[Child Oriented FamilyTherapy as a Key Component in Young Children's Psychiatric Treatment]. / Kinderorientierte Familientherapie als Baustein der tagesklinischen Behandlung im Kindesalter.

The Child Oriented FamilyTherapy (COF) is a new therapeutic method aiming towards infants in the playing age group and their families. COF is - originally invented in Scandinavia - spreading over Germany since the beginning of the 21st century. The prevalence for psychiatric disorders in toddlers, preschoolers and young infants in Germany lies between 14 and 22 %. Treatment in an outpatients' clinic with partial hospitalization is indicated whenever the psychosocial resources are too low or the symptoms are too severe to be treated in an ambulant environment. The outpatients' department for pediatric psychiatry in Gelsenkirchen is the first institution in its field to use COF as one module to treat their young patients and their families. Due to the setting adjustments of the original method are necessary, for example a conceptualization of disease, the use of COF as a diagnostic method and the embedding of COF in an underlying treatment plan.

Collecting to understand: the art of children and the medical-pedagogical approach in twentieth-century Portugal.

In this essay I look at the art of children as a tool in the medical-pedagogical approach, as proposed by the founder of child psychiatry in Portugal, Vítor Fontes (1893-1979). First, the topic of the art of children is introduced, and the second part focuses on the model of medical pedagogy as it was practised in Portugal. The third and fourth parts present Fontes's own investigations on the drawings of children with intellectual disabilities under observation at the Instituto Médico-Pedagógico António Aurélio da Costa Ferreira (IAACF) in Lisbon. In the conclusion it is argued that Fontes contributed to the development of child psychiatry in Portugal by showing that children's art can mirror their cognitive and emotional development.

Autism in Baltimore, 1938-1943.

This paper examines the genesis of Leo Kanner's 1943 seminal paper on autism. It shows that describing children as autistic or lacking affective contact with people was not new by this time. But Kanner's proposal that infantile autism constituted a hitherto unidentified condition that was inborn and different from childhood schizophrenia was new. It also shows that Georg Frankl's influence on Kanner was important, but Kanner did not misappropriate his ideas or his research. Kanner developed his views on the basis of his observations of several children, his knowledge of the literature on childhood conditions, and his interactions with many scholars.

Child Psychiatry in Bosnia and Herzegovina: History of Development - Review.

The paper gives an overview of the spatial conditions, human resources and development course of child and adolescent psychiatry as an independent profession. The beginnings of the development date back to 1959, when the Department of children and youth is opened in Sarajevo at the Neuropsychiatric Clinic, which continues without interruption even today. After that was opened same department in Banja Luka and after a certain period of outpatient work, and stationary departments in Tuzla and Mostar. Over time, as the world's developed and improved understanding of the needs of treatment of mental disorders, and as the trends of professional approaches changed from time to time, the same set of guidelines were followed by the professional work of staff members in the departments. As the material opportunities allowed, in all localities there is a clear tendency to improve spatial conditions. However, personnel capability has improved at a slightly faster pace, so by the war time in Bosnia-Herzegovina (BH) between 1992 and 1995, in BH were mostly trained professional teams. In meanwhile, the need for psychiatric assistance has largely exceeded the human resource capabilities. The situation of war has changed dramatically in the present situation, departments are empty, and there is a paradoxical situation that the patient in the hospitals does not exist, but the reason is bizarre, since because of the war, physically, patients are not able to access to hospitals. This situation also contributes to the departure a large number of staff, which is in the child psychiatry, and so was insufficient. Despite this, during the war in Sarajevo, the Psychiatric Clinic conducts research on psychiatric morbidity and evaluation of population trauma due to war stress in the city of Sarajevo, and included the population of children and adolescents who remained in the city. The project is implemented only in the city area, because Sarajevo was city, three and half years under the total military siege. Further on, the paper elaborates the status of spatial and human resources capacity in the post-war period up to the present day. There is an evident expansion of the psychological assistance service throughout the territory of BH, which has been largely on the initiative and all the necessary assistance of the international community through non-governmental organizations, but with the involvement of the remaining domestic staffs. They were also stated the government projects, in the last two decades, on the professional training of staff working in Mental Health Centers across the country. In the latest age of the last ten years, a number of private psychological counselling centers have been opened that, beside the psychiatrists, are led by certified psychotherapists, psychologists, pedagogues, and teachers. This fact is very important for the future, because this is a good part solving the current lack of professionalism to provide psychological assistance to the population in developmental age. All professionals involved in the human psyche were aware of how important the timely recognition and provided expert assistance, when it comes to developmental age. In the post-war period, certain scientific researches on the psychological trauma severity of the population are being carried out, and the results of some of these researches are mentioned in this paper. The paper concludes with the statement that the current state of development of child psychiatry in the country is satisfactory in relation to the conditions that we had the past decade, but with the suggestion that a long way to furthering this profession and its affirmation at the global level is in the future.

The ambivalent role of the institution in the history of child and adolescent psychiatry: a case study of the Hawthorn Centre in Michigan, USA.

Historians have examined the role of psychiatric institutions in the USA and addressed whether this form of care helped or harmed patients (depending on the perspective of the time period, historical actors, and historians). But the story for children's mental institutions was different. At the time when adult institutions were in decline, children's mental hospitals were expanding. Parents and advocates clamoured for more beds and more services. The decrease in facilities for children was more due to economic factors than ideological opposition. This paper explores a case study of a hospital in Michigan as a window into the different characteristics of the discussion of psychiatric care for children.

[The history and development of the Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie - Review and outlook on the occasion of its 45th anniversary]. / Die Gründungsgeschichte und Entwicklung der Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie und Psychiatrie ­ Rückblick und Ausblick aus Anlass ihres 45-jährigen Bestehens.

The history and development of the Zeitschrift für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie - Review and outlook on the occasion of its 45th anniversary Abstract. This article is based on archived documents and provides an overview of the founding of the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy and its precursor, the Yearbook of Adolescent Psychiatry and Allied Professions. The first volume of this journal appeared in 1973, 5 years after child and adolescent psychiatry had become an independent specialty in the Federal Republic of Germany. The founders of the journal and its first Editors-in-Chief were Hermann Stutte (1909-1982) and Hubert Harbauer (1019-1980). The Co-Editors and later Editors-in-Chief were Helmut Remschmidt and Martin Schmidt, who continued to edit the journal for the next 30 years. The Director of the publishing company at that time (Hans Huber, Bern), Walter Jäger (1916-2001), was a major factor in nurturing the journal. In 1975, he received an honorary doctorate from the Medical Faculty of the Philipps University of Marburg. Since the beginning, the journal has incorporated progressive developments and can be considered the leading organ in German-language child and adolescent psychiatry. With a current impact factor of 1.206, it holds rank 100 on the list of 142 international psychiatric journals.

The Rise and Fall of the Diagnosis of Psychoneurosis of Childhood.

American child and adolescent psychiatry was dominated in most of its first century by a psychoanalytic framework. Child psychiatrists, as well as their treatment team partners in social work and psychology, assumed that children developed mood and behavior problems based on unconscious conflicts, which were driven by difficulties in early childhood experiences within their families. Treatment depended on a painstaking untangling of the strands of the conflict in each individual child. Diagnosis per se was not initially a goal for child mental health providers. Instead, a broad concept of psychoneurosis was central to emphasize the depth and complexity of childhood psychiatric problems. Psychoneurosis did not translate into the 1980 nosology of the American Psychiatric Association (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd Edition [DSM-III]), however, and mostly disappeared from child psychiatry by the 1990s. The loss of the developmental, individual, and contextual perspective embedded in psychoneurosis (and other childhood disorders) has been a loss because the widespread use of the DSM symptom criteria has unintended consequences when applied to children.

Editorial: The rise and rise of developmental perspectives in child psychology and psychiatry.

When developmental psychopathology emerged as a discipline in the late 1970s and early 1980s, its proponents were as careful to explain what it was not, as they were to define what it was (e.g. Sroufe & Rutter, 1984). In particular, they differentiated developmental psychopathology from child psychiatry, which is primarily concerned with the differential diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of childhood disorders. In contrast, developmental psychopathology was defined as 'the study of the origins and course of individual patterns of behavioral maladaptation, whatever the age of onset, whatever the causes, whatever the transformations in behavioral manifestation, and however complex the course of the developmental pattern may be' (Sroufe & Rutter, 1984, p. 18).

'Dementia praecocissima': the Sante De Sanctis model of mental disorder in child psychiatry in the 20th century.

The aim of this article is to describe the nosographical contribution of the Italian psychiatrist Sante De Sanctis (1862-1935) to early twentieth-century child psychiatry. De Sanctis first proposed the category of 'dementia praecocissima' in 1906, and it was recognized by Kraepelin. Dementia praecocissima has its roots in a theoretical and methodological conception of mental disorder based on 'psycho-physical proportionalism' and the 'law of circle'. This article deals with De Sanctis's model, which has so far been neglected by historiographers; it shows the pioneering role that this Italian psychiatrist played in child psychiatry in Italy.

[50 years specialty for child and adolescent psychiatry in Germany. History, current situation, and future perspectives]. / 50 Jahre Facharzt für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie in DeutschlandGeschichte, Gegenwart und Zukunftsperspektiven 1.

50 years specialty for child and adolescent psychiatry in Germany. History, current situation, and future perspectives Abstract. Abstracts: Method: Review of the historical background and implementation of an independent medical specialty "child and adolescent psychiatry" (CAP) in Germany. Results: The implementation of an independent specialty for CAP in 1968 was crucial for the progressive further development of the discipline. The Enquête Commission "Psychiatry" of the Federal Government, followed by the Model Program "Psychiatry", the Staff Regulations for Psychiatry, the Agreement on the Social Psychiatry and the Psychotherapy Act have had significant impact on the care for psychiatrically ill children and adolescents and their families. This led to an institutional anchoring of new structures, covering three of the four leading principles of the Model Program, namely integration into medicine, community-based and appropriate care. Equality of psychiatric patients with other patient groups has, nevertheless, not yet been achieved and is still to be claimed. Current and future challenges are: (1) The realistic evaluation of new research methods and epochal trends and elimination of opposites, (2) the establishment of future-oriented research initiatives, (3) the intensive promotion of clinical and scientific staff members, and (4) a renewed attention for the subjective perspective of the illness. Conclusions: The implementation of an independent specialty "child and adolescent psychiatry" was an important stimulus for the further development of the discipline. Essential demands for the future will be: the integration of CAP into the curriculum for medical students and the promotion of young researchers within the scope of regional and supra-regional projects.

A human rights approach to mental health and people with disabilities.

Dainius Puras has devoted the last 30 years to protecting the rights of children with mental disabilities and of other vulnerable groups. He talks to Fiona Fleck.