RESUMO
SHP2 plays a critical role in modulating tumor growth and PD-1-related signaling pathway, thereby serving as an attractive antitumor target. To date, no antitumor drugs targeting SHP2 have been approved, and hence, the search of SHP2 inhibitors with new chemical scaffolds is urgently needed. Herein, we developed a novel SHP2 allosteric inhibitor SDUY038 with a furanyl amide scaffold, demonstrating potent binding affinity (KD = 0.29 µM), enzymatic activity (IC50 = 1.2 µM) and similar binding interactions to SHP099. At the cellular level, SDUY038 exhibited pan-antitumor activity (IC50 = 7-24 µM) by suppressing pERK expression. Furthermore, SDUY038 significantly inhibited tumor growth in both xenograft and organoid models. Additionally, SDUY038 displayed acceptable bioavailability (F = 14%) and half-life time (t1/2 = 3.95 h). Conclusively, this study introduces the furanyl amide scaffold as a novel class of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors, offering promising lead compounds for further development of new antitumor therapies targeting SHP2.
Assuntos
Amidas , Antineoplásicos , Desenho de Fármacos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Animais , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Amidas/farmacologia , Amidas/química , Amidas/síntese química , Camundongos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Furanos/farmacologia , Furanos/química , Furanos/síntese química , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de Xenoenxerto , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos NusRESUMO
Congenital pseudarthrosis of the tibia (CPT) is a severe pathology marked by spontaneous bone fractures that fail to heal, leading to fibrous nonunion. Half of patients with CPT are affected by the multisystemic genetic disorder neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) caused by mutations in the NF1 tumor suppressor gene, a negative regulator of RAS-mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Here, we analyzed patients with CPT and Prss56-Nf1 knockout mice to elucidate the pathogenic mechanisms of CPT-related fibrous nonunion and explored a pharmacological approach to treat CPT. We identified NF1-deficient Schwann cells and skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) in pathological periosteum as affected cell types driving fibrosis. Whereas NF1-deficient SSPCs adopted a fibrotic fate, NF1-deficient Schwann cells produced critical paracrine factors including transforming growth factor-ß and induced fibrotic differentiation of wild-type SSPCs. To counteract the elevated RAS-MAPK signaling in both NF1-deficient Schwann cells and SSPCs, we used MAPK kinase (MEK) and Src homology 2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) inhibitors. Combined MEK-SHP2 inhibition in vivo prevented fibrous nonunion in the Prss56-Nf1 knockout mouse model, providing a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of fibrous nonunion in CPT.
Assuntos
Camundongos Knockout , Neurofibromina 1 , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Pseudoartrose , Células de Schwann , Animais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Diferenciação Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibrose , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/metabolismo , Quinases de Proteína Quinase Ativadas por Mitógeno/antagonistas & inibidores , Neurofibromatose 1/patologia , Neurofibromatose 1/metabolismo , Neurofibromatose 1/complicações , Neurofibromina 1/metabolismo , Neurofibromina 1/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Pseudoartrose/patologia , Pseudoartrose/metabolismo , Pseudoartrose/congênito , Células de Schwann/metabolismo , Células de Schwann/efeitos dos fármacos , Células de Schwann/patologia , Células-Tronco/metabolismo , Células-Tronco/efeitos dos fármacos , Tíbia/patologiaRESUMO
SHP2, a pivotal component downstream of both receptor and non-receptor tyrosine kinases, has been underscored in the progression of various human cancers and neurodevelopmental disorders. Allosteric inhibitors have been proposed to regulate its autoinhibition. However, oncogenic mutations, such as E76K, convert SHP2 into its open state, wherein the catalytic cleft becomes fully exposed to its ligands. This study elucidates the dynamic properties of SHP2 structures across different states, with a focus on the effects of oncogenic mutation on two known binding sites of allosteric inhibitors. Through extensive modeling and simulations, we further identified an alternative allosteric binding pocket in solution structures. Additional analysis provides insights into the dynamics and stability of the potential site. In addition, multi-tier screening was deployed to identify potential binders targeting the potential site. Our efforts to identify a new allosteric site contribute to community-wide initiatives developing therapies using multiple allosteric inhibitors to target distinct pockets on SHP2, in the hope of potentially inhibiting or slowing tumor growth associated with SHP2.
Assuntos
Neoplasias , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Humanos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Sítio Alostérico , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Sítios de Ligação , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Mutação , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/químicaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: SHP2 (Src homology region 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2) is a target of interest for cancer therapy due to its key role in the regulation of the RAS/MAPK signal transduction pathway downstream of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs). Moreover, SHP2 can inhibit T cells via the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. SHP2 plays a critical role in numerous physiological and pathological cellular processes, such as cell proliferation, survival, and migration. AREAS COVERED: This review examines SHP2 allosteric inhibitors reported in patents published in Espacenet and Scifinder databases from 2018 to present. An overview of claimed structures is conducted, focusing attention on structural modifications compared to SHP099, the first described allosteric inhibitor of SHP2. EXPERT OPINION: Multiple potent allosteric SHP2 inhibitors have been discovered, disclosed, and tested in a variety of preclinical cancer models with strong evidence of efficacy. Fifteen compounds are currently in clinical development, but none of them have been approved for marketing. Until now, long-term benefit of SHP2 inhibitors as monotherapy agents have not been demonstrated due to acquired mechanisms of resistance and/or lack of efficacy. However, combination therapies with a variety of agents, such as MEK, BRAF, EGFR, RAS-G12C and PDL-1 inhibitors, have high potential and are currently an extensive area of investigation.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Desenvolvimento de Medicamentos , Neoplasias , Patentes como Assunto , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Humanos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Animais , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Aberrant activation of RAS/MAPK signaling is common in cancer, and efforts to inhibit pathway components have yielded drugs with promising clinical activities. Unfortunately, treatment-provoked adaptive resistance mechanisms inevitably develop, limiting their therapeutic potential. As a central node essential for receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated RAS activation, SHP2 has emerged as an attractive cancer target. Consequently, many SHP2 allosteric inhibitors are now in clinical testing. Here we discovered a previously unrecognized off-target effect associated with SHP2 allosteric inhibitors. We found that these inhibitors accumulate in the lysosome and block autophagic flux in an SHP2-independent manner. We showed that off-target autophagy inhibition by SHP2 allosteric inhibitors contributes to their antitumor activity. We also demonstrated that SHP2 allosteric inhibitors harboring this off-target activity not only suppress oncogenic RAS signaling but also overcome drug resistance such as MAPK rebound and protective autophagy in response to RAS/MAPK pathway blockage. Finally, we exemplified a therapeutic framework that harnesses both the on- and off-target activities of SHP2 allosteric inhibitors for improved treatment of mutant RAS-driven and drug-resistant malignancies such as pancreatic and colorectal cancers.
Assuntos
Autofagia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteínas ras , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/genética , Proteínas ras/metabolismo , Proteínas ras/genética , Ensaios Antitumorais Modelo de XenoenxertoRESUMO
SHP2 is a non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase encoded by PTPN11, which performs the functions of regulating cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and survival through removing tyrosine phosphorylation and modulating various signaling pathways. The overexpression of SHP2 or its mutations is related to developmental diseases and several cancers. Numerous allosteric inhibitors with striking inhibitory potency against SHP2 allosteric pockets have recently been identified, and several SHP2 tunnel allosteric inhibitors have been applied in clinical trials to treat cancers. However, based on clinical results, the efficacy of single-agent treatments has been proven to be suboptimal. Most clinical trials involving SHP2 inhibitors have adopted drug combination strategies. This review briefly discusses the research progress on SHP2 allosteric inhibitors and pathway-dependent drug combination strategies for SHP2 in cancer therapy. In addition, we summarize the current bifunctional molecules of SHP2 and elaborate on the design and structural optimization strategies of these bifunctional molecules in detail, offering further direction for the research on novel SHP2 inhibitors.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Humanos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Estrutura Molecular , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/patologia , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , AnimaisRESUMO
SHP2 is a positive regulator of the EGFR-dependent Ras/MAPK pathway. It dephosphorylates a regulatory phosphorylation site in EGFR that serves as the binding site to RasGAP (RASA1 or p120RasGAP). RASA1 is activated by binding to the EGFR phosphate group. Active RASA1 deactivates Ras by hydrolyzing Ras-bound GTP to GDP. Thus, SHP2 dephosphorylation of EGFR effectively prevents RASA1-mediated deactivation of Ras, thereby stimulating proliferation. Despite knowledge of this vital regulation in cell life, mechanistic in-depth structural understanding of the involvement of SHP2, EGFR, and RASA1 in the Ras/MAPK pathway has largely remained elusive. Here we elucidate the interactions, the factors influencing EGFR's recruitment of RASA1, and SHP2's recognition of the substrate site in EGFR. We reveal that RASA1 specifically interacts with the DEpY992LIP motif in EGFR featuring a proline residue at the +3 position C-terminal to pY primarily through its nSH2 domain. This interaction is strengthened by the robust attraction of two acidic residues, E991 and D990, of EGFR to two basic residues in the BC-loop near the pY-binding pocket of RASA1's nSH2. In the stable precatalytic state of SHP2 with EGFR (DADEpY992LIPQ), the E-loop of SHP2's active site favors the interaction with the (-2)-position D990 and (-4)-position D988 N-terminal to pY992 in EGFR, while the pY-loop constrains the (+4)-position Q996 C-terminal to pY992. These specific interactions not only provide a structural basis for identifying negative regulatory sites in other RTKs but can inform selective, high-affinity active-site SHP2 inhibitors tailored for SHP2 mutants.
Assuntos
Receptores ErbB , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteína p120 Ativadora de GTPase , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/química , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores ErbB/química , Humanos , Fosforilação , Proteína p120 Ativadora de GTPase/metabolismo , Proteína p120 Ativadora de GTPase/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Sítios de LigaçãoRESUMO
Historically, KRAS has been considered 'undruggable' inspite of being one of the most frequently altered oncogenic proteins in solid tumors, primarily due to the paucity of pharmacologically 'druggable' pockets within the mutant isoforms. However, pioneering developments in drug design capable of targeting the mutant KRAS isoforms especially KRASG12C-mutant cancers, have opened the doors for emergence of combination therapies comprising of a plethora of inhibitors targeting different signaling pathways. SHP2 signaling pathway, primarily known for activation of intracellular signaling pathways such as KRAS has come up as a potential target for such combination therapies as it emerged to be the signaling protein connecting KRAS and the immune signaling pathways and providing the link for understanding the overlapping regions of RAS/ERK/MAPK signaling cascade. Thus, SHP2 inhibitors having potent tumoricidal activity as well as role in immunomodulation have generated keen interest in researchers to explore its potential as combination therapy in KRAS mutant solid tumors. However, the excitement with these combination therapies need to overcome challenges thrown up by drug resistance and enhanced toxicity. In this review, we will discuss KRAS and SHP2 signaling pathways and their roles in immunomodulation and regulation of tumor microenvironment and also analyze the positive effects and drawbacks of the different combination therapies targeted at these signaling pathways along with their present and future potential to treat solid tumors.
Assuntos
Imunomodulação , Neoplasias , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras) , Transdução de Sinais , Humanos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/imunologia , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/terapia , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Imunomodulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Resultado do Tratamento , Terapia de Alvo MolecularRESUMO
Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) is a leading factor of liver-related death worldwide. ALD has various manifestations that include steatosis, hepatitis, and cirrhosis and is currently without approved pharmacotherapies. The Src homology phosphatase 2 (Shp2) is a drug target in some cancers due to its positive regulation of Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and cell proliferation. Shp2 pharmacological inhibition yields beneficial outcomes in animal disease models, but its impact on ALD remains unexplored. This study aims to investigate the effects of Shp2 inhibition and its validity using a preclinical mouse model of ALD. We report that the administration of SHP099, a potent and selective allosteric inhibitor of Shp2, partially ameliorated ethanol-induced hepatic injury, inflammation, and steatosis in mice. Additionally, Shp2 inhibition was associated with reduced ethanol-evoked activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. Besides the liver, excessive alcohol consumption induces multi-organ injury and dysfunction, including the intestine. Notably, Shp2 inhibition diminished ethanol-induced intestinal inflammation and permeability, abrogated the reduction in tight junction protein expression, and the activation of ERK and stress signaling in the ileum. Collectively, Shp2 pharmacological inhibition mitigates the deleterious effects of ethanol in the liver and intestine in a mouse model of ALD. Given the multifactorial aspects underlying ALD pathogenesis, additional studies are needed to decipher the utility of Shp2 inhibition alone or as a component in a multitherapeutic regimen to combat this deadly malady.
Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Etanol , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Animais , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/patologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/prevenção & controle , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/enzimologia , Hepatopatias Alcoólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Masculino , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Etanol/toxicidade , Fígado/efeitos dos fármacos , Fígado/patologia , Fígado/enzimologia , Fígado/metabolismo , Estresse do Retículo Endoplasmático/efeitos dos fármacos , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs), including polycythemia vera, essential thrombocytosis, and primary myelofibrosis, are clonal hematopoietic neoplasms driven by mutationally activated signaling by the JAK2 tyrosine kinase. Although JAK2 inhibitors can improve MPN patients' quality of life, they do not induce complete remission as disease-driving cells persistently survive therapy. ERK activation has been highlighted as contributing to JAK2 inhibitor persistent cell survival. As ERK is a component of signaling by activated RAS proteins and by JAK2 activation, we sought to inhibit RAS activation to enhance responses to JAK2 inhibition in preclinical MPN models. We found the SHP2 inhibitor RMC-4550 significantly enhanced growth inhibition of MPN cell lines in combination with the JAK2 inhibitor ruxolitinib, effectively preventing ruxolitinib persistent growth, and the growth and viability of established ruxolitinib persistent cells remained sensitive to SHP2 inhibition. Both SHP2 and JAK2 inhibition diminished cellular RAS-GTP levels, and their concomitant inhibition enhanced ERK inactivation and increased apoptosis. Inhibition of SHP2 inhibited the neoplastic growth of MPN patient hematopoietic progenitor cells and exhibited synergy with ruxolitinib. RMC-4550 antagonized MPN phenotypes and increased survival of an MPN mouse model driven by MPL-W515L. The combination of RMC-4550 and ruxolitinib, which was safe and tolerated in healthy mice, further inhibited disease compared to ruxolitinib monotherapy, including extending survival. Given SHP2 inhibitors are undergoing clinical evaluation in patients with solid tumors, our preclinical findings suggest that SHP2 is a candidate therapeutic target with potential for rapid translation to clinical assessment to improve current targeted therapies for MPN patients.
Assuntos
Janus Quinase 2 , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos , Nitrilas , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Pirazóis , Pirimidinas , Janus Quinase 2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Transtornos Mieloproliferativos/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Camundongos , Nitrilas/uso terapêutico , Pirazóis/uso terapêutico , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/uso terapêutico , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/uso terapêutico , Inibidores de Proteínas Quinases/farmacologiaRESUMO
The uncontrolled bacterial infection-induced cytokine storm and sequential immunosuppression are commonly observed in septic patients, which indicates that the activation of phagocytic cells and the efficient and timely elimination of bacteria are crucial for combating bacterial infections. However, the role of dysregulated immune cells and their disrupted function in sepsis remains unclear. Here, we found that macrophages exhibited the impaired endocytosis capabilities in sepsis by Single-cell RNA sequencing and bulk RNA sequencing. Caveolae protein Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) of macrophages was inactivated by SHP2 rapidly during Escherichia coli (E.coli) infection. Allosteric inhibitor of SHP2 effectively maintains Cav-1 phosphorylation to enhance macrophage to endocytose and eliminate bacteria. Additionally, TLR4 endocytosis of macrophage was also enhanced upon E.coli infection by SHP099, inducing an increased and rapidly resolved inflammatory response. In vivo, pretreatment or posttreatment with inhibitor of SHP2 significantly reduced the bacterial burden in organs and mortality of mice subjected E.coli infection or CLP-induced sepsis. The cotreatment of inhibitor of SHP2 with an antibiotic conferred complete protection against mortality in mice. Our findings suggest that Cav-1-mediated endocytosis and bacterial elimination may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of sepsis, highlighting inhibitor of SHP2 as a potential therapeutic agent for sepsis.
Assuntos
Cavéolas , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Sepse , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Bactérias , Cavéolas/metabolismo , Endocitose , Infecções por Escherichia coli/tratamento farmacológico , Infecções por Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Macrófagos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Sepse/tratamento farmacológico , Sepse/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: SHP2 is highly expressed in a variety of cancer and has emerged as a potential target for cancer therapeutic agents. The identification of uncharged pTyr mimics is an important direction for the development of SHP2 orthosteric inhibitors. METHODS: Surface plasmon resonance analysis and cellular thermal shift assay were employed to verify the direct binding of LXQ-217 to SHP2. The inhibitory effect of LXQ-217 was characterized by linear Weaver-Burke enzyme kinetic analysis and BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The inhibition of tumor cell proliferation by LXQ-217 was characterized by cell viability assay, colony formation assays and hoechst 33258 staining. The inhibition of lung cancer proliferation inâ vivo was studied in nude mice after oral administration of LXQ-217. RESULTS: An electroneutral bromophenol derivative, LXQ-217, was identified as a competitive SHP2 inhibitor. LXQ-217 induced apoptosis and inhibited growth of human pulmonary epithelial cells by affecting the RAS-ERK and PI3â K-AKT signaling pathways. Long-term oral administration of LXQ-217 significantly inhibited the proliferation ability of lung cancer cells in nude mice. Moreover, mice administered LXQ-217 orally at high doses exhibited no mortality or significant changes in vital signs. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings on the uncharged orthosteric inhibitor provide a foundation for further development of a safe and effective anti-lung cancer drug.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Animais , Humanos , Camundongos , Antineoplásicos/síntese química , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Cinética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos Nus , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Fenóis/síntese química , Fenóis/química , Fenóis/farmacologiaRESUMO
Tumor-associated thrombus (TAT) accounts for a high proportion of venous thromboembolism. Traditional thrombolysis and anticoagulation methods are not effective due to various complications and contraindications, which can easily lead to patients dying from TAT rather than the tumor itself. These clinical issues demonstrate the need to research diverse pathways for adjuvant thrombolysis in antitumor therapy. Previously, the phenotypic and functional transformation of monocytes/macrophages is widely reported to be involved in intratribal collagen regulation. This study finds that myeloid deficiency of the oncogene SHP2 sensitizes Ly6Clow monocyte/macrophage differentiation and can alleviate thrombus organization by increasing thrombolytic Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2/9 activities. Moreover, pharmacologic inhibition by SHP099, examined in mouse lung metastatic tumor models, reduces tumor and thrombi burden in tumor metastatic lung tissues. Furthermore, SHP099 increases intrathrombus Ly6Clow monocyte/macrophage infiltration and exhibits thrombolytic function at high concentrations. To improve the thrombolytic effect of SHP099, NanoSHP099 is constructed to achieve the specific delivery of SHP099. NanoSHP099 is identified to be simultaneously enriched in tumor and thrombus foci, exerting dual tumor-suppression and thrombolysis effects. NanoSHP099 presents a superior thrombus dissolution effect than that of the same dosage of SHP099 because of the higher Ly6Clow monocyte/macrophage proportion and MMP2/MMP9 collagenolytic activities in organized thrombi.
Assuntos
Monócitos , Trombose , Animais , Camundongos , Leucócitos , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Terapia Trombolítica/métodos , Trombose/metabolismo , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
SHP2 is a phosphatase/adaptor protein that plays an important role in various signaling pathways. Its mutations are associated with cancers and developmental diseases. SHP2 contains a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) and two SH2 domains. Selective inhibition of these domains has been challenging due to the multitude of homologous proteins in the proteome. Here, we developed a monobody, synthetic binding protein, that bound to and inhibited the SHP2 PTP domain. It was selective to SHP2 PTP over close homologs. A crystal structure of the monobody-PTP complex revealed that the monobody bound both highly conserved residues in the active site and less conserved residues in the periphery, rationalizing its high selectivity. Its epitope overlapped with the interface between the PTP and N-terminal SH2 domains that is formed in auto-inhibited SHP2. By using the monobody as a probe for the accessibility of the PTP active site, we developed a simple, nonenzymatic assay for the allosteric regulation of SHP2. The assay showed that, in the absence of an activating phospho-Tyr ligand, wild-type SHP2 and the "PTP-dead" C459E mutant were predominantly in the closed state in which the PTP active site is inaccessible, whereas the E76K and C459S mutants were in the open, active state. It also revealed that previously developed monobodies to the SH2 domains, ligands lacking a phospho-Tyr, weakly favored the open state. These results provide corroboration for a conformational equilibrium underlying allosteric regulation of SHP2, provide powerful tools for characterizing and controlling SHP2 functions, and inform drug discovery against SHP2.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Humanos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Mutação , Neoplasias/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/química , Transdução de Sinais , Domínios Proteicos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacologiaRESUMO
The treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains a huge clinical challenge and dual-targeted small-molecule drugs might provide new therapeutic options for this type of breast cancer. In this work, we discovered a series of SHP2 and CDK4 dual inhibitors through a fused pharmacophore strategy and structural optimization. Notably, lead compound 10 with excellent SHP2 (IC50 = 4.3 nM) and CDK4 (IC50 = 18.2 nM) inhibitory activities effectively induced G0/G1 arrest to prevent the proliferation of TNBC cell lines. Furthermore, compound 10 showed great in vivo pharmacokinetic properties (F = 45.8%) and exerted significant antitumor efficacy in the EMT6 syngeneic mouse model. Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that 10 effectively targeted on both SHP2 and CDK4 and activated the immune response in tumors. These results indicate that lead compound 10, as the first SHP2 and CDK4 dual inhibitor, merits further development for treating TNBC.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas , Animais , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células , Quinase 4 Dependente de Ciclina/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias de Mama Triplo Negativas/patologiaRESUMO
Despite available treatments, breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death. Knowing that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 is a regulator in tumorigenesis, developing inhibitors of SHP2 in breast cells is crucial. Our study investigated the effects of new compounds, purchased from NSC, on the phosphatase activity of SHP2 and the modulation of breast cancer cell lines' proliferation and viability. A combined ligand-based and structure-based virtual screening protocol was validated, then performed, against SHP2 active site. Top ranked compounds were tested via SHP2 enzymatic assay, followed by measuring IC50 values. Subsequently, hits were tested for their anti-breast cancer viability and proliferative activity. Our experiments identified three compounds 13030, 24198, and 57774 as SHP2 inhibitors, with IC50 values in micromolar levels and considerable selectivity over the analogous enzyme SHP1. Long MD simulations of 500 ns showed a very promising binding mode in the SHP2 catalytic pocket. Furthermore, these compounds significantly reduced MCF-7 breast cancer cells' proliferation and viability. Interestingly, two of our hits can have acridine or phenoxazine cyclic system known to intercalate in ds DNA. Therefore, our novel approach led to the discovery of SHP2 inhibitors, which could act as a starting point in the future for clinically useful anticancer agents.
Assuntos
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias da Mama , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Antineoplásicos/farmacologia , Neoplasias da Mama/tratamento farmacológico , Domínio Catalítico , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Feminino , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
The non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11) is a critical component of RAS/MAPK signaling by acting upstream of RAS to promote oncogenic signaling and tumor growth. Over three decades, SHP2 was considered "undruggable" because enzymatic active-site inhibitors generally showed off-target inhibition of other proteins and low membrane permeability. More recently, allosteric SHP2 inhibitors with striking inhibitory potency have been developed. These small molecules effectively block the signal transduction between receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and RAS/MAPK signaling and show efficacy in preclinical cancer models. Moreover, clinical evaluation of these allosteric SHP2 inhibitors is ongoing. RAS proteins which harbor transforming properties by gain-of-function mutations are present in various cancer types. While inhibitors of KRASG12C show early clinical promise, resistance remains a challenge and other forms of oncogenic RAS remain to be selectively inhibited. Here, we summarize the role of SHP2 in RAS-driven cancers and the therapeutic potential of allosteric SHP2 inhibitors as a strategy to block RAS-driven cancers.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos , Neoplasias , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Proteínas ras , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Mutação , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/enzimologia , Neoplasias/patologia , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/genética , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismo , Receptores Proteína Tirosina Quinases/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Proteínas ras/metabolismoRESUMO
Src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) encoded by the proto-oncogene PTPN11 is the first identified non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase. SHP2 dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of different cancers, making SHP2 a promising therapeutic target for cancer therapy. In this article, we report the structure-guided design based on the well-characterized SHP2 inhibitor SHP099, extensive structure-activity relationship studies (SARs) of aminopyrazines, biochemical characterization and cellular potency. These medicinal chemistry efforts lead to the discovery of the lead compound TK-453, which potently inhibits SHP2 (SHP2WT IC50 = 0.023 µM, ΔTm = 7.01 °C) in a reversible and noncompetitive manner. TK-453 exhibits high selectivity over SHP2PTP, SHP1 and PTP1B, and may bind at the "tunnel" allosteric site of SHP2 as SHP099. As the key pharmacophore, the aminopyrazine scaffold not only reorganizes the cationic-π stacking interaction with R111 via the novel hydrogen bond interaction between the S atom of thioether linker and T219, but also mediates a hydrogen bond with E250. In vitro studies indicate that TK-453 inhibits proliferation of HeLa, KYSE-70 and THP-1 cells moderately and induces apoptosis of Hela cells. Further mechanistic studies suggest that TK-453 can decrease the phosphorylation levels of AKT and Erk1/2 in HeLa and KYSE-70 cells. Collectively, TK-453 is a highly potent, selective, and cellularly active allosteric SHP2 inhibitor that modulates the phosphorylation of SHP2-mediated AKT and Erk cell signaling pathways by inhibiting the phosphatase activity of SHP2.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Sítio Alostérico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Células HeLa , Humanos , Fosforilação , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Disturbance of the dynamic balance between tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of signaling molecules, controlled by protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs), is known to lead to the development of cancer. While most approved targeted cancer therapies are tyrosine kinase inhibitors, PTPs have long been stigmatized as undruggable and have only recently gained renewed attention in drug discovery. One PTP target is the Src-homology 2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2). SHP2 is implicated in tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment resistance, primarily because of its role as a signaling nexus of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway, acting upstream of the small GTPase Ras. Efforts to develop small molecules that target SHP2 are ongoing, and several SHP2 allosteric inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of solid tumors. However, while the reported allosteric inhibitors are highly effective against cells expressing WT SHP2, none have significant activity against the most frequent oncogenic SHP2 variants that drive leukemogenesis in several juvenile and acute leukemias. Here, we report the discovery of novel furanylbenzamide molecules as inhibitors of both WT and oncogenic SHP2. Importantly, these inhibitors readily cross cell membranes, bind and inhibit SHP2 under physiological conditions, and effectively decrease the growth of cancer cells, including triple-negative breast cancer cells, acute myeloid leukemia cells expressing either WT or oncogenic SHP2, and patient-derived acute myeloid leukemia cells. These novel compounds are effective chemical probes of active SHP2 and may serve as starting points for therapeutics targeting WT or mutant SHP2 in cancer.
Assuntos
Benzamidas , Inibidores Enzimáticos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11 , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Carcinogênese , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/enzimologia , Oncogenes , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatase não Receptora Tipo 11/metabolismoRESUMO
SHP2 inhibitors (SHP2i) alone and in various combinations are being tested in multiple tumors with overactivation of the RAS/ERK pathway. SHP2 plays critical roles in normal cell signaling; hence, SHP2is could influence the tumor microenvironment. We found that SHP2i treatment depleted alveolar and M2-like macrophages, induced tumor-intrinsic CCL5/CXCL10 secretion, and promoted B and T lymphocyte infiltration in Kras- and Egfr-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, treatment also increased intratumor granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells (gMDSC) via tumor-intrinsic, NFκB-dependent production of CXCR2 ligands. Other RAS/ERK pathway inhibitors also induced CXCR2 ligands and gMDSC influx in mice, and CXCR2 ligands were induced in tumors from patients on KRASG12C inhibitor trials. Combined SHP2 (SHP099)/CXCR1/2 (SX682) inhibition depleted a specific cluster of S100a8/9 hi gMDSCs, generated Klrg1 + CD8+ effector T cells with a strong cytotoxic phenotype but expressing the checkpoint receptor NKG2A, and enhanced survival in Kras- and Egfr-mutant models. Our results argue for testing RAS/ERK pathway/CXCR1/2/NKG2A inhibitor combinations in patients with NSCLC. SIGNIFICANCE: Our study shows that inhibiting the SHP2/RAS/ERK pathway triggers NFκB-dependent upregulation of CXCR2 ligands and recruitment of S100A8hi gMDSCs, which suppress T cells. Combining SHP2/CXCR2 inhibitors blocks gMDSC immigration, resulting in enhanced Th1 polarization, induced CD8+KLRG1+ effector T cells with high cytotoxic activity, and improved survival in multiple NSCLC models.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1.