The impact of genetic variants related to the fatty acid metabolic process pathway on milk production traits in Jersey cows.

The synthesis of fatty acids plays a critical role in shaping milk production characteristics in dairy cattle. Thus, identifying effective haplotypes within the fatty acid metabolism pathway will provide novel and robust insights into the genetics of dairy cattle. This study aimed to comprehensively examine the individual and combined impacts of fundamental genes within the fatty acid metabolic process pathway in Jersey cows. A comprehensive phenotypic dataset was compiled, considering milk production traits, to summarize a cow's productivity across three lactations. Genotyping was conducted through PCR-RFLP and Sanger sequencing, while the association between genotype and phenotype was quantified using linear mixed models. Moderate biodiversity and abundant variation suitable for haplotype analysis were observed across all examined markers. The individual effects of the FABP3, LTF and ANXA9 genes significantly influenced both milk yield and milk fat production. Additionally, this study reveals novel two-way interactions between genes in the fatty acid metabolism pathway that directly affect milk fat properties. Notably, we identified that the GGAAGG haplotype in FABP3×LTF×ANXA9 interaction may be a robust genetic marker concerning both milk fat yield and percentage. Consequently, the genotype combinations highlighted in this study serve as novel and efficient markers for assessing the fat content in cow's milk.

Switching the Chemoselectivity in the Preparation of [18F]FNA-N-CooP, a Free Thiol-Containing Peptide for Targeted Positron Emission Tomography Imaging of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3.

Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) is expressed both in tumor cells and in the tumor vasculature, making it a potential target for medical imaging and therapy. In this study, we aimed to radiolabel a CooP peptide with a free amino and thiol group, and evaluate the radiolabeled product [18F]FNA-N-CooP for imaging FABP3 expression in breast cancer brain metastases by positron emission tomography. [18F]FNA-N-CooP was prepared by highly chemoselective N-acylation and characterized using different chemical approaches. We validated its binding to the target using in vitro tissue section autoradiography and performed stability tests in vitro and in vivo. [18F]FNA-N-CooP was successfully synthesized in 16.8% decay-corrected radiochemical yield with high radiochemical purity (98.5%). It exhibited heterogeneous binding on brain metastasis tissue sections from a patient with breast cancer, with foci of radioactivity binding corresponding to FABP3 positivity. Furthermore, the tracer binding was reduced by 55% in the presence of nonradioactive FNA-N-CooP a blocker, indicating specific tracer binding and that FABP3 is a viable target for [18F]FNA-N-CooP. Favorably, the tracer did not bind to necrotic tumor tissue. However, [18F]FNA-N-CooP displayed limited stability both in vitro in mouse plasma or human serum and in vivo in mouse, therefore further studies are needed to improve the stability [18F]FNA-N-CooP to be used for in vivo applications.

FABP3 Induces Mitochondrial Autophagy to Promote Neuronal Cell Apoptosis in Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury.

This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which FABP3 regulates neuronal apoptosis via mitochondrial autophagy in the context of cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Employing a transient mouse model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) established using the filament method, brain tissue samples were procured from I/R mice. High-throughput transcriptome sequencing on the Illumina CN500 platform was performed to identify differentially expressed mRNAs. Critical genes were selected by intersecting I/R-related genes from the GeneCards database with the differentially expressed mRNAs. The in vivo mechanism was explored by infecting I/R mice with lentivirus. Brain tissue injury, infarct volume ratio in the ischemic penumbra, neurologic deficits, behavioral abilities, neuronal apoptosis, apoptotic factors, inflammatory factors, and lipid peroxidation markers were assessed using H&E staining, TTC staining, Longa scoring, rotation experiments, immunofluorescence staining, and Western blot. For in vitro validation, an OGD/R model was established using primary neuron cells. Cell viability, apoptosis rate, mitochondrial oxidative stress, morphology, autophagosome formation, membrane potential, LC3 protein levels, and colocalization of autophagosomes and mitochondria were evaluated using MTT assay, LDH release assay, flow cytometry, ROS/MDA/GSH-Px measurement, transmission electron microscopy, MitoTracker staining, JC-1 method, Western blot, and immunofluorescence staining. FABP3 was identified as a critical gene in I/R through integrated transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. In vivo experiments revealed that FABP3 silencing mitigated brain tissue damage, reduced infarct volume ratio, improved neurologic deficits, restored behavioral abilities, and attenuated neuronal apoptosis, inflammation, and mitochondrial oxidative stress in I/R mice. In vitro experiments demonstrated that FABP3 silencing restored OGD/R cell viability, reduced neuronal apoptosis, and decreased mitochondrial oxidative stress. Moreover, FABP3 induced mitochondrial autophagy through ROS, which was inhibited by the free radical scavenger NAC. Blocking mitochondrial autophagy with sh-ATG5 lentivirus confirmed that FABP3 induces mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis by activating mitochondrial autophagy. In conclusion, FABP3 activates mitochondrial autophagy through ROS, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal apoptosis, thereby promoting cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.

The Impact of Normobaric Hypoxia and Intermittent Hypoxic Training on Cardiac Biomarkers in Endurance Athletes: A Pilot Study.

This study explores the effects of normobaric hypoxia and intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) on the physiological condition of the cardiac muscle in swimmers. Hypoxia has been reported to elicit both beneficial and adverse changes in the cardiovascular system, but its impact on the myocardium during acute exercise and altitude/hypoxic training remains less understood. We aimed to determine how a single bout of intense interval exercise and a four-week period of high-intensity endurance training under normobaric hypoxia affect cardiac marker activity in swimmers. Sixteen young male swimmers were divided into two groups: one undergoing training in hypoxia and the other in normoxia. Cardiac markers, including troponin I and T (cTnI and cTnT), heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), creatine kinase-MB isoenzyme (CK-MB), and myoglobin (Mb), were analyzed to assess the myocardium's response. We found no significant differences in the physiological response of the cardiac muscle to intense physical exertion between hypoxia and normoxia. Four weeks of IHT did not alter the resting levels of cTnT, cTnI, and H-FABP, but it resulted in a noteworthy decrease in the resting concentration of CK-MB, suggesting enhanced cardiac muscle adaptation to exercise. In contrast, a reduction in resting Mb levels was observed in the control group training in normoxia. These findings suggest that IHT at moderate altitudes does not adversely affect cardiac muscle condition and may support cardiac muscle adaptation, affirming the safety and efficacy of IHT as a training method for athletes.

Fatty acid binding to the human transport proteins FABP3, FABP4, and FABP5 from a Ligand's perspective.

Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) are a family of amphiphilic transport proteins with high diversity in terms of their amino acid sequences and binding preferences. Beyond their main biological role as cytosolic fatty acid transporters, many aspects regarding their binding mechanism and functional specializations in human cells remain unclear. In this work, the binding properties and thermodynamics of FABP3, FABP4, and FABP5 were analyzed under various physical conditions. For this purpose, the FABPs were loaded with fatty acids bearing fluorescence or spin probes as model ligands, comparing their binding affinities via microscale thermophoresis (MST) and continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance (CW EPR) spectroscopy. The CW EPR spectra of non-covalently bound 5- and 16-DOXYL stearic acid (5/16-DSA) deliver in-depth information about the dynamics and chemical environments of ligands inside the binding pockets of the FABPs. EPR spectral simulations allow the construction of binding curves, revealing two different binding states ('intermediately' and 'strongly' bound). The proportion of bound 5/16-DSA depends strongly on the FABP concentration and the temperature but with remarkable differences between the three isoforms. Additionally, the more dynamic state ('intermediately bound') seems to dominate at body temperature with thermodynamic preference. The ligand binding studies were supplemented by aggregation studies via dynamic light scattering and bioinformatic analyses. Beyond the remarkably fine-tuned binding properties exhibited by each FABP, which were discernible with our EPR-centered approach, the results of this work attest to the power of simple spectroscopic experiments to provide new insights into the ligand binding mechanisms of proteins in general on a molecular level.

Amelioration of Nicotine-Induced Conditioned Place Preference Behaviors in Mice by an FABP3 Inhibitor.

We previously demonstrated that fatty acid-binding protein 3 null (FABP3-/-) mice exhibit resistance to nicotine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). Here, we confirm that the FABP3 inhibitor, MF1 ((4-(2-(1-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenoxy) butanoic acid), successfully reduces nicotine-induced CPP scores in mice. MF1 (0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg) was orally administered 30 min before nicotine, and CPP scores were assessed in the conditioning, withdrawal, and relapse phases. MF1 treatment decreased CPP scores in a dose-dependent manner. Failure of CPP induction by MF1 (1.0 mg/kg, p.o.) was associated with the inhibition of both CaMKII and ERK activation in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hippocampal CA1 regions. MF1 treatment reduced nicotine-induced increases in phosphorylated CaMKII and cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB)-positive cells. Importantly, the increase in dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) levels following chronic nicotine exposure was inhibited by MF1 treatment. Moreover, the quinpirole (QNP)-induced increase in the level of CaMKII and ERK phosphorylation was significantly inhibited by MF1 treatment of cultured NAc slices from wild type (WT) mice; however, QNP treatment had no effect on CaMKII and ERK phosphorylation levels in the NAc of D2R null mice. Taken together, these results show that MF1 treatment suppressed D2R/FABP3 signaling, thereby preventing nicotine-induced CPP induction. Hence, MF1 can be used as a novel drug to block addiction to nicotine and other drugs by inhibiting the dopaminergic system.

Novel FABP3 ligand, HY-11-9, ameliorates neuropathological deficits in MPTP-induced Parkinsonism in mice.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by dopaminergic (DAergic) neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), resulting from α-synuclein (αSyn) toxicity. We previously reported that αSyn oligomerization and toxicity are regulated by the fatty-acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), and the therapeutic effects of the FABP3 ligand, MF1, was successfully demonstrated in PD models. Here, we developed a novel and potent ligand, HY-11-9, which has a higher affinity for FABP3 (Kd = 11.7 ± 8.8) than MF1 (Kd = 302.8 ± 130.3). We also investigated whether the FABP3 ligand can ameliorate neuropathological deterioration after the onset of disease in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinsonism. Motor deficits were observed two weeks after MPTP treatment. Notably, oral administration of HY-11-9 (0.03 mg/kg) improved motor deficits in both beam-walking and rotarod tasks, whereas MF1 failed to improve the motor deficits in both tasks. Consistent with the behavioral tasks, HY-11-9 recovered dopamine neurons from MPTP toxicity in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental areas. Furthermore, HY-11-9 reduced the accumulation of phosphorylated-serine129-α-synuclein (pS129-αSyn) and colocalization with FABP3 in tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-positive DA neurons in the PD mouse model. Overall, HY-11-9 significantly improved MPTP-induced behavioral and neuropathological deterioration, suggesting that it may be a potential candidate for PD therapy.

Heart-Type Fatty Acid Binding Protein Binds Long-Chain Acylcarnitines and Protects against Lipotoxicity.

Heart-type fatty-acid binding protein (FABP3) is an essential cytosolic lipid transport protein found in cardiomyocytes. FABP3 binds fatty acids (FAs) reversibly and with high affinity. Acylcarnitines (ACs) are an esterified form of FAs that play an important role in cellular energy metabolism. However, an increased concentration of ACs can exert detrimental effects on cardiac mitochondria and lead to severe cardiac damage. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of FABP3 to bind long-chain ACs (LCACs) and protect cells from their harmful effects. We characterized the novel binding mechanism between FABP3 and LCACs by a cytotoxicity assay, nuclear magnetic resonance, and isothermal titration calorimetry. Our data demonstrate that FABP3 is capable of binding both FAs and LCACs as well as decreasing the cytotoxicity of LCACs. Our findings reveal that LCACs and FAs compete for the binding site of FABP3. Thus, the protective mechanism of FABP3 is found to be concentration dependent.

TGF-ß1 stimulated mesenchymal stem cells-generated exosomal miR-29a promotes the proliferation, migration and fibrogenesis of tenocytes by targeting FABP3.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff Tear (RCT) causes a lot of inconvenience for patients. In most cases, RCT injury does not heal back to bone after repair, and there is a high chance of retearing. Therefore, there is a need to explore more effective targeted therapies. Bone mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosome (BMSCs-Exo) has been proved to be beneficial to the proliferation of tendon cells, but its specific mechanism remains to be further explored. METHODS: BMSCs-Exo was isolated and identified by detecting the specific markers using flow cytometry and western blot assays. qRT-PCR and western blot were utilized to determine the gene or protein expressions, respectively. Cell proliferation, and migration in tenocytes were measured by CCK8, EdU and transwell assays. The interaction between miR-29a and FABP3 was analyzed using dual-luciferase reporter assay. RESULTS: Our findings demonstrated that miR-29a was expressed in BMSCs-Exo and could be significantly enriched after TGF-ß1 treatment. Moreover, TGF-ß1-modified BMSCs-Exo co-cultured could promote the proliferation, migration and fibrosis of tenocytes by carrying miR-29a. Upon miR-29a was reduced in BMSCs-Exo, the regulatory roles of BMSCs-Exo on tenocytes were reversed. Mechanistically, miR-29a negatively regulated FABP3 via interaction with its 3'-UTR. Enforced expression of FABP3 could reverse the modulation of exosomal miR-29a in tenocytes. CONCLUSION: Exosomal miR-29a derived from TGF-ß1-modified BMSCs facilitated the proliferation, migration and fibrosis of tenocytes through targeting FABP3.

Characterization of the fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) promoter and its transcriptional regulation by cAMP response element binding protein 1 (CREB1) in goat mammary epithelial cells.

Fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) is involved in signal transduction pathways, and in the uptake and utilization of long-chain fatty acids. However, the transcriptional regulation of FABP3 in goat is unclear. In this study, the FABP3 5' flanking region was amplified from goat (Capra hircus) genomic DNA. Luciferase reporter vectors containing promoter fragments of five different lengths were constructed and transfected into dairy goat mammary epithelial cells. The region of the promoter located between -1801 and -166 bp upstream of the transcription start site (TSS) exhibited the highest luciferase activity, and contained two cAMP response elements (CREs) located at -1632 bp and -189 bp. Interference with CREB1 significantly downregulated FABP3 promoter activity. In addition, FABP3 promoter activity was significantly reduced after mutation of the CRE1 (-1632 bp) and CRE2 (-189 bp) sites. Further analysis indicated that the CRE2 site was essential for the transcriptional activity induced by CREB1. These results demonstrated that CREB1 is involved in the transcriptional regulation of FABP3 expression in the goat mammary gland via a direct mechanism, thus revealing a novel signaling pathway involved in fatty acid metabolism in goat.

Ameliorating effect of rutin against diclofenac-induced cardiac injury in rats with underlying function of FABP3, MYL3, and ANP.

Diclofenac is a widely prescribed anti-inflammatory drug having cardiovascular complications as one of the main liabilities that restrict its therapeutic use. We aimed to investigate for any role of rutin against diclofenac-induced cardiac injury with underlying mechanisms as there is no such precedent to date. The effect of rutin (10 and 20 mg/kg) was evaluated upon concomitant oral administration for fifteen days with diclofenac (10 mg/kg). Rutin significantly attenuated diclofenac-induced alterations in the serum cardiac markers (LDH, CK-MB, and SGOT), serum cytokine levels (TNF-α and IL-6), and oxidative stress markers (MDA and GSH) in the cardiac tissue. Histopathological examination and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) findings displayed a marked effect of rutin to prevent diclofenac-mediated cardiac injury. Altered protein expression of myocardial injury markers (cTnT, FABP3, and ANP) and apoptotic markers (Bcl-2 and Caspase-3) in the cardiac tissue upon diclofenac treatment was considerably shielded by rutin treatment. MYL3 was unaffected due to diclofenac or rutin treatment. Rutin also significantly improved diclofenac-induced gastrointestinal and hepatic alterations based on the observed ameliorative effects in key mediators, oxidative stress markers, histopathology examination, and SEM findings. Overall results suggest that rutin can protect the diclofenac-induced cardiac injury by lowering oxidative stress, inhibiting inflammation, and reducing apoptosis. Further research work directs toward the development of phytotherapeutics for cardioprotection.

[Changes of myocardial calcium currents in rats with myocardial injury induced by running exercise during acute hypoxia].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the changes in myocardial calcium currents in rats subjected to forced running exercise during acute hypoxia and their association with myocardial injury. METHODS: Forty SD rats were randomized into quiescent group and running group either in normal oxygen (NQ and NR groups, respectively) or in acute hypoxia (HQ and HR groups, respectively). Hypoxia was induced by keeping the rats in a hypobaric oxygen chamber (PaO2=61.6kpa) for 4 h a day; the rats in the two running groups were forced to run on running wheels for 4 h each day. Rat ventricular myocytes was isolated by enzymatic digestion for recording action potentials and currents using patch clamp technique, and confocal Ca2+ imaging was used to monitor intracellular Ca2+ levels. The expressions of Cav1.2 channel and the cardiac ryanodine receptor (RyR2) were determined using Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with those in NQ group, the rats in HR group showed significantly decreased SOD activity (P < 0.01), increased h-FABP, hs-CRP and IMA levels (P < 0.05 or 0.01), obvious myocardial pathology, and prolonged APD50 and APD90 (P < 0.05). Of the different stress conditions, forced running in acute hypoxia resulted in the most prominent increase of the densities of ICa, L currents, causing also a significant left shift of the steady state activation curve and a significant right shift of the steady state inactivation curve. Compared with those in NQ group, the rats in NR, HQ and HR groups all exhibited higher rates of spontaneous calcium wave events in the cardiac myocytes, increased frequency of calcium sparks with lowered amplitude, enhanced calcium release amplitude in the ventricular myocytes, and delayed calcium ion reabsorption; in particular, these changes were the most conspicuous in HR group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). There was also a significant increase in the protein levels of Cav1.2 channel and RyR2 receptor in HR group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of myocardial injury in rats subjected to forced running in acute hypoxia may involve the increase of oxidative stress and calcium current and intracellular calcium overload.

The effects of training, acute exercise and dietary fatty acid composition on muscle lipid oxidative capacity in European starlings.

Migratory birds undergo seasonal changes to muscle biochemistry. Nonetheless, it is unclear to what extent these changes are attributable to the exercise of flight itself versus endogenous changes. Using starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) flying in a wind tunnel, we tested the effects of exercise training, a single bout of flight and dietary lipid composition on pectoralis muscle oxidative enzymes and lipid transporters. Starlings were either unexercised or trained over 2 weeks to fly in a wind tunnel and sampled either immediately following a long flight at the end of this training or after 2 days recovery from this flight. Additionally, they were divided into dietary groups that differed in dietary fatty acid composition (high polyunsaturates versus high monounsaturates) and amount of dietary antioxidant. Trained starlings had elevated (19%) carnitine palmitoyl transferase and elevated (11%) hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase in pectoralis muscle compared with unexercised controls, but training alone had little effect on lipid transporters. Immediately following a long wind-tunnel flight, starling pectoralis had upregulated lipid transporter mRNA (heart-type fatty acid binding protein, H-FABP, 4.7-fold; fatty acid translocase, 1.9-fold; plasma membrane fatty acid binding protein, 1.6-fold), and upregulated H-FABP protein (68%). Dietary fatty acid composition and the amount of dietary antioxidants had no effect on muscle catabolic enzymes or lipid transporter expression. Our results demonstrate that birds undergo rapid upregulation of catabolic capacity that largely becomes available during flight itself, with minor effects due to training. These effects likely combine with endogenous seasonal changes to create the migratory phenotype observed in the wild.

Are fatty acids and fatty acid binding proteins novel biomarkers for cryoablation efficiency?

PURPOSE: Cryoablation is a recommended, modern and well-tolerated method of treating atrial fibrillation (AF). The study evaluates plasma biomarkers related to AF and the effectiveness of its treatment - cryoablation. Heart- and adipocyte-type fatty acid binding proteins (H-FABP and A-FABP, respectively) as well as fatty acids (FAs) were assessed in patients that underwent cryoballoon ablation (CBA) for AF. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Concentrations of plasma FABPs and FAs were measured in 33 AF patients on admission and 24 â€‹h after CBA (enzyme-linked immunoassay and gas liquid chromatography, respectively). The control group consisted of 20 volunteers. RESULTS: We showed that plasma H-FABP and A-FABP concentrations were significantly higher in the patients with AF than in the control group (1135 â€‹pg/mL vs 836 â€‹pg/mL, and 34.29 â€‹ng/mL vs 15.14 â€‹ng/mL, respectively; p â€‹< â€‹0.05). After CBA, H-FABP plasma concentration increased even further (1574 â€‹pg/mL vs 1135 â€‹pg/mL; p â€‹< â€‹0.05) and FAs levels decreased concomitantly. AF recurred in 8 patients (24.25%) after 3 months and in 13 patients (39.4%) after 6 months. Initially higher concentration of oleic acid (680.24 â€‹± â€‹189.768 vs 567.04 â€‹± â€‹70.002; p â€‹< â€‹0.05) correlated substantially with lower AF relapse rate in 6 months follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The patients with AF showed increased concentration of H-FABP, whereas CBA triggered further elevation of H-FABP with a simultaneous decline in the total plasma FAs concentration. H-FABP and A-FABP could not be confirmed as new biomarkers of cryoablation efficiency, but this requires further investigation due to the limitations of the study.

Impact of fatty acid-binding proteins and dopamine receptors on α-synucleinopathy.

An aging society leads to an increased number of patients with cognitive and movement disorders, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. α-Synuclein accumulation in neuronal cells is a pathological hallmark of α-synucleinopathies. Aberrant soluble oligomeric units of α-synuclein are toxic and disrupt neuronal homeostasis. Fatty acids partially regulate α-synuclein accumulation as well as oligomerization, and fatty acid-binding protein (FABP) associates with the α-synuclein aggregates. Heart-type FABP (hFABP, FABP3) is rich in dopaminergic neurons and interacts with dopamine D2 receptors, specifically the long type (D2L), which is abundant in caveolae. We recently demonstrated that mesencephalic neurons require FABP3 and dopamine D2L receptors for the caveolae-mediated α-synuclein uptake. Accumulated α-synuclein gets fibrillized and tightly co-localizes with FABP3 and dopamine D2L receptors, which leads to mitochondrial dysfunction and loss of tyrosine hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine production. Furthermore, the inhibition of FABP3 using small-molecule ligands successfully prevents FABP3-induced neurotoxicity. In this review, we focus on the impact of FABP3, dopamine receptors, and other FABP family proteins in the process of α-synuclein propagation and the subsequent aggregate-induced cytotoxicity. We also propose the potential of FABP as a therapeutic target for α-synucleinopathies.

Sterculia tragacantha Lindl Aqueous Leaf Extract Ameliorate Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats via Urotensin II and FABP3 Expressions.

Sterculia tragacantha (ST) Lindl leaf is commonly used locally in the management of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. This study was aimed at assessing the valuable effects of ST leaf on streptozotocin-diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM). Streptozotocin was administered intraperitoneally to the experimental animals to induce DM, and hence, placed on different doses of ST for 14 days. Thereafter, on the 15th day of the experiment, the animals were euthanized, and a number of cardiomyopathy indices were investigated. The diabetic rats exhibited a momentous increase in hyperlipidemia, lipid peroxidation as well as a significant (p < 0.05) decline in antioxidant enzyme activities. The serum creatine kinase MB (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), cardiac troponin I, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and urotensin II expression revealed a significant (p < 0.05) upsurge in diabetic rats. Also, the expression of GLUT4 and fatty acid-binding protein 3 (FABP3) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in diabetic rats. However, at the conclusion of the experimental trial ST significantly (p < 0.05) attenuated hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress biomarkers by augmenting the antioxidant enzyme activities and decrease in lipid peroxidation, ameliorated CK-MB, CRP, cardiac troponin I, TNF-α, and urotensin-II levels, and improved GLUT4 and FABP3 expressions. Similarly, the administration of ST prevented histological alterations in the heart of diabetic animals. Therefore, the obtained results suggest that ST could mitigate DCM in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.

Fatty acid binding protein 3 deficiency limits atherosclerosis development via macrophage foam cell formation inhibition.

Atherosclerosis is the underlying contributing factor of cardiovascular disease, which is a process of inflammation and lipid-rich lesion. Macrophage-derived foam cell is a key hallmark of atherosclerosis and connected with various factors of lipid metabolism. Here, we showed that fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) was upregulated in the aorta of ApoE-/- mice with high-fat-diet (HFD) feeding. Knockdown of FABP3 in HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice notably facilitated cholesterol efflux, inhibited macrophage foam cell formation, and thus prevented atherogenesis. Furthermore, FABP3 silencing decreased the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Mechanistic studies had disclosed the involvement of PPARγ signaling in balancing cholesterol uptake and efflux and diminishing foam cell formation. These findings firstly revealed an anti-atherogenic role of FABP3 silencing in preventing foamy macrophage formation partly through PPARγ, which might be a beneficial approach for therapying atherosclerosis.

Skin Ultrastructure and the Changes of HIF-2α, H-FABP Expression in the Myocardium of Electric Shock Death Rats.

ABSTRACT: Objective To observe the skin ultrastructure change of electric shock death rats and to test the expression changes of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α （HIF-2α） and heart type-fatty acid-binding protein （H-FABP） of myocardial cells, in order to provide basis for forensic identification of electric shock death. Methods The electric shock model of rats was established. The 72 rats were randomly divided into control group, electric shock death group and postmortem electric shock group. Each group was divided into three subgroups, immediate （0 min）, 30 min and 60 min after death. The skin changes of rats were observed by HE staining, the changes of skin ultrastructure were observed by scanning electron microscopy, and the expression of HIF-2α and H-FABP in rats myocardium was tested by immunohistochemical staining. Results The skin in the electric shock death group and postmortem electric shock group had no significant difference through the naked eye or by HE staining. Under the scanning electron microscope, a large number of cellular debris, cells with unclear boundaries, withered cracks, circular or elliptical holes scattered on the cell surface and irregular edges were observed. A large number of spherical foreign body particles were observed. Compared with the control group, the expression of HIF-2α in all electric shock death subgroups increased, reaching the peak immediately after death. In the postmortem electric shock group, HIF-2α expression only increased immediately after death, but was lower than that of electric shock death group （P<0.05）. Compared with the control group, the expression of H-FABP in all subgroups of electric shock death group and postmortem electric shock group significantly decreased. The expression of H-FABP in all subgroups of electric shock death group was lower than that of the postmortem electric shock group （P<0.05）. Conclusion Electric shock can increase HIF-2α expression and decrease H-FABP expression in the myocardium, which may be of forensic significance for the determination of electric shock death and identification of antemortem and postmortem electric shock.

Profiling the expression of fatty acid-binding proteins and fatty acid transporters in mouse microglia and assessing their role in docosahexaenoic acid-d5 uptake.

While the processes governing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) trafficking across the blood-brain barrier have been elucidated, factors governing DHA uptake into microglia, an essential step for this fatty acid to exert its anti-inflammatory effects, are unknown. This study assessed the mRNA and protein expression of fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) and fatty acid transport proteins (FATPs) in mouse BV-2 cells and their mRNA expression in primary mouse microglia. The microglial uptake of DHA-d5, a surrogate of DHA, was assessed by LC-MS/MS following interventions including temperature reduction, silencing of various FABP isoforms, competition with DHA, and metabolic inhibition. It was found that DHA-d5 uptake at 4°C was 39.6% lower than at 37°C, suggesting that microglial uptake of DHA-d5 likely involves passive and/or active uptake mechanisms. Of all FABP and FATP isoforms probed, only FABP3, FABP4, FABP5, FATP1, and FATP4 were expressed at both the mRNA and protein level. Silencing of FABP3, FABP4, and FABP5 resulted in no change in cellular DHA-d5 uptake, nor did concomitant DHA administration or the presence of 0.1% sodium azide/50 mM 2-deoxy-D-glucose. This study is the first to identify the presence of FABPs and FATPs in mouse microglia, albeit these proteins are not involved in the microglial uptake of DHA-d5.

The prognostic impact of the serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein level in patients with sepsis who were admitted to the non-surgical intensive-care unit.

Ongoing myocardial damage at the acme of the sepsis status has not been sufficiently evaluated. The clinical data of 160 sepsis patients who require intensive care and 127 outpatients with chronic heart failure (HF) were compared as a retrospective cohort study. Thereafter, the sepsis patients were divided into 3 groups according to the serum heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP) quartiles [low H-FABP = Q1 (n = 39), middle H-FABP = Q2/Q3 (n = 81), and high H-FABP = Q4 group (n = 40)]. The H-FABP level was measured within 15 min of admission. The serum H-FABP levels in the sepsis patients [26.6 (9.3-79.0) ng/ml] were significantly higher than in the choric HF patients [6.6 (4.6-9.7) ng/ml]. A Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the survival rate of the high-H-FABP group was significantly lower than that of the middle- and low-H-FABP groups. The multivariate Cox regression analysis for the 365-day mortality showed that the high-H-FABP group (hazard ratio: 6.544, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.026-21.140; p = 0.002) was an independent predictor of the 365-day mortality. The same trend in the prognostic impact was significantly (p = 0.015) observed in the cohort that had not been suffering from the cardiac disease before admission. The serum H-FABP level was an independent predictor of the 365-day mortality in the patients who were emergently hospitalized in the intensive-care unit due to sepsis. Ongoing myocardial damage was detected in the majority of patients with sepsis, suggesting that ongoing myocardial damage might be a candidate predictor of adverse outcomes in sepsis patients.