Associated impairments among children with cerebral palsy: findings from a cross-sectional hospital-based study in Vietnam.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to explore the associated impairments of cerebral palsy (CP) and their correlates among children with CP in Vietnam. DESIGN: Descriptive cross-sectional study using hospital-based surveillance. SETTING: National Children's Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam between June and November 2017. PARTICIPANTS: 765 children with CP were recruited. OUTCOME MEASURES: We assessed clinical characteristics of CP, associated impairments (epilepsy, intellectual, visual, hearing, speech impairments) and their correlates. We performed descriptive analyses (median, IQR and proportion). χ2 test and Fisher's exact test were used for categorical variables. Univariate logistic regression and multivariate logistic regression models were established and associated impairments were included as independent variables. RESULTS: The median age of children was 1.7 years (IQR=2.7). Quadriplegia was the predominant subtype (69.5%) and 46.5% were at Gross Motor Function Classification System level IV-V. Of children, 76.3% had ≥one associated impairment, most commonly speech or intellectual impairments (59.1% and 57.8%, respectively). Severity of motor impairment, type of CP, maternal and perinatal factors (eg, gestational age, perinatal asphyxia, timing of injury causing CP) were associated with greater risk of associated impairments. CONCLUSION: Children with CP have a high burden of associated impairments. Findings from our study will inform the development and implementation of appropriate screening and interventions and reduce the long-term adverse effects of these impairments on individuals with CP and their socioeconomic impact.

Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Ireland, 2017-2022.

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective population based study on traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) in Ireland. OBJECTIVES: To gather the most recent epidemiological data prior to the implementation of a new national trauma strategy. Also, to consider if the COVID-19 pandemic impacted on SCI epidemiology in Ireland. SETTING: Republic of Ireland. METHODS: All patients with TSCI discharged from the National Rehabilitation Hospital (NRH), the national acute SCI unit and two neurosciences centres were included. The International Spinal Cord Injury Core Data Set was collected on all patients at discharge from rehabilitation between 2017 and 2022. RESULTS: Overall crude incidence of TSCI was 14 per million per year, ranging between 11.3 and 18.4. 12.7% of patients did not survive to discharge from hospital. In those completing rehabilitation, the mean age of injury onset was 50.1 years (SD 19.9). Males accounted for 75.7%. The most common impairment was incomplete tetraplegia, 45.3% of all TSCI. Leading aetiology was falls, 53.9% of injuries. Patients with incomplete tetraplegia and those whose cause of injury were falls were older than those with all other impairments and injury aetiologies (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Overall incidence of TSCI is similar to our previous studies. Also similar is the predominant pattern of older people sustaining falls resulting in incomplete tetraplegia.

Prevalences of sleep-related breathing disorders and severity factors in chronic spinal cord injury and abled-bodied individuals undergoing rehabilitation: a comparative study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to discern distinguishing characteristics of sleep-related breathing disorders in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury (CSCI) compared with participants without CSCI. Additionally, the study investigated factors associated with sleep-related breathing disorder severity. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional analysis of 123 individuals without CSCI, 40 tetraplegics, and 48 paraplegics who underwent attended or partially supervised full polysomnography for suspected sleep-related breathing disorders in a rehabilitation center. Polysomnographic, transcutaneous capnography, and clinical data were collected and compared between the groups. RESULTS: Among tetraplegics, apnea-hypopnea index ≥ 30 events/h (67.5%, P = .003), central apnea (17.5%, P = .007), and higher oxygen desaturation index (80.0%, P = .01) prevailed. Sleep-related hypoventilation was present in 15.4% of tetraplegics and 15.8% of paraplegics, compared with 3.2% in participants without CSCI (P = .05). In the group without CSCI and the paraplegic group, snoring and neck circumference were positively correlated with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) severity. A positive correlation between waist circumference and OSA severity was identified in all groups, and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that loud snoring and waist circumference had the greatest impact on OSA severity. CONCLUSIONS: Severe OSA and central sleep apnea prevailed in tetraplegic participants. Sleep-related hypoventilation was more common in tetraplegics and paraplegics than in participants without CSCI. Loud snoring and waist circumference had an impact on OSA severity in all groups. We recommend the routine implementation of transcutaneous capnography in individuals with CSCI. We underscore the significance of conducting a comprehensive sleep assessment in the rehabilitation process for individuals with CSCI. CITATION: Souza Bastos P, Amaral TLD, Yehia HC, Tavares A. Prevalences of sleep-related breathing disorders and severity factors in chronic spinal cord injury and abled-bodied individuals undergoing rehabilitation: a comparative study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(7):1119-1129.

Neurological and neuromuscular manifestations in patients with West Nile neuroinvasive disease, Belgrade area, Serbia, season 2022.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to describe neurological manifestations and functional outcome at discharge in patients with West Nile neuroinvasive disease. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled inpatients treated in the University Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Belgrade, Serbia, from 1 June until 31 October 2022. Functional outcome at discharge was assessed using modified Rankin scale. RESULTS: Among the 135 analyzed patients, encephalitis, meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) were present in 114 (84.6%), 20 (14.8%), and 21 (15.6%), respectively. Quadriparesis/quadriplegia and monoparesis were the most frequent forms of AFP, present in 9 (6.7%) and 6 (4.4%) patients, respectively. Fourty-five (33.3%) patients had cerebellitis, 80 (59.3%) had rhombencephalitis, and 5 (3.7%) exhibited Parkinsonism. Ataxia and wide-based gait were present in 79 (58.5%) patients each. Fifty-one (37.8%) patients had tremor (41 (30.3%) had postural and/or kinetic tremor, 10 (7.4%) had resting tremor). Glasgow coma score (GCS) ≤ 8 and respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation developed in 39 (28.9%), and 33 (24.4%) patients, respectively. Quadriparesis was a risk factor for prolonged ventilator support (29.5 ± 16.8 vs. 12.4 ± 8.7 days, p = 0.001). At discharge, one patient with monoparesis recovered full muscle strength, whereas 8 patients with AFP were functionally dependent. Twenty-nine (21.5%) patients died. All of the succumbed had encephalitis, and 7 had quadriparesis. Ataxia, tremor and cognitive deficit persisted in 18 (16.9%), 15 (14.2%), and 22 (16.3%) patients at discharge, respectively. Age, malignancy, coronary disease, quadriparesis, mechanical ventilation, GCS ≤ 8 and healthcare-associated infections were risk factors for death (p = 0.001; p = 0.019; p = 0.004; p = 0.001; p < 0.001; p < 0.001, and p < 0.001, respectively).

Prevalence of central sleep apnea in people with tetraplegic spinal cord injury: a retrospective analysis of research and clinical data.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: Over 80% of people with tetraplegia have sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), but whether this is predominantly obstructive or central is unclear. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of central sleep apnea (CSA) in tetraplegia and the contributions of central, obstructive, and hypopnea respiratory events to SDB summary indices in tetraplegia. METHODS: Research and clinical data from 606 individuals with tetraplegia and full overnight polysomnography were collated. The proportions of different respiratory event types were calculated; overall and for mild, moderate, and severe disease. The prevalence of Predominant CSA (Central Apnea Index [CAI] ≥ 5 and more central than obstructive apneas) and Any CSA (CAI ≥ 5) was estimated. Prevalence of sleep-related hypoventilation (SRH) was estimated in a clinical sub-cohort. RESULTS: Respiratory events were primarily hypopneas (71%), followed by obstructive (23%), central (4%), and mixed apneas (2%). As severity increased, the relative contribution of hypopneas and central apneas decreased, while that of obstructive apneas increased. The prevalence of Predominant CSA and Any CSA were 4.3% (26/606) and 8.4% (51/606) respectively. Being male, on opiates and having a high tetraplegic spinal cord injury were associated with CSA. SRH was identified in 26% (26/113) of the clinical sub-cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest study to characterize SDB in tetraplegia. It provides strong evidence that obstructive sleep apnea is the predominant SDB type; 9-18 times more prevalent than CSA. The prevalence of CSA was estimated to be 4%-8%, significantly lower than previously reported.

Incidence and characteristics of physical disabilities in patients with postconcussion syndromefollowing mTBI.

This study aimed to examine the incidence and characteristics of physical disabilities in patients with postconcussion syndrome (PCS) after a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Of 203 patients diagnosed with PCS after mTBI, 10 patients with definite physical disabilities (worse than moderate disability on the Glasgow outcome scale [GOS], <4 points and inability to walk independently on the Functional Ambulation Category [FAC], <3 points) were enrolled. Ten of the 203 patients included in the analysis based on prespecified inclusion criteria were further evaluated. Seven patients had moderate disability on the GOS, whereas the remaining 3 showed severe disability. On the Modified Barthel Index, 5 patients were moderately dependent, and 2 patients were severely dependent. By the Motricity Index, 9 patients showed mild quadriparesis, and 1 had mild hemiparesis. All 10 patients could grasp-release their fingers as per the Modified Brunnstrom Classification. By contrast, 7 patients required verbal supervision for independent gait by the FAC, and the remaining 3 patients needed intermittent support from 1 person for independent gait. Approximately 5% of patients with PCS after mTBI had a definite physical disability, and most of these patients showed mild quadriparesis. These results suggest that a definite physical disability can occur in patients with PCS after mTBI.

Epidemiology of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury in Developing Countries from 2009 to 2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) is a catastrophic event with a considerable health and economic burden on individuals and countries. This study was performed to update an earlier systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological properties of TSCI in developing countries published in 2013. METHODS: Various search methods including online searching in database of EMBASE and PubMed, and hand searching were performed (2012 to May 2020). The keywords "Spinal cord injury," "epidemiology," "incidence," and "prevalence" were used. Based on the definition of developing countries by the International Monetary Fund, studies related to developing countries were included. Data selection was according to PRISMA guidelines. The quality of included studies was evaluated by Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Results of meta-analysis were presented as pooled frequency, and forest, funnel, and drapery plots. RESULTS: We identified 47 studies from 23 developing countries. The pooled incidence of TSCI in developing countries was 22.55/million/year (95% CI: 13.52; 37.62/million/year). Males comprised 80.09% (95% CI: 78.29%; 81.83%) of TSCIs, and under 30 years patients were the most affected age group. Two leading etiologies of TSCIs were motor vehicle crashes (43.18% [95% CI: 37.80%; 48.63%]) and falls (34.24% [95% CI: 29.08%; 39.59%], respectively). The difference among the frequency of complete injury (49.47% [95% CI: 43.11%; 55.84%]) and incomplete injury (50.53% [95% CI: 44.16%; 56.89%]) was insignificant. The difference among frequency of tetraplegia (46.25% [95% CI: 37.78%; 54.83%]) and paraplegia (53.75% [95% CI: 45.17%; 62.22%]) was not statistically significant. The most prevalent level of TSCI was cervical injury (43.42% [95% CI: 37.38%; 49.55%]). CONCLUSION: In developing countries, TSCIs are more common in young adults and males. Motor vehicle crashes and falls are the main etiologies. Understanding epidemiological characteristics of TSCIs could lead to implant-appropriate cost-effective preventive strategies to decrease TSCI incidence and burden.

Perceived Clinical Barriers to Employment for Males with Spinal Cord Injury in Saudi Arabia.

Return to work is a challenging aspect of community integration for individuals with disabilities. The reintegration of individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) is multifactorial; hence, regional challenges need to be investigated in the context of their clinical attributes and perceptions. A total of 121 male participants above 18 years of age with diagnosis of SCI and living at home were included in this cross-sectional survey. The study was conducted at a tertiary care rehabilitation facility in Saudi Arabia. The most common reported clinical barriers to employment were mobility, bladder incontinence, spasticity, musculoskeletal pain, and neuropathic pain. Bladder incontinence and musculoskeletal pain were the most common perceived clinical barriers for individuals with paraplegia and tetraplegia, respectively. A significant difference was observed for bowel incontinence as a reported barrier (p = 0.024) among adults less than thirty years of age in comparison with those older than thirty years. Spasticity as a barrier was reported more among patients who were older than thirty years (54.0%) compared to those younger than thirty years of age (37.9%) (p = 0.077). Twenty-two (23.7%) participants with paraplegia reported transfers as a perceived barrier to employment, which was significant (p = 0.014), and it was also reported as a significant barrier (p = 0.001) in individuals with tetraplegia (56%). This study shows that clinical conditions associated with SCI are considered potential barriers to employment by individuals with SCI. In terms of priority, the perceived barriers between individuals with tetraplegia and paraplegia were mostly different. This shows the need to consider relevant secondary health care conditions in goal setting while planning for employment in individuals with SCI.

Post-operative quadriparesis following posterior cervical laminectomy and fusion: A case-series of incidence, risk factors, and management.

OBJECTIVE: Post-operative quadriparesis following posterior cervical decompression and fusion is a rare but devastating complication. Unless rapidly identified and treated, it can cause permanent injury and disability. Given the sparse literature on this topic we intend to report on its incidence, to identify potential predisposing risk factors, and to discuss management considerations. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed a series of 301 patients who underwent posterior cervical decompressive laminectomies and instrumented fusion performed by the senior author between 2006 and 2020. We describe the clinical courses and interventions for the seven of these 301 patients who developed post-operative quadriparesis. RESULTS: The incidence of post-operative quadriparesis following cervical spine decompressive laminectomies and instrumented fusion was 2.3% (7/301) in our study. The mean time-to-onset was 2 days, and the most common pathology was post-operative hematoma. We did not identify any statistically significant risk factors that predispose patients to post-operative quadriparesis. In our series, the patients with post-operative quadriparesis without profound hypotension who underwent emergent surgical decompression demonstrated improved neurologic outcomes compared to those who underwent interval imaging prior to decompression. CONCLUSION: Post-operative quadriparesis following cervical spine surgery is a catastrophic complication that is poorly reported and under-studied in current literature. In this study, we found a 2.3% incidence of post-operative quadriparesis with no obvious risk factors predisposing patients to this adverse outcome. We advocate that post-operative quadriparesis following cervical spine surgery, in the absence of profound hypotension, warrants emergent surgical site exploration without delay for interval imaging.

Nutritional Disorders in a Group of Children and Adolescents with Syndromes or Diseases Involving Neurodysfunction.

A study of the literature shows the lack of data on a comprehensive analysis of eating disorders in children with neurodysfunction, which constitute a clinical subgroup with an increased risk of abnormalities in this area. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the coexistence of nutritional disorders and diseases or syndromes associated with neurodysfunction based on data collected during hospitalization at a rehabilitation center for children and adolescents. A retrospective analysis was carried out in a group of 327 children and adolescents aged 4-18 years. The study group covered various types of diseases or syndromes involving damage to the central nervous system. A retrospective analysis of baseline data (age, sex, main and additional diagnosis and Body Mass Index-BMI) was performed. Two assessment criteria of nutritional status were taken into account (z-score BMI and other previously published normative values). In the study group, malnutrition was found more frequently (18.0% of the respondents) than obesity (11.3% of the subjects). Hypothyroidism coexisting with malnutrition was identified in the study group (N% = 43.8%, p = 0.011) and malnutrition with tetraplegia in the subgroup of spastic cerebral palsy (N% = 34.2 %, p = 0.029).

The association between economic indicators and the incidence of tetraplegia from traumatic spinal cord injury in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Economic performance may affect public health parameters. This study aimed to determine the time trend of incidence of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) and its association with income, presented by GDP (gross domestic product) per capita. METHODS: This study was a retrospective observational study in Taiwan. Newly diagnosed SCI patients with moderate to severe disability from 2002 to 2015 were identified from the reimbursement database of the National Health Insurance (NHI) system (1998-2015). CIR16-99 (cumulative incidence rate, aged 16-99 years, per 103 person-years) and CIR16-59 (aged 16-59 years) of SCI from 2002 to 2015 were measured. RESULTS: There were 5048 newly diagnosed SCI patients during the study period. After controlling the factors of sex, urbanization level, literacy, income inequality, and global financial crisis (mixed effects models), the CIR16-99 of SCI, traumatic SCI, motor vehicle (MV)-related SCI, fall-related SCI, tetraplegia, traumatic tetraplegia, MV-related tetraplegia, and fall-related tetraplegia were inversely associated with GDP per capita; the ß coefficients ranged from - 4.85 (95% confidence interval - 7.09 to - 2.6) for total SCI to - 0.8 (- 1.3 to - 0.29) for fall-related tetraplegia. We restricted our comparison to Taipei City and the 4 lowest densely populated counties, which also corroborated with the above results. The income elasticity analysis revealed when GDP per capita increased by 1%, the total SCI decreased by 1.39‰; which was also associated with a decrease of 1.34‰, 1.55‰, 1.36‰, 1.46‰, 1.54‰, 1.54‰, and 1.62‰ for traumatic SCI, MV-related SCI, fall-related SCI, tetraplegia, traumatic tetraplegia, MV-related tetraplegia, and fall-related tetraplegia respectively. The ß coefficients show that the compared areas of urbanization level were also inversely correlated with CIR16-59 in the SCI population. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the incidence of tetraplegia of traumatic SCI in Taiwan decreases with good economic performance, which may be resulted from the provision of public goods and services, possibly through improvements in the infrastructure of transportation and construction.

Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in people with tetraplegia-a systematic review and meta-analysis.

STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review with meta-analysis. OBJECTIVES: To determine the prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) in people with tetraplegia and to identify the characteristics associated with SDB. METHODS: A systematic literature search using Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and grey literature sources was conducted using a combination of spinal cord injury (SCI) and SDB related terms. Articles were restricted to publication dates between 1/1/2000 and 4/9/2020 and with objectively measured SDB with an overnight sleep study. The frequency of SDB stratified by the apnoea hypopnea index (AHI) was extracted and weighted averages, using a random effects model, were calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Sub-group analyses were performed where possible. RESULTS: Twelve articles were included in the review; of these nine were included in meta-analysis (combined sample = 630). Sample sizes and case detection methods varied. Reported SDB prevalence rates ranged from 46 to 97%. The prevalence of at least mild (AHI ≥ 5), moderate (AHI ≥ 15) and severe (AHI ≥ 30) SDB were 83% (95% CI = 73-91), 59% (46-71) and 36% (26-46), respectively. Sub-group analyses found that prevalence increased with age (p < 0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in SDB prevalence by sex (p = 0.06), complete/incomplete SCI (p = 0.06), body mass index (p = 0.07), acute/chronic SCI (p = 0.73) or high/low level of cervical SCI (p = 0.90). CONCLUSION: Our results confirm that SDB is highly prevalent in people with tetraplegia, and prevalence increases with age. The high prevalence suggests that routine screening and subsequent treatment should be considered in both acute and community care.

Patterns of cervical spine injuries in adults at a major trauma center in Saudi Arabia.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the patterns of cervical spine injuries in an adult population in a major trauma center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective cohort study including all adults with cervical spine injuries from 2014 to 2018 was conducted. All patient data with radiological evidence of injury involving the cervical spine were collected. Results: The final sample size realized as 257 patients. Majority of the sample (85.6%) were male and the age ranged from 14-90 years (mean of 36.6 years±18.5 SD). Motor vehicle accidents were the most frequent mechanism of injury (92.6%, n=238). Single level of injury of the cervical spine was encountered in 52.9% (n=136) and 2 or more levels of injury were encountered in 47.1% (n=122) of patients. In total, 442 cervical spine injury levels were identified. At these levels, 559 fractures were observable radiologically. Associated head injury was present in 125 patients (48.6%). Only a small proportion (22.2%, n=57) had neurological sequelae. CONCLUSION: It reflects the impact of this injury on younger male patient population.

Paralysis Caused by Spinal Cord Injury After Posterior Fossa Surgery: A Systematic Review.

OBJECTIVE: Paralysis (paraplegia or quadriplegia) after posterior fossa surgery is a rare but devastating complication. We investigated previous reports of this complication to examine similarities among patients, risk factors, and methods by which it may be prevented. METHODS: A systematic review was completed according to PRISMA guidelines. Electronic databases were searched until November 2019 using keywords "paraplegia," "quadriplegia," or "spinal cord injury" added to "posterior fossa surgery." RESULTS: Thirteen case reports published between 1996 and 2019 were included. Five (38.5%) involved quadriplegia/quadriparesis and 8 (61.5%) involved paraplegia after surgery. Ten cases (76.9%) were tumor resections and 3 (23.1%) were posterior fossa decompressions (2 for Chiari malformations and 1 for Morquio syndrome). Seven surgeries (53.8%) were performed in the sitting position and 6 (46.2%) were prone. Proposed mechanisms of paralysis involved cervical hyperflexion yielding spinal cord ischemia in 8 patients (61.5%), arterial hypotension in 2 patients (15.4%), spinal cord compression from hematoma in 1 patient (7.7%), and decreased cardiac output in 1 patient (7.7%) (1 study did not propose a cause). Cervical hyperflexion was equally likely in the sitting and prone positions (4 patients each). Only 3 patients (23.1%) involved intraoperative complications (all cardiopulmonary in nature). CONCLUSIONS: Paralysis after posterior fossa surgery often involves spinal cord infarction apparently caused by cervical hyperflexion. Extreme care during patient positioning is needed in both the sitting or prone positions. Electrophysiologic monitoring might enable early identification of spinal cord dysfunction to minimize or avoid this complication.

Traumatic spinal cord injury in Italy 20 years later: current epidemiological trend and early predictors of rehabilitation outcome.

STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter prospective observational study of people with acute traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) admitted to rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES: To update epidemiological characteristics of a TSCI Italian population and verify the impact of patient characteristics at admission on two outcomes: functional gain (SCIM III) and discharge destination. SETTING: Thirty-one SCI centers for comprehensive rehabilitation in 13 Italian regions. METHODS: All consecutive individuals admitted with acute TSCI were enrolled from October 1, 2013 to September 30, 2014; data were recorded on rehabilitation admission and discharge. Functional gain and discharge destination were identified as outcome measures and statistically analyzed with patient characteristics at admission to identify early outcome predictors. RESULTS: Five hundred and ten individuals with TSCI met inclusion criteria; falls represented the most frequent etiology (45%). On admission, AIS A-B-C tetraplegia was reported in 35% of cases; AIS A-B-C paraplegia in 40%; AIS D paraplegia/tetraplegia in 25%. The majority were discharged home (72%). The mean (SD) SCIM gain was 38 ± 26 points. A predictive model was found for discharge setting: individuals with fall-related injuries, severe SCI (AIS A-B-C tetraplegia), tracheal cannula or indwelling catheter on admission, were less likely to be discharged home (OR 95% CI 0.15 [0.06, 0.35]). A model with a lower predictive power was found for SCIM gain, with lower score expected for females, older age, higher severity of SCI, a longer onset of injury admission interval (OAI), and mechanical ventilation on admission. CONCLUSIONS: Prognostic factors in early rehabilitation are still hard to identify, making it difficult to correctly approach customized rehabilitation.

Poor adherence to influenza vaccination guidelines in spinal cord injury: results from a community-based survey in Switzerland.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the annual influenza vaccination coverage rate (IVCR) among community-dwelling individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: SCI community in Switzerland. METHODS: Participants were responders to the influenza vaccination question (n = 492) in the 2012 community survey of the Swiss Spinal Cord Injury (SwiSCI) cohort study. IVCR of SwiSCI participants were compared to the normative Swiss population, sampled in the Swiss Health Survey of 2012 using direct standardization, logistic regression standardization, and a genetic matching approach to control for differences in age, sex, and quarterly period of survey response. RESULTS: Individuals with SCI showed higher crude (26%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 22-30%) and age- and sex-standardized (24%, CI: 23-24%) IVCR than observed in the general population (15% CI, 14-15%). The adjustment for age and sex as well as quarterly period of survey response showed that the standardized IVCR of individuals with SCI (17%; CI: 12-23%) approached that of the general population. Low IVCR of about 10% were found among individuals with SCI younger than 45 years. IVCR were similar between men and women and between individuals with incomplete and complete paraplegia and tetraplegia. CONCLUSION: The IVCR in individuals with chronic SCI was not higher than in the general population and much lower than guidelines recommend. The improvement of the IVCR is an important target of health policy in SCI in Switzerland as to reduce the evidenced excess burden in respiratory-disease related morbidity and mortality.

Loss of work-related income impoverishes people with SCI and their families in Bangladesh.

STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To determine the degree of impoverishment of people with spinal cord injury (SCI) and their families in Bangladesh caused by loss of work-related income following injury. SETTING: Spinal cord injury centre, Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 410 wheelchair-dependent people with recent SCI about to be discharged from a hospital in Bangladesh were interviewed to determine the size of their families, their incomes from paid work prior to injury and the incomes of their family members. These data were used to calculate income per family unit and per family member prior to and immediately after injury. RESULTS: Ninety percent of the participants were men, 98% were from rural areas of Bangladesh and 58% were manual labours prior to injury. Median (interquartile range, IQR) family size was 5 (4-6) people. Prior to injury, 74% of participants were the main income earners for their families and 50% provided the only source of income for their families. Participants' median (IQR) monthly income prior to injury was US$106 (US$60-US$180) per person and family members' income was US$30 (US$19-US$48) per person. After injury, the median income (IQR) of each family member dropped to US$0 (US$0-US$18) placing 91% of families below the extreme poverty line of US$37.50 per person per month (equivalent to US$1.25 per day). CONCLUSION: In Bangladesh, SCI have profound financial implications for individuals and their families and causes extreme poverty. This is because those most often injured are young and the main income earners for their families.

Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Use for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Acute, Traumatic Tetraplegia.

OBJECTIVE: To describe continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) use for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in acute tetraplegia, including adherence rates and associated factors. DESIGN: Secondary analysis of CPAP data from a multinational randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Inpatient rehabilitation units of 11 spinal cord injury centers. PARTICIPANTS: People with acute, traumatic tetraplegia and OSA (N=79). INTERVENTIONS: Autotitrating CPAP for OSA for 3 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Adherence measured as mean daily hours of use. Adherent (yes/no) was defined as an average of at least 4 hours a night throughout the study. Regression analyses determined associations between baseline factors and adherence. CPAP device pressure and leak data were analyzed descriptively. RESULTS: A total of 79 participants from 10 spinal units (91% men; mean age ± SD, 46±16; 78±64d postinjury) completed the study in the treatment arm and 33% were adherent. Mean daily CPAP use ± SD was 2.9±2.3 hours. Better adherence was associated with more severe OSA (P=.04) and greater CPAP use in the first week (P<.01). Average 95th percentile pressure was low (9.3±1.7 cmH2O) and 95th percentile leak was high (27.1±13.4 L/min). CONCLUSION: Adherence to CPAP after acute, traumatic tetraplegia is low. Early acceptance of therapy and more severe OSA predict CPAP use over 3 months. People with acute tetraplegia require less pressure to treat their OSA than the nondisabled; however, air leak is high. These findings highlight the need for further investigation of OSA treatment in acute tetraplegia.

Pressure Ulcer Prevalence by Level of Paralysis in Patients With Spinal Cord Injury in Long-term Care.

OBJECTIVE: Scientific literature suggests pressure ulcer (PU) risk increases as immobility increases, indicating that more extensive paralysis confers a greater risk of PU. Yet the specific level of paralysis (ie, hemiplegia vs paraplegia vs quadriplegia), apart from neurodegenerative diagnoses, has never been examined in the long-term care (LTC) population. This study examined the prevalence of PU among LTC residents with different paralysis levels. METHODS: The authors conducted a secondary data analysis of the 2012 US Minimum Data Set of LTC facilities (n = 51,664 residents). Measures included PU stage, level of paralysis, functional impairments, comorbidities, and sociodemographic factors. After removing residents with neurodegenerative disease, comatose patients, and those with hip fractures from the analysis, logistic regressions were used to examine the association of risk factors and sociodemographic characteristics with the presence of PU. MAIN RESULTS: The sample included 7,540 patients with quadriplegia, 11,614 patients with paraplegia, and 32,510 patients with hemiplegia in LTC facilities. The PU prevalence in the sample (stages 2, 3, and 4; suspected deep-tissue injury; and unstageable PUs) was 33.9% for patients with quadriplegia, 47.4% for patients with paraplegia, and 9.6% for patients with hemiplegia. CONCLUSIONS: Within paralysis groups (quadriplegic, paraplegic, hemiplegic), risk factors for PU differed in type and magnitude. The PU rates associated with quadriplegia and paraplegia are much higher than LTC residents without paralysis, and PU prevalence for hemiplegia is similar to the rate in LTC residents without paralysis. When the risk factor of paraplegia versus quadriplegia was isolated, PU prevalence for patients with paraplegia was significantly higher.

Epidemiology of traumatic spinal cord injury in Tianjin, China: An 18-year retrospective study of 735 cases.

Study Design: Hospital-based retrospective studyObjectives: To evaluate the pathogenetic features of traumatic spinal cord injury (TSCI) during 1999-2016 according to changed injury etiology with time, explore different characteristics of patients suffered a TSCI during 1999-2007 and 2008-2016 in Tianjin, China.Setting: Tianjin Medical University General HospitalMethods: In this study, the medical records of TSCI patients were obtained from Tianjin Medical University General Hospital (TMUGH) from 1st January 1999 to 31th December 2016. Variables were recorded, including age, gender occupation, etiology, the level of injury, America Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale, the severity, concomitant injuries, death and its cause. To explore the differences in characteristics by etiology and by two periods, related statistical methods were used to calculate the correlation of some variables. Differences in etiology of TSCI during 1999-2016 were evaluated and differences in epidemiological characteristics were separately compared and analyzed between the 1999-2007 period and the 2008-2016 period.Results: From 1999-2016, 831 TSCI cases were identified and 96 cases were excluded from analyses. The male-to-female ratio was 2.9:1 and the mean age was 49.7±15.2 years, which changed significantly between 1999-2007 (45.1±14.2) and 2008-2016 (51.6±15.2). Traffic accidents (45.8%) were the leading cause of TSCI during the 1999-2007 period, followed by low falls (30.7%). However, the opposite result was observed during the 2008-2016 period. Significant difference was observed compared with thoracic, lumbar and sacral levels, cervical level was the most commonly affected levels and the percentage decreased to a certain degree between 1999-2007 and 2008-2016 (from 84.4% to 68.9%). The proportions of ASIA grades A, B, C, and D were 20.5%, 10.3%, 23.3%, and 45.9%, respectively. The percentage of complete tetraplegia decreased from 22.9% in 1999-2007 to 13.2% in 2008-2016, and the percentage of incomplete paraplegia increased from 9.7% to 27.9%.Conclusion: According to the changes in the epidemiological characteristics of TSCI, relevant health service, laws and regulations, preventative strategies should be readjusted to follow up the changing situation and epidemiological characteristics of TSCI.