RESUMO
PURPOSE: To characterize the phenotypic abnormalities of peripheral B cells in patients with Graves' orbitopathy (GO) and explore the role of chemokine CXC ligand 13 and its receptor type 5 (CXCL13/CXCR5) in relation to B-cell homeostasis using specific neutralizing antibodies. METHODS: Adults with active GO (n = 22), inactive GO (n = 28), and healthy control subjects (n = 28) were included in the study. Peripheral B cells and B-cell subsets were quantified and analyzed for CXCR5 expression by flow cytometry. The serum CXCL13 concentration was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. For chemotactic experiments, Transwell plates were used, and migrating B cells were further analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Compared to healthy subjects, patients with active GO had a significantly higher number of CD19+ B cells and the CD19+CD27+ memory B-cell subset (P = .041 and P = .019, respectively), whereas a marginal increase in the number of these cells was found in patients with inactive GO (P = .062 and P = .087, respectively). Serum CXCL13 levels were significantly higher in patients with active GO (86.9 ± 30.4 pg/mL) than in those with inactive GO (41.7 ± 18.1 pg/mL; P < .001) and in healthy subjects (36.2 ± 7.8 pg/mL; P < .001). The increased CXCL13 concentration was positively and significantly correlated with the clinical activity score (r = 0.757, P < .001). Finally, serum from patients with active GO exerted a stronger chemotactic activity towards B cells and the CD19+CD27+ memory B-cell subset. Blocking CXCL13 or CXCR5 with neutralizing antibodies reduced B-cell migration by a mean of 20%. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that aberrant CXCL13/CXCR5 expression may contribute to the deficits in B-lymphocyte homeostasis observed in active GO.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Oftalmopatia de Graves/sangue , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Adulto , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática , Feminino , Citometria de Fluxo , Oftalmopatia de Graves/diagnóstico , Oftalmopatia de Graves/imunologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) occur frequently after surgery and worsen patient outcome. How C-X-C motif chemokine (CXCL) 13 and its sole receptor CXCR5 contribute to PNDs remains poorly understood. METHODS: A PND model was created in adult male C57BL/6J and CXCR5-/- mice by exploratory laparotomy. Mice were pretreated via intracerebroventricular injection with recombinant CXCL13, short hairpin RNA against CXCL13 or a scrambled control RNA, or ERK inhibitor PD98059. Then surgery was performed to induce PNDs, and animals were assessed in the Barnes maze trial followed by a fear-conditioning test. Expression of CXCL13, CXCR5, and ERK in hippocampus was examined using Western blot, quantitative PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Levels of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1ß) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in hippocampus were assessed by Western blot. RESULTS: Surgery impaired learning and memory, and it increased expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 in the hippocampus. CXCL13 knockdown partially reversed the effects of surgery on CXCR5 and cognitive dysfunction. CXCR5 knockout led to similar cognitive outcomes as CXCL13 knockdown, and it repressed surgery-induced activation of ERK and production of IL-1ß and TNF-α in hippocampus. Recombinant CXCL13 induced cognitive deficits and increased the expression of phospho-ERK as well as IL-1ß and TNF-α in hippocampus of wild-type mice, but not CXCR5-/- mice. PD98059 partially blocked CXCL13-induced cognitive dysfunction as well as production of IL-1ß and TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS: CXCL13-induced activation of CXCR5 may contribute to PNDs by triggering ERK-mediated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in hippocampus.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Sistema de Sinalização das MAP Quinases/fisiologia , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/metabolismo , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Animais , Laparotomia/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Aprendizagem em Labirinto/fisiologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Transtornos Neurocognitivos/etiologia , Complicações Pós-Operatórias/etiologiaRESUMO
Sepsis is a disease that is characterized by a severe systemic inflammatory response to microbial infection and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and is a well-known inducer of sepsis, as well as endothelial cell hyperpermeability. In the present study, we confirm the elevation of CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) in sepsis patients. We also show that LPS exposure increases the release of CXCL13, as well as the mRNA and protein expression of CXCL13 and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. We also examined the effects of CXCL13 knockdown on LPS-mediated endothelial hyperpermeability and tight junction (TJ) protein expression in HUVECs. Our results show that HUVECs exposed to LPS result in a significant decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance (TER) and TJ protein (Zonula occluden-1, occludin, and claudin-4) expression, and a notable increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran flux and p38 phosphorylation, which was partially reversed by CXCL13 knockdown. Recombinant CXCL13 treatment had a similar effect as LPS exposure, which was attenuated by a p38 inhibitor, SB203580. Moreover, the CXCL13-neutralizing antibody significantly increased the survival rate of LPS-induced sepsis mice. Collectively, our results show that CXCL13 plays a key role in LPS-induced endothelium hyperpermeability via regulating p38 signaling and suggests that therapeutically targeting CXCL13 may be beneficial for the treatment of sepsis.
Assuntos
Permeabilidade Capilar/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/toxicidade , Adulto , Animais , Permeabilidade Capilar/fisiologia , Quimiocina CXCL13/deficiência , Quimiocina CXCL13/genética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Feminino , Técnicas de Silenciamento de Genes/métodos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Endoteliais da Veia Umbilical Humana/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
To understand functional role of PD-1-expressing MAIT cells during tuberculosis infection in humans, sorted PD-1+ and PD-1- MAIT cells from pleural effusions of patients with pleural tuberculosis were subjected to transcriptome sequencing. PD-1-expressing MAIT cells were analysed by flow cytometry and their phenotypic and functional features were investigated. Transcriptome sequencing identified 144 genes that were differentially expressed between PD-1+ and PD-1- MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions and CXCL13 was the gene with highest fold difference. The level of PD-1-expressing MAIT cells was associated with extent of TB infection in humans. PD-1-expressing MAIT cells had increased production of CXCL13 and IL-21 as determined by flow cytometry. PD-1high CXCR5- MAIT cells were significantly expanded in pleural effusions from patients with pleural tuberculosis as compared with those from peripheral blood of both patients with tuberculosis and healthy controls. Although PD-1high CXCR5- MAIT cells from tuberculous pleural effusions had reduced IFN-γ level and increased expression of Tim-3 and GITR, they showed activated phenotype and had higher glucose uptake and lipid content. It is concluded that PD-1-expressing MAIT cells had reduced IFN-γ level but increased production of both CXCL13 and IL-21.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Células T Invariantes Associadas à Mucosa/imunologia , Tuberculose Pleural/imunologia , Adulto , Quimiocina CXCL13/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Células T Invariantes Associadas à Mucosa/metabolismo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/imunologia , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Tuberculose Pleural/metabolismoRESUMO
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder, affecting the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. The present study aims to determine the relationship between micro-RNA-143 (miR-143) and C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) and whether it influences the pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis (MG). Thymus specimens were resected from patients with thymic hyperplasia combined with MG and then infused into normal mouse cavities to establish MG mouse models. Immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, in situ hybridization detection, and Western blot analysis were employed to identify the expression of miR-143 and CXCL13 in MG and normal mice. The obtained thymocytes were cultured in vitro and transfected with a series of miR-143 mimic, miR-143 inhibitor, overexpression of CXCL13, or siRNA against CXCL13. MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] and flow cytometry assays were employed to assess cell viability, cycle entry, and apoptosis of the thymocytes. Dual-luciferase reporter assay provided verification, confirming that CXCL13 was the target gene of miR-143. Low miR-143 expression in the thymus tissues of the MG mice was detected, which presented with a reciprocal relationship with the expression rate of CLCX13. Observations in relation to the interactions between miR-143 mimic or siRNA-CXCL13 exposure showed reduced cell viability, with a greater number of cells arrested at the G0/G1 phase and a greater rate of induced apoptosis. Furthermore, overexpression of CXCL13 rescued miR-143 mimic-induced apoptosis. The findings have identified the potential role of miR-143 as a MG development mediator by targeting CXCL13. The key results obtained provide a promising experimental basis for targeted intervention treatment with miR-143.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/fisiologia , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Modelos Animais de Doenças , MicroRNAs/biossíntese , Miastenia Gravis/metabolismo , Timócitos/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CXCL13/antagonistas & inibidores , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Nus , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miastenia Gravis/patologia , Timócitos/patologia , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a B cell-mediated and T cell-dependent autoimmune disease. Thymic hyperplasia has great significance for MG pathogenesis and treatment. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a newly recognized type of gene expression regulatory factor that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Additionally, miRNAs are involved in immune regulation of the thymus and the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases. In this study, we found 33 miRNAs that were significantly dysregulated in thymic tissues from MG patients with thymus hyperplasia (MGH) compared with thymic tissues from normal controls using a miRNA microarray chip. We found a negative correlation between the miR-548k and CXCL13 mRNA levels in a large set of samples using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We found that the CXCL13 3'-untranslated region (UTR) was a target of miR-548k using bioinformatics analysis. Next, we obtained direct evidence that CXCL13 is a target of miR-548k using a luciferase reporter assay. Finally, we demonstrated negative regulation between mir-548k and CXCL13 in Jurkat cells. Thus, miR-548k regulates the mRNA expression of its target gene CXCL13 in the thymus of MGH patients and plays an important role in MGH pathogenesis.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , MicroRNAs/genética , Miastenia Gravis/patologia , Hiperplasia do Timo/etiologia , Adulto , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/genética , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Miastenia Gravis/complicaçõesRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13/BLC/BCA-1) is a cytokine from C-X-C chemokine family, which is selectively chemotactic for B cells. Previous research has demonstrated that high CXCL13 expression is correlated to poor prognosis in various cancers. However, the association between CXCL13 expression and gastric cancer is still unclear. METHODS: Intratumoral CXCL13 expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry using a semi-quantitative method (modified H-score) in a testing set of 214 and a validation set of 227 randomly selected gastric cancer patients resected in 2008 in one institution. The median value was used as the cut-off point. We performed correlative analysis of CXCL-13 expression with clinicopathological variables, Kaplan-Meier analysis for association with overall survival (OS), and multivariate modeling. RESULTS: High CXCL13 expression was associated with larger tumor diameter and shorter OS. By multivariate analysis, CXCL13 expression was associated with OS independently from clinicopathological factors. Within the T2-4 stage patients group, low CXCL13 expression was associated with longer survival, especially in the subgroup of patients (57.6%) who received adjuvant chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS: Intratumoral CXCL13 expression appears as an independent prognostic marker for patients after gastric cancer resection. In addition, CXCL13 expression may serve as a predictive biomarker of response to postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy in these patients.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Neoplasias Gástricas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Gástricas/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Feminino , Humanos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Neoplasias Gástricas/patologia , Neoplasias Gástricas/cirurgia , Taxa de SobrevidaRESUMO
PKCε, an oncogenic member of the PKC family, is aberrantly overexpressed in epithelial cancers. To date, little is known about functional interactions of PKCε with other genetic alterations, as well as the effectors contributing to its tumorigenic and metastatic phenotype. Here, we demonstrate that PKCε cooperates with the loss of the tumor suppressor Pten for the development of prostate cancer in a mouse model. Mechanistic analysis revealed that PKCε overexpression and Pten loss individually and synergistically upregulate the production of the chemokine CXCL13, which involves the transcriptional activation of the CXCL13 gene via the non-canonical nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway. Notably, targeted disruption of CXCL13 or its receptor, CXCR5, in prostate cancer cells impaired their migratory and tumorigenic properties. In addition to providing evidence for an autonomous vicious cycle driven by PKCε, our studies identified a compelling rationale for targeting the CXCL13-CXCR5 axis for prostate cancer treatment.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/genética , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/biossíntese , Neoplasias da Próstata/genética , Proteína Quinase C-épsilon/biossíntese , Receptores CXCR5/genética , Animais , Carcinogênese/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , NF-kappa B , Metástase Neoplásica , PTEN Fosfo-Hidrolase/genética , Neoplasias da Próstata/patologia , Proteína Quinase C-épsilon/genética , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Transdução de SinaisRESUMO
The mechanisms that underlie the pathogenesis of epilepsy are still unclear. Recent studies have indicated that inflammatory processes occurring in the brain are involved in a common and crucial mechanism in epileptogenesis. C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its only receptor, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), are highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and participate in inflammatory responses. The present study aimed to assess the expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 in the brain tissues of both patients with intractable epilepsy (IE) and a rat model (lithium-pilocarpine) of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) to identify possible roles of the CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling pathway in epileptogenesis. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), immunohistochemical, double-labeled immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses were performed in this study. CXCL13 and CXCR5 mRNA expression and protein levels were found to be significantly up-regulated in the TLE patients and TLE rats. Further, CXCL13 and CXCR5 protein levels were altered during the different epileptic phases after onset of status epilepticus (SE) in the pilocarpine model rats, including the acute phase (6, 24, and 72 h), latent phase (7 and 14 days) and chronic phase (30 and 60 days groups). Moreover, double-labeled immunofluorescence analysis revealed that CXCL13 was mainly expressed in the cytomembranes and cytoplasm of neurons and astrocytes, while CXCR5 was mainly expressed in the cytomembranes and cytoplasm of neurons. Thus, the CXCL13-CXCR5 signaling pathway may play a possible pathogenic role in IE. CXCL13 and CXCR5 may represent potential biomarkers of brain inflammation in epileptic patients.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/induzido quimicamente , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/metabolismo , Pilocarpina/toxicidade , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Adolescente , Adulto , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Quimiocina CXCL13/genética , Criança , Epilepsia/induzido quimicamente , Epilepsia/genética , Epilepsia/metabolismo , Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal/genética , Feminino , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neocórtex/efeitos dos fármacos , Neocórtex/metabolismo , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores CXCR5/genética , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the role of chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) in morphine tolerance in rats with cancer-induced bone pain (CIBP). MATERIAL AND METHODS We established a rat CIBP model and a rat CIBP-morphine tolerance (BM) model. BM rats were intrathecally administered rmCXCL13, neutralizing anti-CXCL13, and normal saline, while the control group rats underwent a sham operation and were injected with normal saline. The morphine analgesia was assessed by measuring mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) and mechanical withdrawal duration (MWD) at various time points. The co-expressions of CXCL13 and NeuN were measured by immunofluorescence double-staining. CXCL13 protein and mRNA expressions were detected by Western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), respectively. RESULTS Compared to the sham-operation (S) group, the BM group showed obviously decreased MWT and increased MWD on Day 9 after CIBP, but obviously increased MWT and decreased MWD on Day 3 after morphine administration; subsequently, the MWT was decreased and MWD was increased (all P<0.05). In comparison with the S+saline group, increased MWT and decreased MWD were observed in BM rats on Day 3 after anti-CXCL13 administration, and obviously decreased MWT and increased MWD were found in BM rats on Day 3 after rmCXCL13 administration (all P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Up-regulated CXCL13 has a negative role in morphine analgesia in relief of CIBP, which may provide a new target for the management of CIBP.
Assuntos
Dor do Câncer/tratamento farmacológico , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Morfina/farmacologia , Manejo da Dor/métodos , Analgesia/métodos , Animais , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/imunologia , Anticorpos Neutralizantes/farmacologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Ósseas/patologia , Neoplasias Ósseas/fisiopatologia , Dor do Câncer/fisiopatologia , Quimiocina CXCL13/antagonistas & inibidores , Quimiocina CXCL13/imunologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Tolerância a Medicamentos , Feminino , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/patologia , Neoplasias Mamárias Experimentais/fisiopatologia , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , RNA Mensageiro/genética , Distribuição Aleatória , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Medula Espinal/metabolismo , Regulação para Cima/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
CXCL13, an inflammatory factor in the microenvironment, plays a vital role in the progression of inflammatory diseases and tumors. CXCL13 and its receptor CXCR5 have been reported to be associated with poor prognosis of advanced colon cancer. However, the molecular mechanisms of CXCL13-CXCR5 axis in colon cancer remain elusive. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CXCR5-CXCL13 axis in the growth and invasion of colon cancer cells. Our results showed that CXCL13 promoted the growth, migration, and matrigel invasion of colon cancer cells. Furthermore, CXCL13 increased the expression and secretion of MMP-13, and stimulated the activation of PI3K/AKT pathway. After knockdown of CXCR5 by siRNA, the biological functions of colon cancer cells regulated by CXCL13 were significantly inhibited. In addition, inhibition of PI3K/AKT pathway by specific inhibitor LY294002 suppressed the CXCL13-mediated growth, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells. Together, our findings suggest that CXCL13-CXCR5 axis promotes the growth, migration, and invasion of colon cancer cells, probably via PI3K/AKT pathway. Thus, CXCL13 may be a useful biomarker for the detection and treatment of colon cancer.
Assuntos
Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Neoplasias do Colo/genética , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Proliferação de Células/genética , Quimiocina CXCL13/genética , Cromonas , Neoplasias do Colo/patologia , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Morfolinas , Invasividade Neoplásica/genética , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteína Oncogênica v-akt/genética , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/genética , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , RNA Interferente Pequeno , Receptores CXCR5/genética , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: There is microscopic spatial and temporal heterogeneity of pathological changes in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lung tissue, which may relate to heterogeneity in pathophysiological mediators of disease and clinical progression. We assessed relationships between gene expression patterns, pathological features, and systemic biomarkers to identify biomarkers that reflect the aggregate disease burden in patients with IPF. METHODS: Gene expression microarrays (N=40 IPF; 8 controls) and immunohistochemical analyses (N=22 IPF; 8 controls) of lung biopsies. Clinical characterisation and blood biomarker levels of MMP3 and CXCL13 in a separate cohort of patients with IPF (N=80). RESULTS: 2940 genes were significantly differentially expressed between IPF and control samples (|fold change| >1.5, p<0.05). Two clusters of co-regulated genes related to bronchiolar epithelium or lymphoid aggregates exhibited substantial heterogeneity within the IPF population. Gene expression in bronchiolar and lymphoid clusters corresponded to the extent of bronchiolisation and lymphoid aggregates determined by immunohistochemistry in adjacent tissue sections. Elevated serum levels of MMP3, encoded in the bronchiolar cluster, and CXCL13, encoded in the lymphoid cluster, corresponded to disease severity and shortened survival time (p<10(-7) for MMP3 and p<10(-5) for CXCL13; Cox proportional hazards model). CONCLUSIONS: Microscopic pathological heterogeneity in IPF lung tissue corresponds to specific gene expression patterns related to bronchiolisation and lymphoid aggregates. MMP3 and CXCL13 are systemic biomarkers that reflect the aggregate burden of these pathological features across total lung tissue. These biomarkers may have clinical utility as prognostic and/or surrogate biomarkers of disease activity in interventional studies in IPF.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/genética , Pulmão/patologia , Metaloproteinase 3 da Matriz/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Linfócitos B , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Progressão da Doença , Feminino , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/metabolismo , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Pulmão/metabolismo , Masculino , Metaloproteinase 3 da Matriz/biossíntese , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
CXCR5 and/or CXCL13 expression is elevated in certain carcinomas and lymphomas. To determine if these factors are involved in progression of non-small cell lung cancer (LuCa), we evaluated their expression in patients with various forms of this disease. Lung biopsies from patients with non-neoplastic cells (n=8), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC; n=24), or adenocarcinoma (AC; n=54) were stained for CXCR5. Histopathological analysis of these samples showed significantly higher expression of CXCR5 (p<0.001) in carcinomas (i.e., SCCs and ACs) relative to nonneoplastic lung tissue. Nuclear and membrane CXCR5 intensities were highest in ACs, with median values of 185 and 130, respectively, followed by SCCs with median values of 170 and 110, respectively. The lowest nuclear and membrane expressions of CXCR5 were found in non-neoplastic tissues, having median values of 142 and 90, respectively. Sera from SCC patients (n=17), AC patients (n=14), and healthy controls (n=9) were tested for the presence of CXCL13. Serum CXCL13 levels in LuCa patients were higher than in healthy controls. CXCR5 expression in cell lines of human non-small cell lung carcinoma (NCI-H1915) and small cell lung carcinoma (SW-1271) were evaluated by flow cytometry. CXCR5 expression was higher in NCI-H1915 cells relative to SW-1271 cells. The functional significance of CXCR5 expression was tested in a migration assay. In response to CXCL13, more NCI-H1915 cells migrated than SW-1271 cells. These findings suggest that the CXCR5CXCL13 axis influences LuCa progression. After validation in larger patient groups, CXCR5 and CXCL13 may prove useful as biomarkers for LuCa. Correspondingly, blockade of this axis could serve as an effective therapy for LuCa.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/genética , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica/genética , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Biomarcadores Tumorais/biossíntese , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/sangue , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/patologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Quimiocina CXCL13/sangue , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Receptores CXCR5/sangueRESUMO
Podocytes maintain the structure and function of the glomerular filtration barrier. However, podocytes have recently been implicated in the innate immune response, and their function as non-haematopoietic antigen-presenting cells was highlighted. We have shown previously that excessive expression of the chemokine CXCL13 is a distinctive early event for nephritis in a murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Furthermore, we found that CXCL13 is elevated significantly in the serum of patients with SLE-nephritis. In this study, we were able to show for the first time that (i) CXCL13 is expressed locally in glomeruli in a model for SLE-nephritis in mice and that (ii) incubation of human podocytes with CXCL13 induces receptor stimulation of CXCR5 with activation of signalling pathways, resulting in (iii) secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatant. This cytokine/chemokine cocktail can lead to (iv) a neutrophil respiratory burst in isolated human granulocytes. Taken together, our results provide further evidence that CXCL13 is involved in the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis and that podocytes can play an active role in local proinflammatory immune responses. Thus, CXCL13 could be a direct target for the therapy of glomerulonephritis in general and for SLE-nephritis in particular.
Assuntos
Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Glomérulos Renais/metabolismo , Nefrite Lúpica/metabolismo , Animais , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CXCL13/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Glomerulonefrite/metabolismo , Glomerulonefrite/patologia , Granulócitos/metabolismo , Humanos , Glomérulos Renais/patologia , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/metabolismo , Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/patologia , Nefrite Lúpica/patologia , Camundongos , Neutrófilos/metabolismo , Podócitos/metabolismo , Receptores CXCR5/metabolismoRESUMO
We investigated the expression of -CXC chemokine ligand 13 (CXCL13) and its receptor -CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) in 98 breast cancer (BC) patients with infiltrating duct carcinoma, out of which 56 were found lymph node metastasis (LNM) positive. Interestingly, co-expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 showed a significant correlation with LNM. Since, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is highly associated with metastasis we investigated EMT-inducing potential of CXCL13 in BC cell lines. In CXCL13-stimulated BC cells, expression of various mesenchymal markers (Vimentin, N-cadherin), EMT regulators (Snail, Slug), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) was increased, whereas the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin was found to be decreased. In addition, expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL), which is known to regulate MMP9 expression via Src activation, was also significantly increased after CXCL13 stimulation. Using specific protein kinase inhibitors, we confirmed that CXCL13 stimulated EMT and MMP9 expression via RANKL-Src axis in BC cell lines. To further validate this observation, we examined gene expression patterns in primary breast tumors and detected significantly higher expression of various mesenchymal markers and regulators in CXCL13-CXCR5 co-expressing patients. Therefore, this study showed the EMT-inducing potential of CXCL13 as well as demonstrated the prognostic value of CXCL13-CXCR5 co-expression in primary BC. Moreover, CXCL13-CXCR5-RANKL-Src axis may present a therapeutic target in LNM positive BC patients.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/patologia , Quimiocina CXCL13/metabolismo , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Metástase Linfática/patologia , Receptores CXCR5/metabolismo , Adulto , Idoso , Antígenos CD/biossíntese , Biomarcadores Tumorais/metabolismo , Caderinas/biossíntese , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular , Quimiocina CXCL13/antagonistas & inibidores , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Feminino , Furanos/farmacologia , Humanos , Indóis/farmacologia , Metaloproteinase 9 da Matriz/biossíntese , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Inibidores de Fosfoinositídeo-3 Quinase , Piridinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Ligante RANK/biossíntese , Ligante RANK/genética , RNA Mensageiro/biossíntese , Receptores CXCR5/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores CXCR5/biossíntese , Transdução de Sinais , Fatores de Transcrição da Família Snail , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Fatores de Transcrição/biossíntese , Vimentina/biossíntese , Quinases da Família src/antagonistas & inibidoresRESUMO
BACKGROUND: CD4+ small/medium-sized pleomorphic T-cell lymphoma (SMPTCL) is a controversial primary cutaneous lymphoma, in which the candidate neoplastic cells express a follicular T-helper phenotype. We describe 16 cases of SMPTCL and compare expression of PD-1, CXCL-13 and ICOS in these tumors with 40 dermatitis cases. METHODS: Histopathologic examination and immunocytochemistry were performed for 16 tumors and 40 assorted dermatitis cases. RESULTS: All but one patient presented with solitary lesions. Each biopsy revealed a dense nodular non-epitheliotropic infiltrate of atypical T-cells. Neoplastic cells were CD3+/CD4+/CD8(-)/CD30(-). Cutaneous recurrence occurred in one patient over a median follow up of 8 months (range 5-36). All tumors widely expressed PD-1 and ICOS to a lesser extent. CXCL-13 stained much fewer cells. Of the dermatitis cases, PD-1 (most numerous) and ICOS labeled lymphoid cells in all cases, albeit fewer than in the tumors, and CXCL-13 was negative in 32. A rosette pattern of PD-1 expression was identified in all the SMPTCL cases but not in dermatitis. CONCLUSIONS: There remains uncertainty about the appropriate nosological status of SMPTCL, which some authors consider to be a pseudolymphoma. However, this study suggests a significant difference in the prevalence and pattern of follicular T-helper cell markers between this tumor and lymphoid proliferations known to be reactive.
Assuntos
Dermatite , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biossíntese , Neoplasias Cutâneas , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores , Adulto , Idoso , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Dermatite/metabolismo , Dermatite/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Proteína Coestimuladora de Linfócitos T Induzíveis/biossíntese , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/metabolismo , Linfoma Cutâneo de Células T/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/biossíntese , Estudos Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Cutâneas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Cutâneas/patologia , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/metabolismo , Linfócitos T Auxiliares-Indutores/patologiaRESUMO
To ensure safety tolerance induction protocols are accompanied by conventional immunosuppressive drugs (IS). But IS such as calcineurin inhibitors (CNI), for example, cyclosporin A (CsA), can interfere with tolerance induction. We investigated the effect of an additional transient CsA treatment on anti-CD4mAb-induced tolerance induction upon rat kidney transplantation. Additional CsA treatment induced deteriorated graft function, resulting in chronic rejection characterized by glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and vascular changes. Microarray analysis revealed enhanced intragraft expression of the B cell attracting chemokine CXCL13 early during CsA treatment. Increase in CXCL13 expression is accompanied by enhanced B cell infiltration with local and systemic IgG production and C3d deposition as early as 5 days upon CsA withdrawal. Adding different CNIs to cultures of primary mesangial cells isolated from glomeruli resulted in a concentration-dependent increase in CXCL13 transcription. CsA in synergy with TNF-α can enhance the B cell attracting and activating potential of mesangial cells. Transient B cell depletion or transfer of splenocytes from tolerant recipients 3 weeks after transplantation could rescue tolerance induction and did inhibit intragraft B cell accumulation, alloantibody production and ameliorate chronic rejection.
Assuntos
Anticorpos Monoclonais/farmacologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Inibidores de Calcineurina , Tolerância Imunológica/imunologia , Imunossupressores/farmacologia , Transplante de Rim , Animais , Linfócitos B/imunologia , Calcineurina/farmacologia , Quimiocina CXCL13/biossíntese , Ciclosporina/farmacologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/tratamento farmacológico , Rejeição de Enxerto/imunologia , Rejeição de Enxerto/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Tolerância Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Rim/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos LewRESUMO
CXCL13 is a constitutively expressed chemokine that controls migration of immune cells to lymphoid follicles. Previously, we found CXCL13 mRNA levels increased in rhesus macaque spleen tissues during AIDS. This led us to examine the levels and locations of CXCL13 by detailed in situ methods in cynomolgus macaque lymphoid and intestinal tissues. Our results revealed that there were distinct localization patterns of CXCL13 mRNA compared to protein in germinal centers. These patterns shifted during the course of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection, with increased mRNA expression within and around follicles during AIDS compared to uninfected or acutely infected animals. Unexpectedly, CXCL13 expression was also found in abundance in Paneth cells in crypts throughout the small intestine. Therefore, we expanded our analyses to include chemokines and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) not previously demonstrated to be expressed by Paneth cells in intestinal tissues. We examined the expression patterns of multiple chemokines, including CCL25, as well as α-defensin 6 (DEFA6), ß-defensin 2 (BDEF2), rhesus θ-defensin 1 (RTD-1), and Reg3γ in situ in intestinal tissues. Of the 10 chemokines examined, CXCL13 was unique in its expression by Paneth cells. BDEF2, RTD-1, and Reg3γ were also expressed by Paneth cells. BDEF2 and RTD-1 previously have not been shown to be expressed by Paneth cells. These findings expand our understanding of mucosal immunology, innate antimicrobial defenses, homeostatic chemokine function, and host protective mechanisms against microbial translocation.