RESUMO
Long-term monoculture may affect soil environment biodiversity. An example of such a plant is radish (Raphanus sativus var. sativus), an economically important crop in Poland, a quick-growing vegetable with intensified harvest throughout the season. The aim of this study was to determine changes in biodiversity of soil under radish cultivation and to compare the research methods applied. The monoculture practice affected soil pH, but the organic carbon content remained stable. 16S RNA-seq analysis revealed changes in soil microbial population, with the dominant phyla Proteobacteria (37.3%), Acidobacteria (19%), and Actinobacteria (16%), and the dominant taxa Gaiella (1.59%), Devosia (1.51%) and Nocardioides (1.43%). These changes have not fully expressed in the number of culturable microorganisms, where only fungal abundance changed significantly. However, the physiological state of microbial cells (λ) indicated that oligotrophs and copiotrophs were in a vegetative (λ > 3.0) state at the beginning of the season and fungi at the end of the year. Changes in the biodiversity of soil microorganisms were visualised using Community Level Physiological Profiling, where an oscillation in Average Well Colour Development (OD560 = 0.78-1.48) was observed in successive months of radish culture, with biodiversity indices (Shannon and Substance richness) remaining similar. The greatest variation in the influence of monoculture practice on soil factors was observed for the soil enzymes activities (for dehydrogenase and peroxidase activities - 0.5 µg TPF/h/g DW and 1.5 µmolPYGL/h/g DW respectively). Alkaline phosphatases predominated among this group of enzymes, and the activity of carbon metabolism enzymes decreased over the season, except for invertases, where an increase in activity of up to 50 µg Glc/h/g DW was observed. All the parameters studied indicated changes in the soil environment. Nevertheless the microbial community remains stable during the whole experiment returning to equilibrium in a quite short time after changing conditions.
Assuntos
Raphanus , Microbiologia do Solo , Solo , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/microbiologia , Solo/química , Biodiversidade , Polônia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genéticaRESUMO
Due to the high solubility of Cd in water, it is considered a potential toxin which can cause cancer in humans. In plants, it is associated with the development of oxidative stress due to the generation of reactive oxygen species. To overcome this issue, the roles of different plant hormones are vital. Strigolactones, one of such natural plant hormones, show promise in alleviating cadmium toxicity by mitigating its harmful effects. Acidified biochar (AB) can also effectively mitigate cadmium toxicity via ion adsorption and pH buffering. However, the combined effects of strigolactone and AB still need in-depth investigations in the context of existing literature. This study aimed to assess the individual and combined impacts of SLs (0 and 25 µM) and AB (0 and 0.75% w/w) on radish growth under Cd toxicity, i.e., 0 and 20 mg Cd/kg soil. Using a fully randomized design (CRD), each treatment was administered in four replicates. In comparison to the control under 20 mg Cd/kg soil contamination, the results showed that 25 µM strigolactone + 0.75% AB significantly improved the following: radish shoot length (~ 17%), root length (~ 47%), plant fresh weight (~ 28%), plant dry weight (~ 96%), chlorophyll a (~ 43%), chlorophyll b (~ 31%), and total chlorophyll (~ 37%). It was also noted that 0.75% AB was more pronounced in decreasing antioxidant activities than 25 µM strigolactone under 20 mg Cd/ kg soil toxicity. However, performing 25 µM strigolactone + 0.75% AB was far better than the sole application of 25 µM strigolactone and 0.75% AB in decreasing antioxidant activities in radish plants. In conclusion, by regulating antioxidant activities, 25 µM strigolactone + 0.75% AB can increase radish growth in cadmium-contaminated soils.
Assuntos
Carvão Vegetal , Lactonas , Raphanus , Poluentes do Solo , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/metabolismo , Lactonas/farmacologia , Lactonas/metabolismo , Poluentes do Solo/toxicidade , Carvão Vegetal/química , Cádmio/toxicidade , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Metais Pesados/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/farmacologia , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 3 AnéisRESUMO
The hydrogen molecule can effectively regulate plant growth and development, improving plant resistance to abiotic stresses. However, studies regarding the optimal concentration of hydrogen and the associated mechanisms of action in organisms are lacking. This study showed that the maximum germination rate of radish seeds decreased from 90 % to 50 % under the stress of cadmium ions (Cd2+), and hydrogen nanobubble (NB) water significantly alleviated the stress effect of Cd2+ on radish seed germination. A hydrogen concentration of 0.8 ppm had the best effect, reducing Cd2+ accumulation in radish seeds by 63.23 % and increasing the maximum germination rate from 50 % to 65 %. At concentrations exceeding 1.2 ppm, the beneficial effect of hydrogen was weakened or even reversed. Consequently, we integrated the concept of the oxidative window into a REDOX balance model and demonstrated that an appropriate hydrogen concentration can effectively maintain the REDOX state within organisms. Transcriptome sequencing analysis revealed that hydrogen NB water modulated Cd2+ absorption and accumulation in seeds by regulating cell wall components, alleviating oxidative stress through oxidoreductase activity, and enhancing nutrient synthesis and metabolism. This collectively alleviated the inhibitory effect of Cd2+ on seed germination. This study is helpful for further understanding the effect of hydrogen concentration on the REDOX balance of seed germination, providing a theoretical basis for selecting hydrogen concentration to improve its effectiveness in agricultural fields.
Assuntos
Cádmio , Germinação , Hidrogênio , Oxirredução , Estresse Oxidativo , Raphanus , Sementes , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/metabolismo , Cádmio/toxicidade , Estresse Oxidativo/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/metabolismoRESUMO
Silver-metal organic framework (Ag@MOF) has exhibited outstanding antimicrobial activity in antimicrobial applications, and reducing the biotoxicity associated with silver has become a research priority. In this study, Ag@MOF was initially modified with sodium alginate (SA) to form SA-Ag@MOF. The results showed that SA could control the release of Ag+, reducing the release by about 8% at 24 h, and the biotoxicity was significantly reduced. Finally, SA-Ag@MOF was applied as an antimicrobial agent in citric acid-modified PVA film to develop a novel composite antimicrobial film. When added at 2 MIC, the CA3-M2 film can effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli and S. aureus, and the inhibition rate has reached 98%. For white radish packaging applications, CA3-M2 film inhibited the growth of surface microorganisms, while ensuring moisture and tissue hardness to extend shelf-life up to 7 days. Overall, the strategy conceived here can be a theoretical basis for novel antimicrobial packaging.
Assuntos
Alginatos , Ácido Cítrico , Escherichia coli , Embalagem de Alimentos , Estruturas Metalorgânicas , Prata , Staphylococcus aureus , Alginatos/química , Alginatos/farmacologia , Embalagem de Alimentos/instrumentação , Ácido Cítrico/química , Ácido Cítrico/farmacologia , Prata/química , Prata/farmacologia , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Staphylococcus aureus/efeitos dos fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/química , Estruturas Metalorgânicas/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Antibacterianos/química , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Raphanus/química , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/químicaRESUMO
Heavy metal contamination poses a significant threat to soil quality, plant growth, and food safety, and directly affects multiple UN SDGs. Addressing this issue and offering a remediation solution are vital for human health. One effective approach for immobilizing heavy metals involves impregnating cypress chips with calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) to enhance the chemical adsorption capacity of the resulting woody charcoal. In the present study, un-treated cypress biochar (UCBC) and calcium-treated cypress biochar (TCBC), were introduced into pristine and contaminated soil, at rates of 3, 6, and 9% (w/w). Both BCs were alkaline (UCBC pH: 8.9, TCBC pH: 9.7) with high specific surface area, which improved the soil properties (pH, EC, and OM). Radish (Raphanus sativus) cultivated in pots revealed that both UCBC and TCBC demonstrated significant improvements in growth attributes and heavy metal immobilization compared to the control, with TCBC exhibiting superior effects. The TCBC surface showed highly active nanosized precipitated calcium carbonate particles that were active in immobilizing heavy metals. The application of TCBC at a rate of 9% resulted in a substantial reduction in Zn and Cu uptake by radish roots and shoots. In contaminated soil, Zn uptake by radish roots decreased by 55% (68.3-31.0 mg kg-1), and shoots by 37% (49.3-31.0 mg kg-1); Cu uptake decreased by 40% (38.6-23.2 mg kg-1) in roots and 39% (58.2-35.2 mg kg-1) in shoots. Uptake of Pb was undetectable after TCBC application. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted the potential of TCBC over UCBC in reducing heavy metal concentrations and promoting radish growth. Future research should consider the long-term effects and microbial interactions of TCBC application.
Assuntos
Hidróxido de Cálcio , Carvão Vegetal , Metais Pesados , Raphanus , Poluentes do Solo , Solo , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Carvão Vegetal/química , Solo/química , Hidróxido de Cálcio/química , Cupressus , Recuperação e Remediação Ambiental/métodos , Adsorção , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Pullulan can not only provide a source of organic carbon but also has excellent properties. However, current research is mostly limited to the physical properties of the high-molecular-weight components of pullulan, and little is known about the application of its low-molecular-weight components. This study was designed to explore the impact of presoaking of radish seeds in a pullulan solution on seed germination and subsequent seedling growth under salt stress conditions. Pullulan soaking was found to enhance the germination rates of radish seeds subjected to salt stress, while also enhancing the aboveground growth of radish seedlings. Pullulan soaking resulted in increases in chlorophyll, soluble protein, and soluble sugar concentrations in the leaves of these seedlings, together with greater peroxidase activity and root activity as well as decreases in Na+ and malondialdehyde concentrations. This provides an important reference for the application of pullulan in plant protection.
Assuntos
Germinação , Glucanos , Raphanus , Estresse Salino , Plântula , Sementes , Glucanos/metabolismo , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Plântula/efeitos dos fármacos , Plântula/metabolismo , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/efeitos dos fármacos , Clorofila/metabolismo , Malondialdeído/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Sódio/metabolismo , Folhas de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Folhas de Planta/efeitos dos fármacos , Folhas de Planta/metabolismoRESUMO
The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance.
Assuntos
Fertilizantes , Raphanus , Raphanus/química , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Fertilizantes/análise , Substâncias Húmicas/análise , Folhas de Planta/química , Nitrogênio/análise , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , BiomassaRESUMO
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of root biomass during the later stage of growth on fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation, and to clarify the physiological mechanisms by which these differences affect internal browning (IB) development in radish roots. Therefore, we controlled the enlargement of roots by changing the thinning period and generated plots composed of roots with different biomass in the latter half of growth. The earlier the radish seedlings were thinned, the more vigorous the root growth from an earlier stage was achieved. Earlier thinning caused IB from the early stage of root maturation, and IB severity progressed with subsequent age progression; however, IB damage did not occur when root size during the later growth stage was kept small by later thinning. Higher levels of hydrogen peroxide, peroxidase activity, NADPH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst-related genes, and carbonyl compounds were detected in earlier-thinned large-sized roots compared to later-thinned small-sized ones. Compared with the latter small-sized roots, the former large-sized roots had a lower ratio of linoleic acid (18:2) and a higher ratio of α-linolenic acid (α-18:3). Furthermore, in earlier-thinned large-sized roots, higher levels of phospholipase- and/or lipoxygenase-related genes were detected compared to later-thinned small-sized ones. These facts suggest the possibility that root biomass in the later stage of growth affects the desaturation of membrane fatty acids, ROS concentration, and activity of fatty acid degrading enzymes, and controls the occurrence of IB injury through membrane oxidative degradation.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Raízes de Plantas , Raphanus , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/metabolismo , Ácidos Graxos/metabolismo , Peroxidação de Lipídeos , Peróxido de Hidrogênio/metabolismo , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Reação de Maillard , Ácido Linoleico/metabolismo , Ácido alfa-Linolênico/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cruciferous vegetable sprout has been highlighted as a promising functional material rich in bioactive compounds called isothiocyanates (ITCs) and it can be grown in very short periods in controlled indoor farms. However, because ITCs content depends on multiple factors such as cultivar, germination time and myrosinase activity, those variables need to be controlled during germination or extraction to produce functional materials enriched in ITCs. Sulforaphene (SFEN), an ITC found primarily in radishes (Raphanus sativus L.), exerts beneficial effects on obesity. However, the optimal germination and extraction conditions for radish sprout (RSP) to increase SFEN content remain unascertained, and the extract's anti-obesity effect has yet to be evaluated. RESULTS: The present study found that the SFEN content was highest in purple radish sprout (PRSP) among the six cultivars investigated. Optimal SFEN content occurred after 2 days of PRSP germination (2 days PRSP). To maximize the dry matter yield, total ITCs and SFEN contents in RSP extract, we found the optimal conditions for extracting PRSP [27.5 °C, 60 min, 1:75.52 solute/solvent (w/v), no ascorbic acid] using response surface methodology. Consistent with high SFEN content, 2 days PRSP extract significantly outperformed 3 days or 4 days PRSP extract in inhibiting lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, 2 days PRSP extract suppressed adipogenesis and lipogenesis-related protein expression. CONCLUSION: Regarding the cultivar, germination time and extraction conditions, optimally produced PRSP extract contains high SFEN content and exerts anti-obesity effects. Thus, we suggest PRSP extract as a potent functional material for obesity prevention. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Germinação , Isotiocianatos , Extratos Vegetais , Raphanus , Raphanus/química , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/metabolismo , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Extratos Vegetais/química , Extratos Vegetais/isolamento & purificação , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Isotiocianatos/farmacologia , Isotiocianatos/isolamento & purificação , Isotiocianatos/química , Isotiocianatos/análise , Camundongos , Animais , Células 3T3-L1 , SulfóxidosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This study introduces a wild radish population collected from Yelbeni in the Western Australian grainbelt that evolved an early silique abscission (shedding) trait to persist despite long-term harvest weed seed control (HWSC) use. In 2017, field-collected seed (known herein as Yelbeni) was compared to surrounding ruderal and field-collected populations in a fully randomized common garden study. RESULTS: The Yelbeni population exhibited a higher rate of silique abscission when compared to the ruderal populations collected from the site before wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) harvest (assessed at soft dough stage, Zadoks 83). A similar common garden study was conducted in the subsequent season (2018) using progeny reproduced on a single site without stress. The HWSC-selected progeny (Yelbeni P) shed 1048 (±288) siliques before wheat maturity at the soft dough stage (Zadoks 83) compared to 25 (±7) siliques from the pooled control populations. The Yelbeni P population only flowered 6 days earlier (FT50 as determined by log-logistic analysis) than pooled control populations, which is unlikely to fully account for the increased rate of silique abscission. The Yelbeni P population also located its lowest siliques below the lowest height for harvest interception (10 cm), which is likely to increase HWSC evasion. The mechanism inducing early silique-shedding is yet to be determined; however, wild radish is known for its significant genetic variability and has demonstrated its capacity to adapt to environmental and management stresses. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that the repeated use of HWSC can lead to the selection of HWSC-avoidance traits including early silique-shedding before harvest and/or locating siliques below the harvest cutting height for interception. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Assuntos
Fenótipo , Raphanus , Sementes , Controle de Plantas Daninhas , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/genética , Raphanus/fisiologia , Austrália Ocidental , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Controle de Plantas Daninhas/métodos , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
Histone, a predominant protein component of chromatin, participates in DNA packaging and transcriptional regulation. However, the available information of Histone gene family is limited in radish. In this study, a total of 42 Histone gene family members were identified from the radish genome. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analyses classified the Histone family into three groups (H2A, H2B and H3). Motif analysis showed that the functions of some motifs shared by H3 subfamily genes were related to chromosome regulation and cell development activities, such as motif 5 containing Cks1 and PPR region. Analysis of intron/exon structure indicated that RsCENH3 (RsHistone 18) has the characteristics of variant Histone. Furthermore, several motifs, including the LTR, G-box and TC-elements, were found in the promoters of RsHistone genes, which involved in cell development or various abiotic stresses responses. Transcriptome analysis indicated that the RsHistone genes exhibited higher expression level in floral buds than in roots and leaves. Subcellular localization showed that the RsCENH3 was localized on the nucleus, and it was highly expressed in the floral bud of 3.0-4.0 mm in radish. These findings would provide valuable information for characterization and potential utilization of Histone genes, and facilitate the efficient induction of double haploid plants in radish.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Histonas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raphanus/genética , Cromossomos de Plantas , Evolução Molecular , Flores/genética , Flores/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Ontologia Genética , Genoma de Planta , Família Multigênica , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Estresse Fisiológico/genéticaRESUMO
The aim of this study was to propose a complete approach for macroalgae biomass valorization into products useful for sustainable agriculture and environmental protection. In the first stage, the effects of macroalgal extracts and ZnO NPs (zinc oxide nanoparticles) on the germination and growth of radish were examined. Macroalgal extract was produced from freshwater macroalga, i.e., Cladophora glomerata by ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE). The extract was used to biosynthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles. In germination tests, extracts and solutions of ZnO NPs were applied on paper substrate before sowing. In the second stage, sorption properties of macroalga, post-extraction residue, and ZnO NPs to absorb Cr(III) ions were examined. In the germination tests, the highest values of hypocotyl length (the edible part of radish), i.e., 3.3 and 2.6 cm were obtained for 60 and 80% extract (among the tested concentrations 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) and 10 and 50 mg/L NPs, respectively. The highest sorption capacity of Cr(III) ions (344.8 mg/g) was obtained by both macroalga and post-extraction residue at a pH of 5 and initial Cr(III) ions concentration of 200 mg/L. This study proves that macroalgae and products based on them can be applied in both sustainable agriculture and wastewater treatment.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Clorófitas/química , Cromo , Hipocótilo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Nanopartículas/química , Extratos Vegetais/química , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Alga Marinha/química , Óxido de Zinco , Cromo/química , Cromo/metabolismo , Íons/química , Íons/metabolismo , Óxido de Zinco/química , Óxido de Zinco/farmacologiaRESUMO
As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in antiherbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the differences between life stages of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined differences between seedlings and reproductive plants in current and transgenerational plasticity in chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage, but only chemical defenses were inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical and chemical defenses, particularly in adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational plasticity in plant defenses in response to herbivore offense differs for physical and chemical defense and changes across plant life stages.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Herbivoria/fisiologia , Lepidópteros/fisiologia , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/genética , Animais , DNA/genética , Metilação de DNA , Epigênese Genética , Larva/fisiologia , Fenótipo , Folhas de PlantaRESUMO
Here, we describe the first protocol of European radish (Raphanus sativus L. subsp. sativus convar. radicula) for obtaining doubled haploid plants through in vitro microspore culture, in which the full cycle of doubled haploid formation was successfully achieved. Using this protocol, a yield of up to eight embryoids per Petri dish can be obtained. Effectiveness of this protocol was confirmed for several genotypes of European radish.
Assuntos
Melhoramento Vegetal/métodos , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Produtos Agrícolas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Produtos Agrícolas/fisiologia , Meios de Cultura/química , Diploide , Corantes Fluorescentes , Genótipo , Haploidia , Homozigoto , Indóis , Biologia Molecular/métodos , Ploidias , Pólen/genética , Pólen/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/fisiologia , Regeneração/genética , Coloração e Rotulagem , Técnicas de Cultura de TecidosRESUMO
Auxin/indole-3-acetic acid (Aux/IAA) genes encode short lived nuclear proteins that cooperated with auxin or auxin response factor (ARF), which are involved in plant growth and developmental processes. However, it's still ambiguous how the Aux/IAA genes regulate the process governing taproot thickening in radish. Herein, 65 Aux/IAA genes were identified from the radish genome. Gene duplication analysis showed that two pairs of tandem duplication and 17 (27%) segmental duplication events were identified among Aux/IAA family genes in radish. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that most of Aux/IAA genes (52/65) exhibited differential expression pattern in different root tissues, and six root-specific genes were highly expressed in root cortex, cambium, xylem, and root tip in radish. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression level of RsIAA33 was the highest at cortex splitting stage (CSS), and early expanding stage (ES). Furthermore, amiRNA-mediated gene silencing of RsIAA33 indicated that it could inhibit the reproductive growth, thus promoting taproot thickening and development. These results would provide valuable information for elucidating the molecular function of Aux/IAA genes involved in taproot thickening in radish.
Assuntos
Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Ácidos Indolacéticos/imunologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/genética , Duplicação Gênica , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Família Multigênica , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo RealRESUMO
This study was done to develop a method to inactivate Escherichia coli O157:H7 on radish and cabbage seeds using simultaneous treatments with gaseous chlorine dioxide (ClO2) and heat at high relative humidity (RH) without decreasing seeds' viability. Gaseous ClO2 was spontaneously vaporized from a solution containing hydrochloric acid (HCl, 1 N) and sodium chlorite (NaClO2, 100,000 ppm). Using a sealed container (1.8 L), an equation (y = 5687×, R2 = 0.9948) based on the amount of gaseous ClO2 generated from HCl-NaClO2 solution at 60 °C and 85% RH was developed. When radish or cabbage seeds were exposed to gaseous ClO2 at concentrations up to 3,000 ppm for 120 min, germination rates did not significantly decrease (P > 0.05). When seeds inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 were treated with 2,000 or 3,000 ppm of gaseous ClO2 in an atmosphere with 85% RH at 60 °C, populations (6.8-6.9 log CFU/g) on both types of seeds were decreased to below the detection limit for enrichment (-0.5 log CFU/g) within 90 min. This study provides useful information for developing a decontamination method to control E. coli O157:H7 and perhaps other foodborne pathogens on plant seeds by simultaneous treatment with gaseous ClO2 and heat at high RH.
Assuntos
Brassica/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Compostos Clorados/farmacologia , Descontaminação/métodos , Desinfetantes/farmacologia , Escherichia coli O157/efeitos dos fármacos , Óxidos/farmacologia , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sementes/microbiologia , Brassica/microbiologia , Cloro/farmacologia , Escherichia coli O157/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação/efeitos dos fármacos , Temperatura Alta , Umidade , Viabilidade Microbiana/efeitos dos fármacos , Raphanus/microbiologia , Sementes/química , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimentoRESUMO
The flesh of the taproot of Raphanus sativus L. is rich in chlorophyll (Chl) throughout the developmental process, which is why the flesh is green. However, little is known about which genes are associated with Chl accumulation in this non-foliar, internal green tissue and whether the green flesh can perform photosynthesis. To determine these aspects, we measured the Chl content, examined Chl fluorescence, and carried out comparative transcriptome analyses of taproot flesh between green-fleshed "Cuishuai" and white-fleshed "Zhedachang" across five developmental stages. Numerous genes involved in the Chl metabolic pathway were identified. It was found that Chl accumulation in radish green flesh may be due to the low expression of Chl degradation genes and high expression of Chl biosynthesis genes, especially those associated with Part â £ (from Protoporphyrin â ¨ to Chl a). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that differentially expressed genes between "Cuishuai" and "Zhedachang" were significantly enriched in photosynthesis-related pathways, such as photosynthesis, antenna proteins, porphyrin and Chl metabolism, carbon fixation, and photorespiration. Twenty-five genes involved in the Calvin cycle were highly expressed in "Cuishuai". These findings suggested that photosynthesis occurred in the radish green flesh, which was also supported by the results of Chl fluorescence. Our study provides transcriptome data on radish taproots and provides new information on the formation and function of radish green flesh.
Assuntos
Clorofila/análogos & derivados , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raphanus/genética , Transcriptoma , Clorofila/biossíntese , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética , Fotossíntese/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/classificação , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/anatomia & histologia , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Protoporfirinas/biossíntese , Raphanus/anatomia & histologia , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/metabolismoRESUMO
A controlled greenhouse study was performed to determine the effect of manure or compost amendments, derived during or in the absence of antibiotic treatment of beef and dairy cattle, on radish taproot-associated microbiota and indicators of antibiotic resistance when grown in different soil textures. Bacterial beta diversity, determined by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, bifurcated according to soil texture (P < 0.001, R = 0.501). There was a striking cross-effect in which raw manure from antibiotic-treated and antibiotic-free beef and dairy cattle added to loamy sand (LS) elevated relative (16S rRNA gene-normalized) (by 0.9 to 1.9 log10) and absolute (per-radish) (by 1.1 to 3.0 log10) abundances of intI1 (an integrase gene and indicator of mobile multiantibiotic resistance) on radishes at harvest compared to chemical fertilizer-only control conditions (P < 0.001). Radishes tended to carry fewer copies of intI1 and sul1 when grown in silty clay loam than LS. Composting reduced relative abundance of intI1 on LS-grown radishes (0.6 to 2.4 log10 decrease versus corresponding raw manure; P < 0.001). Effects of antibiotic use were rarely discernible. Heterotrophic plate count bacteria capable of growth on media containing tetracycline, vancomycin, sulfamethazine, or erythromycin tended to increase on radishes grown in turned composted antibiotic-treated dairy or beef control (no antibiotics) manures relative to the corresponding raw manure in LS (0.8- to 2.3-log10 increase; P < 0.001), suggesting that composting sometimes enriches cultivable bacteria with phenotypic resistance. This study demonstrates that combined effects of soil texture and manure-based amendments influence the microbiota of radish surfaces and markers of antibiotic resistance, illuminating future research directions for reducing agricultural sources of antibiotic resistance.IMPORTANCE In working toward a comprehensive strategy to combat the spread of antibiotic resistance, potential farm-to-fork routes of dissemination are gaining attention. The effects of preharvest factors on the microbiota and corresponding antibiotic resistance indicators on the surfaces of produce commonly eaten raw is of special interest. Here, we conducted a controlled greenhouse study, using radishes as a root vegetable grown in direct contact with soil, and compared the effects of manure-based soil amendments, antibiotic use in the cattle from which the manure was sourced, composting of the manure, and soil texture, with chemical fertilizer only as a control. We noted significant effects of amendment type and soil texture on the composition of the microbiota and genes used as indicators of antibiotic resistance on radish surfaces. The findings take a step toward identifying agricultural practices that aid in reducing carriage of antibiotic resistance and corresponding risks to consumers.
Assuntos
Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos , Fertilizantes , Esterco , Raphanus/microbiologia , Microbiologia do Solo , Animais , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Bovinos , Resistência Microbiana a Medicamentos/genética , Microbiota , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SoloRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Microbial surfactants called biosurfactants, thanks to their high biodegradability, low toxicity and stability can be used not only in bioremediation and oil processing, but also in the food and cosmetic industries, and even in medicine. However, the high production costs of microbial surfactants and low efficiency limit their large-scale production. This requires optimization of management conditions, including the possibility of using waste as a carbon source, such as food processing by-products. This papers describes the production and characterization of the biosurfactant obtained from the endophytic bacterial strain Bacillus pumilus 2A grown on various by-products of food processing and its potential applications in supporting plant growth. Four different carbon and nitrogen sources, pH, inoculum concentration and temperature were optimized within Taguchi method. RESULTS: Optimization of bioprocess within Taguchi method and experimental analysis revealed that the optimal conditions for biosurfactant production were brewer's spent grain (5% w/v), ammonium nitrate (1% w/v), pH of 6, 5% of inoculum, and temperature at 30 °C, leading to 6.8 g/L of biosurfactant. Based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis produced biosurfactant was determined as glycolipid. Obtained biosurfactant has shown high and long term thermostability, surface tension of 47.7 mN/m, oil displacement of 8 cm and the emulsion index of 69.11%. The examined glycolipid, used in a concentration of 0.2% significantly enhanced growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean), Raphanus L. (radish), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot). CONCLUSIONS: The endophytic Bacillus pumilus 2A produce glycolipid biosurfactant with high and long tem thermostability, what makes it useful for many purposes including food processing. The use of brewer's spent grain as the sole carbon source makes the production of biosurfactants profitable, and from an environmental point of view, it is an environmentally friendly way to remove food processing by products. Glycolipid produced by endophytic Bacillus pumilus 2A significantly improve growth of Phaseolus vulgaris L. (bean), Raphanus L. (radish), Beta vulgaris L. (beetroot). Obtained results provide new insight to the possible use of glycolipids as plant growth promoting agents.
Assuntos
Bacillus pumilus , Beta vulgaris/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Endófitos , Phaseolus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raphanus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Tensoativos , Bacillus pumilus/química , Bacillus pumilus/metabolismo , Endófitos/química , Endófitos/metabolismo , Tensoativos/isolamento & purificação , Tensoativos/metabolismo , Tensoativos/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Splitting is a problem that seriously affects appearance and marketability in a number of fruit and vegetables. In summer radish (Raphanus sativus L.), splitting can occur during growth, harvesting and postharvest. We investigated the factors affecting splitting susceptibility in summer radish cv. Celesta during postharvest handling. RESULTS: Splitting susceptibility was negatively related to temperature, with higher temperature reducing splitting due to dropping impact. Radish diameter was positively associated with compression failure force, suggesting that larger radishes are more resistant to compressive splitting. An increase in radish hypocotyl water content (WC) was associated with an increase in splitting susceptibility due to impact and decrease in failure force for both compression and puncture forces. Increased hypocotyl WC may increase splitting susceptibility by increasing the water potential of the radish tissue. In agreement, we found that increased hypocotyl WC was associated with higher internal water potential in radish tissue. CONCLUSIONS: We therefore recommend that the hypocotyl WC of summer radish crops be managed during the harvest and postharvest phases, and that crops are processed at higher, ambient, temperature in order to reduce splitting, before storing at low temperature and high humidity to maintain quality and shelf life. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.