a good concordance of prednisolone-responsive biomarkers (56 increased by prednisolone, 39 decreased) focused on NFκB and TGFß cascades. Vamorolone shared 45 (80%) of increased biomarkers and 13 (33%) of decreased biomarkers with prednisolone. Comparison of published human corticosteroid-responsive biomarkers to our mdx data showed 14% (3/22) concordance between mouse and human. Rituximab showed fewer drug-associated biomarkers, with the most significant being human IgG. On the other hand, BAIBA treatment (high and low dose) showed a drug-associated increase in 40 serum proteins and decreased 5 serum proteins. Our results suggest that a biomarker approach could be employed for assessing drug combinations in both mouse and human studies.

Efficacy and safety of vamorolone in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: An 18-month interim analysis of a non-randomized open-label extension study.

BACKGROUND: Treatment with corticosteroids is recommended for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients to slow the progression of weakness. However, chronic corticosteroid treatment causes significant morbidities. Vamorolone is a first-in-class anti-inflammatory investigational drug that has shown evidence of efficacy in DMD after 24 weeks of treatment at 2.0 or 6.0 mg/kg/day. Here, open-label efficacy and safety experience of vamorolone was evaluated over a period of 18 months in trial participants with DMD. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A multicenter, open-label, 24-week trial (VBP15-003) with a 24-month long-term extension (VBP15-LTE) was conducted by the Cooperative International Neuromuscular Research Group (CINRG) and evaluated drug-related effects of vamorolone on motor outcomes and corticosteroid-associated safety concerns. The study was carried out in Canada, US, UK, Australia, Sweden, and Israel, from 2016 to 2019. This report covers the initial 24-week trial and the first 12 months of the VBP15-LTE trial (total treatment period 18 months). DMD trial participants (males, 4 to <7 years at entry) treated with 2.0 or 6.0 mg/kg/day vamorolone for the full 18-month period (n = 23) showed clinical improvement of all motor outcomes from baseline to month 18 (time to stand velocity, p = 0.012 [95% CI 0.010, 0.068 event/second]; run/walk 10 meters velocity, p < 0.001 [95% CI 0.220, 0.491 meters/second]; climb 4 stairs velocity, p = 0.001 [95% CI 0.034, 0.105 event/second]; 6-minute walk test, p = 0.001 [95% CI 31.14, 93.38 meters]; North Star Ambulatory Assessment, p < 0.001 [95% CI 2.702, 6.662 points]). Outcomes in vamorolone-treated DMD patients (n = 46) were compared to group-matched participants in the CINRG Duchenne Natural History Study (corticosteroid-naïve, n = 19; corticosteroid-treated, n = 68) over a similar 18-month period. Time to stand was not significantly different between vamorolone-treated and corticosteroid-naïve participants (p = 0.088; least squares [LS] mean 0.042 [95% CI -0.007, 0.091]), but vamorolone-treated participants showed significant improvement compared to group-matched corticosteroid-naïve participants for run/walk 10 meters velocity (p = 0.003; LS mean 0.286 [95% CI 0.104, 0.469]) and climb 4 stairs velocity (p = 0.027; LS mean 0.059 [95% CI 0.007, 0.111]). The vamorolone-related improvements were similar in magnitude to corticosteroid-related improvements. Corticosteroid-treated participants showed stunting of growth, whereas vamorolone-treated trial participants did not (p < 0.001; LS mean 15.86 [95% CI 8.51, 23.22]). Physician-reported incidences of adverse events (AEs) for Cushingoid appearance, hirsutism, weight gain, and behavior change were less for vamorolone than published incidences for prednisone and deflazacort. Key limitations to the study were the open-label design, and use of external comparators. CONCLUSIONS: We observed that vamorolone treatment was associated with improvements in some motor outcomes as compared with corticosteroid-naïve individuals over an 18-month treatment period. We found that fewer physician-reported AEs occurred with vamorolone than have been reported for treatment with prednisone and deflazacort, and that vamorolone treatment did not cause the stunting of growth seen with these corticosteroids. This Phase IIa study provides Class III evidence to support benefit of motor function in young boys with DMD treated with vamorolone 2.0 to 6.0 mg/kg/day, with a favorable safety profile. A Phase III RCT is underway to further investigate safety and efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical trials were registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov, and the links to each trial are as follows (as provided in manuscript text): VBP15-002 [NCT02760264] VBP15-003 [NCT02760277] VBP15-LTE [NCT03038399].

Exposure-Response Analysis of Vamorolone (VBP15) in Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Exposure-response relationships of vamorolone, a novel dissociative steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, were investigated in clinical trials in boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Variables were clinical outcome measures, Fridericia-corrected QT (QTcF) duration, and pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers. Exposure metrics were area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ), with a sigmoid Emax model applied. Significant improvement in clinical efficacy outcomes was observed after 24 weeks of daily dosing. The primary outcome, time to stand from supine velocity, exhibited the highest sensitivity to vamorolone, with the lowest AUC value providing 50% of maximum effect (E50  = 186 ng·h/mL), followed by time to climb 4 stairs (E50  = 478 ng·h/mL), time to run/walk 10 m (E50  = 1220 ng·h/mL), and 6-minute walk test (E50  = 1770 ng·h/mL). Week 2 changes of proinflammatory PD biomarkers showed exposure-dependent decreases. The E50 was 260 ng·h/mL for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2, 1200 ng·h/mL for matrix metalloproteinase 12, 1260 ng·h/mL for lymphotoxin α1/ß2, 1340 ng·h/mL for CD23, 1420 ng·h/mL for interleukin-22-binding protein, and 1600 ng·h/mL for macrophage-derived chemokine/C-C motif chemokine 22. No relationship was found between QTcF interval changes from baseline and Cmax in week 2 or 24. This analysis showed that improvements in clinical efficacy end points in week 24 and PD biomarkers in week 2 were achieved at typical vamorolone exposure of 2 mg/kg daily dose with a median AUC dose of 6 mg/kg (3651 ng·h/mL), corresponding to approximately 95% of maximum effects for most response variables.

Vamorolone, a dissociative steroidal compound, reduces collagen antibody-induced joint damage and inflammation when administered after disease onset.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of vamorolone, a first-in-class dissociative steroidal compound, to inhibit inflammation when administered after disease onset in the murine collagen antibody-induced arthritis model of arthritis. ANIMALS: 84 DBA1/J mice were used in this study (n = 12 per treatment group). TREATMENT: Vamorolone or prednisolone was administered orally after disease onset for a duration of 7 days. METHODS: Disease score and bone erosion were assessed using previously described scoring systems. Cytokines were measured in joints via immunoassay, and joint cathepsin B activity (marker of inflammation) was assessed using optical imaging of joints on live mice. RESULTS: We found that vamorolone treatment led to a reduction of several disease parameters including disease score, joint inflammation, and the presence of pro-inflammatory mediators to a degree similar of that observed with prednisolone treatment. More importantly, histopathological analysis of affected joints showed that vamorolone treatment significantly reduced the degree of bone erosion while this bone-sparing property was not observed with prednisolone treatment at any of the tested doses. CONCLUSIONS: While many intervention regimens in other studies are administered prior to disease onset in animal models, the current study involves delivery of the potential therapeutic after disease onset. Based on the findings, vamorolone may offer an efficacious, yet safer alternative to conventional steroidal compounds in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory diseases.

Vamorolone targets dual nuclear receptors to treat inflammation and dystrophic cardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathy is a leading cause of death for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Here, we find that the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) can share common ligands but play distinct roles in dystrophic heart and skeletal muscle pathophysiology. Comparisons of their ligand structures indicate that the Δ9,11 modification of the first-in-class drug vamorolone enables it to avoid interaction with a conserved receptor residue (N770/N564), which would otherwise activate transcription factor properties of both receptors. Reporter assays show that vamorolone and eplerenone are MR antagonists, whereas prednisolone is an MR agonist. Macrophages, cardiomyocytes, and CRISPR knockout myoblasts show vamorolone is also a dissociative GR ligand that inhibits inflammation with improved safety over prednisone and GR-specific deflazacort. In mice, hyperaldosteronism activates MR-driven hypertension and kidney phenotypes. We find that genetic dystrophin loss provides a second hit for MR-mediated cardiomyopathy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy model mice, as aldosterone worsens fibrosis, mass and dysfunction phenotypes. Vamorolone successfully prevents MR-activated phenotypes, whereas prednisolone activates negative MR and GR effects. In conclusion, vamorolone targets dual nuclear receptors to treat inflammation and cardiomyopathy with improved safety.

Population Pharmacokinetics of Vamorolone (VBP15) in Healthy Men and Boys With Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder occurring in boys and caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Vamorolone is a first-generation delta-9,11 compound that has favorable efficacy and side effect profiles relative to classical glucocorticoids. The pharmacokinetics (PK) of oral vamorolone were assessed in parallel-group studies in healthy men (phase 1, n = 86) and boys with DMD (phase 2a, n = 48) during 14 days of once-daily dosing with a range of doses. Vamorolone exhibited moderate variability in PK, with the maximum plasma concentration usually occurring at 2-4 hours and a half-life of approximately 2 hours for all doses and days examined. Population PK modeling of all data together indicated that the PK of vamorolone can be well described by a 1-compartment model with zero-order absorption. Both men and boys showed a dose-linearity of PK parameters for the doses examined, with no accumulation of the drug during daily dosing. Ingestion with food resulted in markedly enhanced absorption of the drug, as tested in healthy men. There were similar PK of vamorolone in healthy men and DMD boys with apparent clearance averaging 2.0 L/h/kg in men and 1.7 L/h/kg in boys. Overall, vamorolone exhibited well-behaved linear PK, with similar profiles in healthy men and boys with DMD, moderate variability in PK parameters, and absorption and disposition profiles similar to those of classical glucocorticoids.

Vamorolone treatment improves skeletal muscle outcome in a critical illness myopathy rat model.

AIM: Critical illness myopathy (CIM) is a consequence of modern critical care, leading to skeletal muscle atrophy/paralysis with negative consequences for mortality/morbidity and health care costs. Glucocorticoids (GCs) have been proposed to trigger CIM. Here, we compare outcomes of two GCs, the commonly used prednisolone and the newly developed dissociative vamorolone in response to the intensive care unit (ICU) condition for 5 days, ie, sedation, immobilization, and mechanical ventilation. METHODS: Rats were divided into a 0-day sham-operated control group, and three groups exposed to 5 days ICU condition during treatment with prednisolone (PRED) or vamorolone (VAM) or none of these GCs (ICU-group). Survival, body and muscle weights, cytokine concentrations, regulation of muscle contraction in single fast- and slow-twitch muscle fibres, myofibrillar protein expression and protein degradation pathways were studied. RESULTS: Critical illness myopathy geno- and pheno-types were confirmed in the ICU group. However, VAM and PRED groups showed reduced atrophy/weakness than the ICU group, and muscle specific differences with more severe negative effects on fast-twitch muscle fibres in the PRED than the other groups. CONCLUSION: These results show that vamorolone provides a GC intervention superior to typical GCs in improving CIM outcomes. Further, the findings do not support the notion that moderate-dose GC treatment represents a factor triggering CIM.

Membrane Stabilization by Modified Steroid Offers a Potential Therapy for Muscular Dystrophy Due to Dysferlin Deficit.

Mutations of the DYSF gene leading to reduced dysferlin protein level causes limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B). Dysferlin facilitates sarcolemmal membrane repair in healthy myofibers, thus its deficit compromises myofiber repair and leads to chronic muscle inflammation. An experimental therapeutic approach for LGMD2B is to protect damage or improve repair of myofiber sarcolemma. Here, we compared the effects of prednisolone and vamorolone (a dissociative steroid; VBP15) on dysferlin-deficient myofiber repair. Vamorolone, but not prednisolone, stabilized dysferlin-deficient muscle cell membrane and improved repair of dysferlin-deficient mouse (B6A/J) myofibers injured by focal sarcolemmal damage, eccentric contraction-induced injury or injury due to spontaneous in vivo activity. Vamorolone decreased sarcolemmal lipid mobility, increased muscle strength, and decreased late-stage myofiber loss due to adipogenic infiltration. In contrast, the conventional glucocorticoid prednisolone failed to stabilize dysferlin deficient muscle cell membrane or improve repair of dysferlinopathic patient myoblasts and mouse myofibers. Instead, prednisolone treatment increased muscle weakness and myofiber atrophy in B6A/J mice-findings that correlate with reports of prednisolone worsening symptoms of LGMD2B patients. Our findings showing improved cellular and pre-clinical efficacy of vamorolone compared to prednisolone and better safety profile of vamorolone indicates the suitability of vamorolone for clinical trials in LGMD2B.

Phase IIa trial in Duchenne muscular dystrophy shows vamorolone is a first-in-class dissociative steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

We report a first-in-patient study of vamorolone, a first-in-class dissociative steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. This 2-week, open-label Phase IIa multiple ascending dose study (0.25, 0.75, 2.0, and 6.0 mg/kg/day) enrolled 48 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (4 to <7 years), with outcomes including clinical safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic biomarkers. The study design included pharmacodynamic biomarkers in three contexts of use: 1. Secondary outcomes for pharmacodynamic safety (insulin resistance, adrenal suppression, bone turnover); 2. Exploratory outcomes for drug mechanism of action; 3. Exploratory outcomes for expanded pharmacodynamic safety. Vamorolone was safe and well-tolerated through the highest dose tested (6.0 mg/kg/day) and pharmacokinetics of vamorolone were similar to prednisolone. Using pharmacodynamic biomarkers, the study demonstrated improved safety of vamorolone versus glucocorticoids as shown by reduction of insulin resistance, beneficial changes in bone turnover (loss of increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation only at the highest dose level), and a reduction in adrenal suppression. Exploratory biomarkers of pharmacodynamic efficacy showed an anti-inflammatory mechanism of action and a beneficial effect on plasma membrane stability, as demonstrated by a dose-responsive decrease in serum creatine kinase activity. With an array of pre-selected biomarkers in multiple contexts of use, we demonstrate the development of the first dissociative steroid that preserves anti-inflammatory efficacy and decreases steroid-associated safety concerns. Ongoing extension studies offer the potential to bridge exploratory efficacy biomarkers to clinical outcomes.

The corticosteroid compounds prednisolone and vamorolone do not alter the nociception phenotype and exacerbate liver injury in sickle cell mice.

Clinicians often hesitate prescribing corticosteroids to treat corticosteroid-responsive conditions in sickle cell disease (SCD) patients because their use can be associated with complications (increased hospital readmission, rebound pain, strokes, avascular necrosis, acute chest syndrome). Consequently, SCD patients may receive suboptimal treatment for corticosteroid-responsive conditions. We conducted a preclinical trial of dissociative (vamorolone) and conventional (prednisolone) corticosteroid compounds to evaluate their effects on nociception phenotype, inflammation, and organ dysfunction in SCD mice. Prednisolone and vamorolone had no significant effects on nociception phenotype or anemia in homozygous mice. Conversely, prednisolone and vamorolone significantly decreased white blood cell counts and hepatic inflammation. Interestingly, the effects of vamorolone were milder than those of prednisolone, as vamorolone yielded less attenuation of hepatic inflammation compared to prednisolone. Compared to controls and heterozygotes, homozygotes had significant liver necrosis, which was significantly exacerbated by prednisolone and vamorolone despite decreased hepatic inflammation. These hepatic histopathologic changes were associated with increases in transaminases and alkaline phosphatase. Together, these results suggest that, even in the setting of decreasing hepatic inflammation, prednisolone and vamorolone were associated with significant hepatic toxicity in SCD mice. These findings raise the possibility that hepatic function deterioration could occur with the use of corticosteroids (conventional and dissociative) in SCD.

VBP15, a novel dissociative steroid compound, reduces NFκB-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines in vitro and symptoms of murine trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The goal of this study was to assess the capacity of VBP15, a dissociative steroidal compound, to reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in vitro, to reduce symptoms of colitis in the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced murine model, and to assess the effect of VBP15 on growth stunting in juvenile mice. MATERIALS: In vitro studies were performed in primary human intestinal epithelial cells. Colitis was induced in mice by administering trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Growth stunting studies were performed in wild type outbred mice. TREATMENT: Cells were treated with VBP15 or prednisolone (10 µM) for 24 h. Mice were subjected to 3 days of VBP15 (30 mg/kg) or prednisolone (30 mg/kg) in the colitis study. In the growth stunting study, mice were subjected to VBP15 (10, 30, 45 mg/kg) or prednisolone (10 mg/kg) for 5 weeks. METHODS: Cytokines were measured by PCR and via Luminex. Colitis symptoms were evaluated by assessing weight loss, intestinal blood, and stool consistency. Growth stunting was assessed using an electronic caliper. RESULTS: VBP15 significantly reduced the in vitro production of CCL5 (p < 0.001) IL-6 (p < 0.001), IL-8 (p < 0.05) and reduced colitis symptoms (p < 0.05). VBP15 caused less growth stunting than prednisolone (p < 0.001) in juvenile mice. CONCLUSION: VBP15 may reduce symptoms of IBD, while decreasing or avoiding detrimental side effects.

Effect of once-daily indacaterol maleate/mometasone furoate on exacerbation risk in adolescent and adult asthma: a double-blind randomised controlled trial.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the safety and efficacy of QMF149, a once-daily, fixed-dose combination of the long-acting ß2-agonist (LABA) indacaterol maleate and inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) mometasone furoate (MF) for the treatment of persistent asthma. The hypothesis was that QMF149 would not increase the risk of serious asthma exacerbations. SETTING: 174 research centres in nine countries. PARTICIPANTS: 1519 adolescents and adults with persistent asthma who were treated or qualified for treatment with combination LABA/ICS were randomised, and 1508 were included in the intention-to-treat analysis. INTERVENTION: Patients were randomised to QMF149 (indacaterol maleate 500 µg/MF 400 µg) or MF (400 µg) once daily via Twisthaler inhalation device in a double-blind, parallel-group study for 6-21 months. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary end point was time to first serious asthma exacerbation (resulting in hospitalisation, intubation or death). The key secondary end point was annual rate of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids. RESULTS: Treatment with QMF149 resulted in no significant difference in time to first serious exacerbation compared to MF (2 (0.3%) vs 6 events (0.8%); difference -0.52 percentage point; 95% CI -1.25 to 0.21, p=0.160, HR=0.31; 95% CI 0.06 to 1.54, p=0.151). QMF149 significantly reduced the annual rate of exacerbations requiring systemic corticosteroids (rate ratio=0.71; 95% CI 0.55 to 0.90, p=0.005). Proportions of patients experiencing adverse events were similar across groups (74.0% in the QMF149 group and 73.4% in the MF group). Serious adverse events occurred in 4% and 5.8% of patients in the QMF149 and MF groups, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference was observed in the primary outcome of time to first serious asthma exacerbation in patients treated with QMF149 compared with patients treated with MF. Long-term treatment with QMF149 once daily had a favourable safety/efficacy profile in adolescent and adult patients with persistent asthma. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT00941798.

Does atopy influence the effectiveness of treatment of adenoid hypertrophy with mometasone furoate?

BACKGROUND: The effect of topical mometasone for adenoid hypertrophy treatment is well established. Nevertheless, the influence of atopy on this treatment remains ill defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to compare the effects of topical mometasone furoate treatment on the adenoid tissue between atopic and nonatopic children. METHODS: Fifty-one children with obstructive respiratory complaints underwent a semistructured clinical questionnaire on nasal symptoms, prick test, and nasoendoscopy. Nasoendoscopic images were digitalized, and both adenoid and nasopharyngeal areas were measured in pixels; the relative adenoid/nasopharyngeal area was calculated. Patients were initially treated for 40 days with nasal saline solution. In a subsequent 40-day period, topical mometasone furoate (total dose, 100 µg/day) was used. RESULTS: Topical mometasone significantly improved nasal obstruction, snoring, and apnea and also significantly reduced the adenoid tissue area related to the nasopharynx (p < 0.0001). Treatment with this glucocorticoid was not influenced by atopy, neither for symptoms nor for adenoid area. CONCLUSION: Topical mometasone furoate significantly reduced the adenoid tissue area and led to a supplementary improvement of nasal symptoms. This improvement was similar for atopic and nonatopic patients.