An artificial intelligence-based model for predicting reproductive toxicity of bisphenol analogues mixtures to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus.

The joint toxicity effects of mixtures, particularly reproductive toxicity, one of the main causes of aquatic ecosystem degradation, are often overlooked as it is impractical to test all mixtures. This study developed and evaluated the following models to predict the concentration response curve concerning the joint reproductive toxicity of mixtures of three bisphenol analogues (BPA, BPF, BPAF) on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus: concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA), and two deep neural network (DNN) models. One applied mixture molecular descriptors as input variables (DNN-QSAR), while the other applied the ratios of chemicals in the mixtures (DNN-Ratio). Descriptors related to molecular mass were found to be of greater importance and exhibited a proportional relationship with toxic effects. The results indicate that the range of correlation coefficients (R2) between predicted and measured values for various mixture rays by CA and IA models is 0.372 to 0.974 and - 0.970 to 0.586, respectively. The R2 values for DNN-Ratio and DNN-QSAR were 0.841 to 0.984 and 0.834 to 0.991, respectively, demonstrating that models developed by DNN significantly outperform traditional models in predicting the joint toxicity of mixtures. Furthermore, DNN-QSAR not only predicts mixture toxicity but also provides accurate toxicity predictions for BPA, BPF, and BPAF, with R2 values of 0.990, 0.616, and 0.887, respectively, while DNN-Ratio yields values of 0.920, 0.355, and - 0.495. The study also found that the joint effects of mixtures are primarily influenced by the total concentration of the mixtures, and an increase in total concentration shifts the joint effects towards addition. This study introduces a novel approach to predict joint toxicity and analyze the influencing factors of joint effects, providing a more comprehensive assessment of the ecological risk posed by mixtures.

Differential Roles of Diet on Development and Spinal Cord Regeneration in Larval Zebrafish.

The zebrafish is a powerful model organism for studying development and regeneration. However, there is a lack of a standardized reference diet for developmental and regeneration experiments. Most studies evaluate the rate of growth, survival, and fecundity. In this study, we compare three diets and their effects on growth and regeneration after a spinal cord injury (SCI). Fish were fed daily for 1 week with daily measurements of overall length and width of spinal injury. Fish fed a live rotifer diet grew 32%, whereas a commercially available diet only led to a 4% increase in body length. Similarly, differences in rate of regeneration were observed with over 80% of rotifer-fed larvae forming a glial bridge after injury compared to <10% of zebrafish fed with the commercial diet. Our data highlight the need for establishing a standardized diet for regeneration studies to improve research reproducibility.

Adaptation and potential culture of wild Amphipods and Mysids as potential live feed in aquaculture: a review.

Live foods such as phytoplankton and zooplankton are essential food sources in aquaculture. Due to their small size, they are suitable for newly hatched larvae. Artemia and rotifer are commonly used live feeds in aquaculture; each feed has a limited dietary value, which is unsuitable for all cultured species. Whereas, copepod and cladocerans species exhibit favorable characteristics that make them viable candidates as sources of essential nutrients for hatchery operations. Due to their jerking movements, it stimulates the feeding response of fish larvae, and their various sizes make them suitable for any fish and crustacean. Even though Artemia is the best live feed due to its proficient nutritional quality, the cost is very expensive, which is about half of the production cost. A recent study suggests the use of amphipods and mysids as alternative live feeds in aquaculture. High nutritional value is present in amphipods and mysids, especially proteins, lipids, and essential fatty acids that are required by fish larvae during early development. Amphipods and mysids are considered abundant in the aquatic ecosystem and have been used by researchers in water toxicity studies. However, the culture of amphipods and mysids has been poorly studied. There is only a small-scale culture under laboratory conditions for scientific research that has been performed. Thus, further research is required to find a way to improve the mass culture of amphipods and mysids that can benefit the aquaculture industry. This review article is intended to provide the available information on amphipods and mysids, including reproductive biology, culture method, nutritional value, feed enhancement, and the importance of them as potential live feed in aquaculture. This article is useful as a guideline for researchers, hatchery operators, and farmers.

Resilience of rotifers and cladocerans communities in four reservoirs with eutrophication pollution and lead concentrations in Aguascalientes, Mexico.

Pollution in aquatic ecosystems has been increasing drastically worldwide changing their water quality. Therefore, species must be adapted to these new scenarios. In Aguascalientes City, four representative urban reservoirs contain lead in the water column and extremely high concentrations of sediments. Therefore, an analysis was conducted to evaluate the resilience of zooplankton species to lead exposure in each reservoir using dormant and organisms. Results demonstrated a decrease range from 57.5 to 22.5% in overall diapausing egg hatching rate, while survivorship rate also decreased from 98 to 54% when organisms were exposed to the water of the four reservoirs and increasing lead concentrations. When Pb exposure increased, results showed a global negative effect on both hatching rate (decreasing from 58 to 30% at 0.09 mg L-1) and survivorship levels (decreasing from 100% to 0.07% at 0.09 mg L-1). We provide Species Sensitivity Distribution for both water reservoir dilutions and lead concentration to analyze diapausing eggs hatching and survivorship of offspring in the presence of same polluted conditions or lead of the autochthonous species found in reservoirs. Furthermore, specific analysis with two populations of the cladoceran Moina macrocopa showed clear dissimilar hatching patterns that suggested a different adaptive mechanism. Niagara population shows a hatching rate of approximately 25% in the first two days of reservoir water exposure, while UAA population drastically increased hatching rate to 75% on exposure at day seven. We provide the first record of bioaccumulation in ephippia of M. macrocopa.

Environmental factors controlling seasonal and spatial variability of zooplankton in thermokarst lakes along a permafrost gradient of Western Siberia.

Humic thermokarst lakes of permafrost peatlands in Western Siberia Lowland (WSL) are major environmental controllers of carbon and nutrient storage in inland waters and greenhouse gases emissions to the atmosphere in the subarctic. In contrast to sizable former research devoted to hydrochemical and hydrobiological (phytoplankton) composition, zooplankton communities of these thermokarst lakes and thaw ponds remain poorly understood, especially along the latitudinal gradient, which is a perfect predictor of permafrost zones. To fill this gap, 69 thermokarst lakes of the WSL were sampled using unprecedented spatial coverage, from continuous to sporadic permafrost zone, in order to assess zooplankton (Cladocera, Copepoda, Rotifera) diversity and abundance across three main open water physiological seasons (spring, summer and autumn). We aimed at assessing the relationship of environmental factors (water column hydrochemistry, nutrients, and phytoplankton parameters) with the abundance and diversity of zooplankton. A total of 74 zooplankton species and taxa were detected, with an average eight taxa per lake/pond. Species richness increased towards the north and reached the maximum in the continuous permafrost zone with 13 species found in this zone only. In contrast, the number of species per waterbody decreased towards the north, which was mainly associated with a decrease in the number of cladocerans. Abundance and diversity of specific zooplankton groups strongly varied across the seasons and permafrost zones. Among the main environmental controllers, Redundancy Analysis revealed that water temperature, lake area, depth, pH, Dissolved Inorganic and Organic Carbon and CO2 concentrations were closely related to zooplankton abundance. Cladocerans were positively related to water temperature during all seasons. Copepods were positively related to depth and lake water pH in all seasons. Rotifers were related to different factors in each season, but were most strongly associated with DOC, depth, CH4, phytoplankton and cladoceran abundance. Under climate warming scenario, considering water temperature increase and permafrost boundary shift northward, one can expect an increase in the diversity and abundance of cladocerans towards the north which can lead to partial disappearance of copepods, especially rare calanoid species.

A free and user-friendly software protocol for the quantification of microfauna swimming behavior.

Characterizing swimming behavior can provide a holistic assessment of the health, physiology and ecology of microfaunal species when done in conjunction with measuring other biological parameters. However, tracking and quantifying microfauna swimming behavior using existing automated tools is often difficult due to the animals' small size or transparency, or because of the high cost, expertise, or labor needed for the analysis. To address these issues, we created a cost-effective, user-friendly protocol for behavior analysis that employs the free software packages HitFilm and ToxTrac along with the R package 'trajr' and used the method to quantify the behavior of rotifers. This protocol can be used for other microfaunal species for which investigators may face similar issues in obtaining measurements of swimming behavior.

Biological control of predatory fungi inhabiting activated sludge in wastewater treatment.

The unfavorable phenomenon of activated sludge bulking that occurs in sewage treatment plants (WWTPs) is caused by the over-proliferation of filamentous bacteria that should be limited by the Lecane rotifers that feed on them; however, predatory, rotiferovorous fungi that often inhabit WWTPs pose a real threat to these organisms. To solve this problem, we investigated the interaction of the fungus Clonostachys rosea, which is a known Biological Control Agent (BCA) and the predacious Zoophagus sp. in simplified laboratory culture conditions. The presence of C. rosea in the cultures reduced the number of active traps, thus translating into a much smaller number of rotifers being caught. The mycelium of C. rosea was labeled with a red fluorescent protein (RFP). The life cycle of C. rosea that were attacking Zoophagus sp. (hunting for rotifers) is described. C. rosea spores germinate into single-celled forms and penetrate the interior of the Zoophagus mycelium where they feed on the cytoplasm. Then is the mycelium produced abundantly and forms conidiophores. This type of life strategy has not been known before. The obtained results demonstrated the potential of C. rosea as a BCA that can be used to protect rotifers in the event of an infection of activated sludge by the predatory fungi that threaten the rotifer population.

Recombination in bdelloid rotifer genomes: asexuality, transfer and stress.

Bdelloid rotifers constitute a class of microscopic animals living in freshwater habitats worldwide. Several strange features of bdelloids have drawn attention: their ability to tolerate desiccation and other stresses, a lack of reported males across the clade despite centuries of study, and unusually high numbers of horizontally acquired, non-metazoan genes. Genome sequencing is transforming our understanding of their lifestyle and its consequences, while in turn providing wider insights about recombination and genome organisation in animals. Many questions remain, not least how to reconcile apparent genomic signatures of sex with the continued absence of reported males, why bdelloids have so many horizontally acquired genes, and how their remarkable ability to survive stress interacts with recombination and other genomic processes.

Trophic transfer of micro- and nanoplastics and toxicity induced by long-term exposure of nanoplastics along the rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis)-marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) food chain.

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are emerging pollutants in the ocean, but their transfer and toxicity along the food chains are unclear. In this study, a marine rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis)-marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) food chain was constructed to evaluate the transfer of polystyrene MPs and NPs (70 nm, 500 nm, and 2 µm, 2000 µg/L) and toxicity of 70 nm PS-NPs (0, 20, 200, and 2000 µg/L) on marine medaka after long-term food chain exposure. The results showed that the amount of 70 nm NPs accumulated in marine medaka was 1.24 µg/mg, which was significantly higher than that of 500 nm NPs (0.87 µg/mg) and 2 µm MP (0.69 µg/mg). Long-term food chain exposure to NPs caused microflora dysbiosis, resulting in activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway, which induced liver inflammation. Moreover, NPs food chain exposure increased liver and muscle tissue triglyceride and lactate content, but decreased the protein, sugar, and glycogen content. NPs food chain exposure impaired reproductive function and inhibited offspring early development, which might pose a threat to the sustainability of marine medaka population. Overall, the study revealed the transfer of MPs and NPs and the effects of NPs on marine medaka along the food chain.

Detrimental effects of hull cleaning wastewater on oxidative status, life cycle parameters, and population growth of the monogonont rotifer Brachionus manjavacas.

While wastewater discharged from in-water cleaning process of ship hulls on rotifer consistently released into aquatic ecosystem, its detrimental effects on non-target animals are largely unclear. In this study, we provide evidence on detrimental effects of hull cleaning wastewater in the monogonont rotifer Brachionus manjavacas by analyzing biochemical and physiological parameters in its oxidative status, survival, lifespan, growth, fecundity, and population. The wastewater contained high concentrations of metals (Zn and Cu) and metal-based antifoulants (CuPT and ZnPT). Significant oxidative stress was observed in response to two wastewater samples [1) raw wastewater (RW) and 2) mechanical filtrated in the cleaning system (MF)]. Higher detrimental effects in survival, lifespan, fecundity, and population growth for 10 days were measured in the RW-exposed rotifers than those results analyzed in the MF-exposed rotifers. Two growth parameters, lorica length and width were also significantly modulated by both wastewater samples. These results indicate that even filtered hull cleaning wastewater would have deleterious effects on the maintenance of the rotifer population when they exposed constantly.

Hexabromocyclododecane-induced reproductive toxicity in Brachionus plicatilis: Impacts and assessment.

Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD), third-generation brominated flame retardants (BRFs), has aroused worldwide concern because of its wide application and potentially negative impacts on marine ecosystems, but an information gap still exists regarding marine low-trophic organisms. Brachionus plicatilis, the model marine zooplankton, was used in the present study, and its reproductive responses were used as the endpoint to indicate HBCD-induced toxicity. HBCD was suggested to be extremely highly toxic compounds regarding the 96 h-LC50 of 0.58 mg L-1. The sublethal exposure of HBCD injured the reproduction of B. plicatilis: The total number of offspring per female and the key population index calculated from the life table, including the intrinsic rate of population increase (rm) and net reproductive rate (R0), were significantly influenced in a concentration-dependent manner. The reproductive process was also altered, as indicated by the first spawning time, first hatching time and oocyst development time. At the same time, individual survival and growth (body length) were also negatively affected by HBCD. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were suggested to be responsible for reproductive toxicity mainly because the total ROS contents as well as the main components of •OH and H2O2 greatly increased and resulted in the oxidative imbalance that presented as malondialdehyde (MDA) elevation. Simultaneous activation of the glutathione antioxidant system was accompanied by the apoptosis marker enzymes Caspase-3 and 9, as well as the correlation between ROS content, physiological alteration and cell apoptosis, providing further evidence for this. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) and adverse outcome pathway (AOP) showed that HBCD had a significant toxic effect on B. plicatilis near the concentration range of 96 h-LC50. The establishment of this concentration range will provide a reliable reference for future environmental concentration warning of HBCD in marine.

Dynamics of Gut Bacteria Across Different Zooplankton Genera in the Baltic Sea.

In aquatic ecosystems, zooplankton-associated bacteria potentially have a great impact on the structure of ecosystems and trophic networks by providing various metabolic pathways and altering the ecological niche of host species. To understand the composition and drivers of zooplankton gut microbiota, we investigated the associated microbial communities of four zooplankton genera from different seasons in the Baltic Sea using the 16S rRNA gene. Among the 143 ASVs (amplified sequence variants) observed belonging to heterotrophic bacteria, 28 ASVs were shared across all zooplankton hosts over the season, and these shared core ASVs represented more than 25% and up to 60% of relative abundance in zooplankton hosts but were present at low relative abundance in the filtered water. Zooplankton host identity had stronger effects on bacterial composition than seasonal variation, with the composition of gut bacterial communities showing host-specific clustering patterns. Although bacterial compositions and dominating core bacteria were different between zooplankton hosts, higher gut bacteria diversity and more bacteria contributing to the temporal variation were found in Temora and Pseudocalanus, compared to Acartia and Synchaeta. Diet diatom and filamentous cyanobacteria negatively correlated with gut bacteria diversity, but the difference in diet composition did not explain the dissimilarity of gut bacteria composition, suggesting a general effect of diet on the inner conditions in the zooplankton gut. Synchaeta maintained high stability of gut bacterial communities with unexpectedly low bacteria-bacteria interactions as compared to the copepods, indicating host-specific regulation traits. Our results suggest that the patterns of gut bacteria dynamics are host-specific and the variability of gut bacteria is not only related to host taxonomy but also related to host behavior and life history traits.

Molecular insight into the binding properties of marine algogenic dissolved organic matter for polybrominated diphenyl ethers and their combined effect on marine zooplankton.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are widespread in marine ecosystems, despite the limits placed on several congeners, and pose a threat to marine organisms. Many coexisting factors, especially dissolved organic matter (DOM), affect the environmental behavior and ecological risk of PBDEs. Since blooms frequently occur in coastal waters, we used algogenic DOM (A-DOM) from the diatom Skeletonem costatum and examined the interaction of A-DOM with 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47). Moreover, their combined effect on the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis was analyzed. During the stationary period, A-DOM had more proteins than polysaccharides, and 7 extracellular proteins were identified. A-DOM fluorescence was statically quenched by BDE-47, and amide, carbonyl, and hydroxyl groups in A-DOM were involved. Molecular docking analysis showed that all 5 selected proteins of A-DOM could spontaneously bind with BDE-47 and that hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals forces and pi-bond interactions existed. The reproductive damage, oxidative stress and inhibition of mitochondrial activity induced by BDE-47 in rotifers were relieved by A-DOM addition. Transcriptomic analysis further showed that A-DOM could activate energy metabolic pathways in rotifers and upregulate genes encoding metabolic detoxification proteins and DNA repair. Moreover, A-DOM alleviated the interference effect of BDE-47 on lysosomes, the extracellular matrix pathway and the calcium signaling system. Alcian blue staining and scanning electron microscopy showed that A-DOM aggregates were mainly stuck to the corona and cuticular surface of the rotifers; this mechanism, rather than a real increase in uptake, was the reason for enhanced bioconcentration. This study reveals the complex role of marine A-DOM in PBDEs bioavailability and enhances the knowledge related to risk assessments of PBDE-like contaminants in marine environments.

Effects of nanoplastics exposure on ingestion, life history traits, and dimethyl sulfide production in rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.

Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have gained global concern due to their detrimental effects on marine organisms. We investigated the effects of 80 nm polystyrene (PS) NPs on life history traits, ingestion, and dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) production in the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. Fluorescently labeled 80 nm PS NPs were ingested by the rotifer B. plicatilis and accumulated in the digestive tract. The lethal rates of B. plicatilis exposed to NPs were dose-dependent. High concentrations of PS NPs exposure had negative effects on developmental duration, leading to prolonged embryonic development and pre-reproductive periods, shortened reproductive period, post-reproductive period, and lifespan in B. plicatilis. High concentrations of PS NPs exposure inhibited life table demographic parameters such as age-specific survivorship and fecundity, generation time, net reproductive rate, and life expectancy. Consequently, the population of B. plicatilis was adversely impacted. Furthermore, exposure to PS NPs resulted in a reduced ingestion rate in B. plicatilis, as well as a decreased in DMS, particulate DMSP (DMSPp) concentration, and DMSP lyase activity (DLA), which exhibited a dose-response relationship. B. plicatilis grazing promoted DLA and therefore increased DMS production. PS NPs exposure caused a decline in the increased DMS induced by rotifer grazing. Our results help to understand the ecotoxicity of NPs on rotifer and their impact on the biogeochemical cycle of dimethylated sulfur compounds.

Genomic and Functional Evaluation of Two Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum Strains, Isolated from a Rearing Tank of Rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis), as Probiotics for Aquaculture.

Aquaculture plays a crucial role in meeting the increasing global demand for food and protein sources. However, its expansion is followed by increasing challenges, such as infectious disease outbreaks and antibiotic misuse. The present study focuses on the genetic and functional analyses of two Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (BF3 and RT4) and two Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (BF12 and WT12) strains isolated from a rotifer cultivation tank used for turbot larviculture. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and bioinformatics analyses confirmed their probiotic potential, the absence of transferable antibiotic resistance genes, and the absence of virulence and pathogenicity factors. Bacteriocin mining identified a gene cluster encoding six plantaricins, suggesting their role in the antimicrobial activity exerted by these strains. In vitro cell-free protein synthesis (IV-CFPS) analyses was used to evaluate the expression of the plantaricin genes. The in vitro-synthesized class IIb (two-peptide bacteriocins) plantaricin E/F (PlnE/F) exerted antimicrobial activity against three indicator microorganisms, including the well-known ichthyopathogen Lactococcus garvieae. Furthermore, MALDI-TOF MS on colonies detected the presence of a major peptide that matches the dimeric form of plantaricins E (PlnE) and F (PlnF). This study emphasizes the importance of genome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis for evaluating aquaculture probiotic candidates. Moreover, it provides valuable insights into their genetic features and antimicrobial mechanisms, paving the way for their application as probiotics in larviculture, which is a major bottleneck in aquaculture.

A transcriptomic examination of encased rotifer embryos reveals the developmental trajectory leading to long-term dormancy; are they "animal seeds"?

BACKGROUND: Organisms from many distinct evolutionary lineages acquired the capacity to enter a dormant state in response to environmental conditions incompatible with maintaining normal life activities. Most studied organisms exhibit seasonal or annual episodes of dormancy, but numerous less studied organisms enter long-term dormancy, lasting decades or even centuries. Intriguingly, many planktonic animals produce encased embryos known as resting eggs or cysts that, like plant seeds, may remain dormant for decades. Herein, we studied a rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as a model planktonic species that forms encased dormant embryos via sexual reproduction and non-dormant embryos via asexual reproduction and raised the following questions: Which genes are expressed at which time points during embryogenesis? How do temporal transcript abundance profiles differ between the two types of embryos? When does the cell cycle arrest? How do dormant embryos manage energy? RESULTS: As the molecular developmental kinetics of encased embryos remain unknown, we employed single embryo RNA sequencing (CEL-seq) of samples collected during dormant and non-dormant embryogenesis. We identified comprehensive and temporal transcript abundance patterns of genes and their associated enriched functional pathways. Striking differences were uncovered between dormant and non-dormant embryos. In early development, the cell cycle-associated pathways were enriched in both embryo types but terminated with fewer nuclei in dormant embryos. As development progressed, the gene transcript abundance profiles became increasingly divergent between dormant and non-dormant embryos. Organogenesis was suspended in dormant embryos, concomitant with low transcript abundance of homeobox genes, and was replaced with an ATP-poor preparatory phase characterized by very high transcript abundance of genes encoding for hallmark dormancy proteins (e.g., LEA proteins, sHSP, and anti-ROS proteins, also found in plant seeds) and proteins involved in dormancy exit. Surprisingly, this period appeared analogous to the late maturation phase of plant seeds. CONCLUSIONS: The study highlights novel divergent temporal transcript abundance patterns between dormant and non-dormant embryos. Remarkably, several convergent functional solutions appear during the development of resting eggs and plant seeds, suggesting a similar preparatory phase for long-term dormancy. This study accentuated the broad novel molecular features of long-term dormancy in encased animal embryos that behave like "animal seeds".

Key to sessile gnesiotrochan rotifers: Families, monospecific species in Flosculariidae, species of Atrochidae, Conochilidae, and Limnias.

Accurate identification of species is key to understanding their ecological roles and evolutionary history. It is also essential in cataloging biodiversity for comparisons among habitat types, responses to climate change, effective management practices, and more. The paucity of taxonomic expertise is increasing and with it the ability to competently identify species, this is particularly true for small taxa including rotifers. In an effort to improve this situation, we collated information on morphological characters from the literature on all valid species of sessile Gnesiotrocha (phylum Rotifera) currently assigned to two orders and four families. We review Order Collothecaceae, which comprises families Atrochidae (3 spp.) and Collothecidae (50 spp.) and Order Flosculariaceae, which includes families Conochilidae (7 spp.) and Flosculariidae (71 species). Based on that information, we provide dichotomous keys to the Families, monospecific species in Flosculariidae, and species of Atrochidae, Conochilidae, and Limnias. These keys will aid researchers to identify species in these families and lead to a better understanding of freshwater biodiversity and eco-evolutionary processes.

Adequate nutrient intake mitigate the toxic effects of bromate on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus.

Bromate is receiving increased attention as a typical disinfection by-product in aquatic environments, but bromate toxicity tests on invertebrate such as Brachionus calyciflorus rotifer are inadequate. In the present study, the long-term toxicity tests on B. calyciflorus were performed during 21 days under the exposure of different bromate concentrations and two algal density conditions. Furthermore, we evaluated the feeding behaviors of the rotifers under the impact of bromate. The maximum population density of rotifers was significantly reduced at 100 and 200 mg/L bromate exposure at the two algal density conditions. However, we observed that the maximum population density and population growth rate of rotifers were higher at 3.0 × 106 cells/mL algal density than those at 1.0 × 106 cells/mL under the same conditions of bromate exposure. These results suggest that higher food density may have alleviated the negative effects of bromate on rotifers. Meanwhile, the ingestion rate at an algal density of 3.0 × 106 cells/mL was higher than that at 1.0 × 106 cells/mL. The present study provides a basic reference to comprehensively evaluate the toxic effects of bromate on aquatic organisms.

Salinity-dependent top-down effect of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis on removing harmful alga Phaeocystis globosa.

Using appropriate zooplankton to transfer the primary productivity of harmful algae to higher trophic levels through food chain is an eco-friendly mode to remove harmful algae. To assess the top-down efficiency of rotifer removing Phaeocystis and the salinity effect, we adopted a series of salinities to carry out Phaeocystis-rotifer population dynamics and rotifer life-history experiments. Results showed that the time for rotifers to remove Phaeocystis population was the shortest when the salinity was ≤20 ‰. With salinity rising to above 25 ‰, although the clearance time of Phaeocystis population by rotifer was significantly prolonged, ultimately the Phaeocystis population were almost completely eliminated at all salinities. Additionally, rotifer matured and reproduced earlier at low salinity, while high salinity significantly delayed first reproductive time and decreased the total offspring. The above findings are helpful to assess the impacts of external environmental factors on the application of zooplankton to control harmful algae.

Single and combined effects of increased temperature and methylmercury on different stages of the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis.

Rapid, anthropogenic activity-induced global warming is a severe problem that not only raises water temperatures but also shifts aquatic environments by increasing the bioavailability of heavy metals (HMs), with potentially complicated effects on aquatic organisms, including small aquatic invertebrates. For this paper, we investigated the combined effects of temperature (23 and 28 °C) and methylmercury (MeHg) by measuring physiological changes, bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, antioxidants, and the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway in the marine rotifer Brachionus plicatilis. High temperature and MeHg adversely affected the survival rate, lifespan, and population of rotifers, and bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, and biochemical reactions depended on the developmental stage, with neonates showing higher susceptibility than adults. These findings demonstrate that increased temperature enhances potentially toxic effects from MeHg, and susceptibility differs with the developmental stage. This study provides a comprehensive understanding of the combined effects of elevated temperature and MeHg on rotifers. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Methylmercury (MeHg) is a widespread and harmful heavy metal that can induce lethal effects on aquatic organisms in even trace amounts. The toxicity of metals can vary depending on various environmental conditions. In particular, rising temperatures are considered a major factor affecting bioavailability and toxicity by changing the sensitivity of organisms. However, there are few studies on the combinational effects of high temperatures and MeHg on aquatic animals, especially invertebrates. Our research would contribute to understanding the actual responses of aquatic organisms to complex aquatic environments.