Estimados del costo de reconstrucción de edificios en Puerto Rico

Las metodologías para estimar la pérdida máxima probable (PML) se componen de dos partes, el modelo de daño y el costo de reparación o reemplazo. Este trabajo se enfoca en la segunda parte y tiene como objetivo determinar estos costos para Puerto Rico. Se hizo una encuesta entre contratistas, diseñadores y propietarios y se obtuvieron costos por pie cuadrado, costos por unidades de servicio, costos por parámetros, costo por componentes, salarios de mano de obra y la distribución de la misma en un proyecto. La información se clasificó de acuerdo al tipo de edificio, al uso, al tipo de estructura y al nivel de calidad, entre otros. Se obtuvieron medidas de tendencia central, percentilas y el coeficiente de variación de la información clasificada y se comparó con las publicaciones Building Construction Cost Data, National Building Cost Manual y Bids Cost Index. Se desarrolló un índice de costo para actualizar los resultados obtenidos de forma rápida y así poder usar éstos en el futuro. Se usaron los componentes: mano de obra y materiales. El primero se decidió representar mediante: obrero no diestro, carpintero, varillero y albañil, mientras que para materiales se usó: hormigón, varilla de acero, cerámica de piso y cemento para empañete. Se estableció que el costo de reconstrucción resulta del costo de construcción multiplicado por un factor. Se tuvo en cuenta que en un proceso de reconstrucción se pueden tener dos alternativas: reparar la estructura dañada o reemplazarla con una nueva. Por consiguiente, se usaron dos factores, uno de reparación y uno de reemplazo. (AU)

Post - earthquake relocation, reconstruction, repair and retrofitting of buildings

The experience gained in after - earthquake reconstruction in Maharashtra State of India is described herein. The items mainly presented are: the total rehabilitation program involving relocation of villages and reconstruction in-situ, damage assessment methodology and retrofitting and construction technology options. Some issues are also discussed: relocation versus ins-situ construction, appropiateness of technology to be adopted, and role of NGO's and voluntary agencies and coordination with the governmental efforts. Lessons aredrawn towards suitable time frame and reconstruction approach for developing countries such as India especially for the disastrous damage in rural areas. (AU)

Earthen buildings and earthquakes

The generally poor perfomance of earthen buildings in earthquakes is addressed but the position is taken that much of this damage could be prevented white still using, to a large exten, local materials and construction practices They do have to bring to bear reasonable compliance with certain laws of nature and of earthquake engineering. The major contributors to damage and collapse are listed as well as the major contributors to damage and collapse are listed as well as the major ways to prevent collapse (AU)

Design, construction, behavior and repair problems of rural structures in Greece

Classification of different low-cost construction systems used in Greece is attempted. Problems and possibilities of design, construction seismic behavior and repair of rural structures in Greece, with either traditional or recent low-cost construction systems are presented, with emphasis on observations and conclusions from recent destructive earthquakes (Volvi 1978, Magnissia 1980, Alkyonides 1981) need for practical design, construction and repair recommendations, easily available to rural population is stressed (AU)

The work on earth structures in the Dom. Rep. past and present

With a brief introduction the history of earthen buildings in the Dom. Rep.is described with its uses and problems, both structural and socio-economic. The main text deals with the work of the Foundation in adobe and rammed earth structures. Described is the soil stabilization technique, innovative formwork, design, roof structure, preservation methods, etc. and finally the future of earthen construction in the Dom. Rep. (AU)

Strengthening of adobe houses for seismic actions

In order to evaluate the efficiency of three strengthening methods for adobe houses, five 1:2.5 scale models were tested in a shaking table under the effect of the accelerograms of three major actual earthquakes. Mechanical properties of adobe masonry and structural behavior of adobe walls were also studied. The main objective of the reinforcement was to avoid separation of the walls in the corners and their subsequent overturning. Test results indicated that the seismic intensity that can be withstood without major damage is increased at least twice by any of the strengthening methods studies, the most efficient being the welded mesh reinforcement (AU)

Adobe construction and its performance in Southern California

This paper presents a discussion on the construction and performance of two adobe structure in Southern California. First, a discussion on the San Fernando Mission, the largest adobe structure in California, its adobe construction details and its performance and rehabilitation during and after the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake. Second, an adobe home located near Oceanside, California is discussed regarding its method of construction and performance under weathering and earthquakes since its construction in 1964 (AU)

Perú : La restauración de monumentos históricos construidos con adobe y las técnicas utilizadas

En el Perú la geografía y el clima condicionaron la preferencia por la utilización de la tierra para las edificaciones. La presencia de una corriente marina de agua fría cambia el clima de la costa y la hace arida y sin lluvias. La presencia contínua de terremotos por la influencia del cintirón sísmico del Pacífico, obligo a interesantes soluciones estructurales en las construcciones. En 1975 se inició en la zona de Cuso y Puno un importante proyecto para restaurar monumentos arqueológicos y coloniales, dentro de un plan basado en el turismo cultural. Se desarrollarón técnicas adecuadas para restaurar científicamete las edificaciones de adobe las que se describen en el trabajo del cual se ha hecho el presente resumen (AU)

Stabilized soil - cement in low cost construction & its research needs

Scientifically stabilizing soil with cementitious materials establishes its permanence for building. Reinforcing it with bamboo or small steel strands and mortar provides it with structural resistance to cataclismic hurricane or earthquake conditions. Training people to manufacture parts and build complete walls, floors, footingd, sub-floors, columns and lintels, using reinforced and stabilized soil-cement block and rammed materials, through simple systems planning results in a mini-mobile industry for minimum cost structures development (AU)

La problemática de la conservación de edificios históricos de mampostería técnicas constructivas y códigos utilizados en Antigua Guatemala

El presente documento plantea los problemas que conlleva la conservación del conjunto monumental de Antigua Guatemala, situada en un área de alta sismicidad. Se analizan los materiales y técnicas constructivas tradicionales, las fallas más frecuentes causadas por los terremotos en edificios históricos de mampostería y los procedimientos de restauración que se están llevando a cabo por parte del Consejo Nacional para la Protección de la Antigua Guatemala (AU)

Reinforced poured adobe and its applicability to earthquake resistant construction

Results of rational analyses of reinforced poured adobe walls indicate that the structural concepts of this construction method are valid and satisfy the intent of the Uniform Building Code, even in high-seismic zonesWall-forming teachniques and shrinkage cracking represent major obstacles to the practical application of poured adobe (AU)

Turkish standards and codes on adobe and adobe constructions

Standards on adobe, cement treated adobe blocks, adobe buildings and their construction methods are presented. Adobe buildings section of Turkish Earthquake Code is also presented and compared with the above mentioned standards; the conformability of Standards and the Code is discussed by taking into consideration the ideas which were effected the preparation of these regulations (AU)