RESUMO
The feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a widespread lentivirus of felids. Due to its worldwide diffusion and the lack of an effective preventive and therapeutic protocol, it has a high impact on the cats' health. Several therapeutical protocols have been proposed, among those, phytotherapeutic compounds have been tested with the purpose to find a possible natural treatment. The most studied active compounds are derived from Ganoderma lucidum, Cordyceps sinensis, and Trametes versicolor. The present study aims to investigate in vitro antiviral effects of a commercially available compound HELP-TH1 (Camon, S.p.A., Italy) against FIV. The antiviral effect of HELP-TH1 was evaluated by quantifying and comparing the viral load of control groups, infected and not-treated cells, vs both experimental groups, infected and treated cells. Our data indicate that HELP-TH1 reduce the viral load in the experimental conditions demonstrating its antiviral effect.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Itália , TrametesRESUMO
Specific treatments for the long-life infections by feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are either toxic, expensive or not too effective. Interferon α (IFN-α) is an immunomodulatory molecule which has been shown in vitro to decrease the release of infective particles. The aim of this study was to follow the progress of the clinical score and viral parameters of FeLV- and FIV-naturally infected privately owned cats treated with recombinant human IFN-α (rHuIFN-α, Roferon-A). Twenty-seven FeLV-infected cats (FeLV+) and 31 FIV-infected cats (FIV+) were enrolled in the study. Owners were instructed to orally administer 1 mL/day of 60 IU rHuIFN-α/mL in alternating weeks for four months. Blood samples were taken at the beginning of the study (M0), mid-treatment (M2), end of treatment (M4), and 6-10 months later (M10). Clinical status at these time points improved notably with rHuIFN-α treatment, regardless of the initial severity of the disease, an effect which lasted throughout the study in most animals (15 of the 16 FeLV+ symptomatic cats; 20 of the 22 FIV+ symptomatic cats) improved markedly their clinical situation. In FeLV+ cats plasma antigenemia (p27CA), reverse transcriptase (RT) activity, and proviral load decreased at M2 and M4 but increased again at M10 ("rebound effect"). The level of antigenemia or RT activity was below the detection limits in FIV+ cats, and the effect on proviral load was less marked than in FeLV+ cats. Taken together, these results indicate that rHuIFN-α is a good candidate for treating FeLV+ cats, but the "rebound effect" seen when treatment was discontinued suggests that additional studies should be conducted to clarify its effect on progression of the infection in cats.
Assuntos
Antivirais/administração & dosagem , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Interferon alfa-2/administração & dosagem , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Oral , Animais , Antígenos Virais/sangue , Gatos/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Leucemia Felina/imunologia , Masculino , Animais de Estimação/virologia , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/metabolismo , Carga ViralRESUMO
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) induces opportunistic disease in chronically infected cats, and both prednisolone and cyclosporine A (CsA) are clinically used to treat complications such as lymphoma and stomatitis. However, the impact of these compounds on FIV infection are still unknown and understanding immunomodulatory effects on FIV replication and persistence is critical to guide safe and effective therapies. To determine the immunologic and virologic effects of prednisolone and CsA during FIV infection, FIV-positive cats were administered immunosuppressive doses of prednisolone (2 mg/kg) or CsA (5 mg/kg). Both prednisolone and CsA induced acute and transient increases in FIV DNA and RNA loads as detected by quantitative PCR. Changes in the proportion of lymphocyte immunophenotypes were also observed between FIV-infected and naïve cats treated with CsA and prednisolone, and both treatments caused acute increases in CD4+ lymphocytes that correlated with increased FIV RNA. CsA and prednisolone also produced alterations in cytokine expression that favored a shift toward a Th2 response. Pre-treatment with CsA slightly enhanced the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy but did not enhance clearance of FIV. Results highlight the potential for drug-induced perturbation of FIV infection and underscore the need for more information regarding immunopathologic consequences of therapeutic agents on concurrent viral infections.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Imunossupressores/uso terapêutico , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/imunologia , Linfócitos T CD4-Positivos/patologia , Gatos , Ciclosporina/uso terapêutico , Citocinas/sangue , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Prednisolona/uso terapêutico , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacosAssuntos
Complexo AIDS Demência/virologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/virologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/virologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , HIV-1/fisiologia , Complexo AIDS Demência/tratamento farmacológico , Complexo AIDS Demência/imunologia , Complexo AIDS Demência/fisiopatologia , Animais , Antivirais/farmacologia , Gatos , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Disfunção Cognitiva/imunologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , HIV-1/efeitos dos fármacos , HIV-1/patogenicidade , Humanos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/patogenicidade , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Macaca , Camundongos , Ratos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida dos Símios/virologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/patogenicidade , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Símia/fisiologia , Latência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Latência Viral/fisiologiaRESUMO
Reverse transcriptase (RT) is the target for the majority of anti-HIV-1 drugs. As with all anti-AIDS treatments, continued success of RT inhibitors is persistently disrupted by the occurrence of resistance mutations. To explore latent resistance mechanisms potentially accessible to therapeutically challenged HIV-1 viruses, we examined RT from the related feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). FIV closely parallels HIV-1 in its replication and pathogenicity, however, is resistant to all non-nucleoside inhibitors (NNRTI). The intrinsic resistance of FIV RT is particularly interesting since FIV harbors the Y181 and Y188 sensitivity residues absent in both HIV-2 and SIV. Unlike RT from HIV-2 or SIV, previous efforts have failed to make FIV RT susceptible to NNRTIs concluding that the structure or flexibility of the feline enzyme must be profoundly different. We report the first crystal structure of FIV RT and, being the first structure of an RT from a non-primate lentivirus, enrich the structural and species repertoires available for RT. The structure demonstrates that while the NNRTI binding pocket is conserved, minor subtleties at the entryway can render the FIV RT pocket more restricted and unfavorable for effective NNRTI binding. Measuring NNRTI binding affinity to FIV RT shows that the "closed" pocket configuration inhibits NNRTI binding. Mutating the loop residues rimming the entryway of FIV RT pocket allows for NNRTI binding, however, it does not confer sensitivity to these inhibitors. This reveals a further layer of resistance caused by inherent FIV RT variances that could have enhanced the dissociation of bound inhibitors, or, perhaps, modulated protein plasticity to overcome inhibitory effects of bound NNRTIs. The more "closed" conformation of FIV RT pocket can provide a template for the development of innovative drugs that could unlock the constrained pocket, and the resilient mutant version of the enzyme can offer a fresh model for the study of NNRTI-resistance mechanisms overlooked in HIV-1.
Assuntos
Farmacorresistência Viral , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Infecções por Lentivirus/tratamento farmacológico , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/química , DNA Polimerase Dirigida por RNA/fisiologia , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Gatos , Cristalografia por Raios X , Farmacorresistência Viral/genética , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/enzimologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/enzimologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Infecções por Lentivirus/enzimologia , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Secundária de Proteína , Estrutura Terciária de ProteínaRESUMO
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that causes immunosuppression through virus-mediated CD4+ T cell depletion in feline species. FIV infection is complicated by virus-induced disease in the nervous system. FIV enters the brain soon after primary infection and is detected as FIV-encoded RNA, DNA, and proteins in microglia, macrophages, and astrocytes. FIV infection activates neuroinflammatory pathways including cytokines, chemokines, proteases, and ROS with accompanying neuronal injury and loss. Neurobehavioral deficits during FIV infection are manifested as impaired motor and cognitive functions. Several treatment strategies have emerged from studies of FIV neuropathogenesis including the therapeutic benefits of antiretroviral therapies, other protease inhibitors, anti-inflammatory, and neurotrophic compounds. Recently, insulin's antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects were investigated in models of lentivirus brain infection. Insulin suppressed HIV-1 replication in human microglia as well as FIV replication of lymphocytes. Insulin treatment diminished cytokine and chemokine activation in HIV-infected microglia while also protecting neurons from HIV-1 Vpr protein-mediated neurotoxicity. Intranasal (IN) insulin delivery for 6 weeks suppressed FIV expression in the brains of treated cats. IN insulin also reduced neuroinflammation and protected neurons in the hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex of FIV-infected animals. These morphological and molecular effects of IN insulin were confirmed by neurobehavioral studies that showed IN insulin-treated FIV-infected animals displayed improved motor and cognitive performance compared to sham-treated FIV-infected animals. Thus, FIV infection of the nervous system provides a valuable comparative in vivo model for discovering and evaluating disease mechanisms as well as developing therapeutic strategies for NeuroAIDS in humans.
Assuntos
Antivirais/farmacologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/tratamento farmacológico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Insulina/farmacologia , Administração Intranasal , Animais , Astrócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Astrócitos/virologia , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/virologia , Gatos , Cognição/efeitos dos fármacos , Disfunção Cognitiva/imunologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/fisiopatologia , Disfunção Cognitiva/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/fisiopatologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , Humanos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/patogenicidade , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Macrófagos/virologia , Microglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Microglia/virologia , Desempenho Psicomotor/efeitos dos fármacos , Latência Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Latência Viral/fisiologia , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to develop a strategy to identify adverse drug events associated with drug-drug interactions by analyzing the prescriptions of critically ill patients. METHODS: This retrospective study included HIV/AIDS patients who were admitted to an intensive care unit between November 2006 and September 2008. Data were collected in two stages. In the first stage, three prescriptions administered throughout the entire duration of these patients' hospitalization were reviewed, with the Micromedex database used to search for potential drug-drug interactions. In the second stage, a search for adverse drug events in all available medical, nursing and laboratory records was performed. The probability that a drug-drug interaction caused each adverse drug events was assessed using the Naranjo algorithm. RESULTS: A total of 186 drug prescriptions of 62 HIV/AIDS patients were analyzed. There were 331 potential drug-drug interactions, and 9% of these potential interactions resulted in adverse drug events in 16 patients; these adverse drug events included treatment failure (16.7%) and adverse reactions (83.3%). Most of the adverse drug reactions were classified as possible based on the Naranjo algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: The approach used in this study allowed for the detection of adverse drug events related to 9% of the potential drug-drug interactions that were identified; these adverse drug events affected 26% of the study population. With the monitoring of adverse drug events based on prescriptions, a combination of the evaluation of potential drug-drug interactions by clinical pharmacy services and the monitoring of critically ill patients is an effective strategy that can be used as a complementary tool for safety assessments and the prevention of adverse drug events.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/epidemiologia , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/diagnóstico , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Prescrições de Medicamentos , Brasil/epidemiologia , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Bases de Dados Factuais , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Estado Terminal/terapia , Estado Terminal/epidemiologia , Falha de Tratamento , Antirreumáticos/efeitos adversos , Interações Medicamentosas , Efeitos Colaterais e Reações Adversas Relacionados a Medicamentos/prevenção & controle , Unidades de Terapia IntensivaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The bee venom melittin shows an antiviral efficacy against the human immunodeficiency virus in cell culture. It was shown to be non-toxic for cats. Aim of this pilot study was to investigate the clinical efficacy and side-effects of melittin in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed as a prospective, placebo-controlled double-blinded trial. Twenty cats were included, of which 10 cats each were treated with either melittin (500 µg/kg body weight) or phosphate-buffered saline (placebo) subcutaneously twice per week. During the treatment period of 6 weeks, the cats' general health status, determined by the Karnofsky's score, and the severity of clinical signs (conjunctivitis and stomatitis) using a clinical scoring system were evaluated. Haematology, biochemistry profiles, lymphocyte subpopulations, CD4/CD8 ratio, and pterines (biopterine, 7-xanthopterine) as surrogate parameters were also compared. RESULTS: The general health status and the clinical scores for conjunctivitis and stomatitis improved in cats treated with melittin. A statistically significant improvement however could only be detected for conjunctivitis in cats treated with melittin compared to cats treated with placebo which was likely due to different scores between both groups at the beginning. No influence on the lymphocyte subpopulations, CD4/CD8 ratio, and pterine concentrations was observed. No side effects occurred in this study. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In the protocol used in the present study, no significant efficacy of melittin could be detected. However, efficacy of melittin, especially if applied in a higher dosage as in the present study or for a longer period, could be evaluated in further studies. Synergistic effects if used in combination with classic antiretroviral drugs could be an interesting future approach.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Meliteno/uso terapêutico , Animais , Relação CD4-CD8 , Gatos , Método Duplo-Cego , Subpopulações de Linfócitos , Projetos Piloto , Estudos Prospectivos , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a lentivirus that induces AIDS-like disease in cats. Some of the antiretroviral drugs available to treat patients with HIV type 1 are used to treat FIV-infected cats; however, antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not used in cats as a long-term treatment. In this study, the effects of long-term ART were evaluated in domestic cats treated initially with the nucleoside transcriptase reverse inhibitor (NTRI) zidovudine (AZT) over a period ranging from 5-6 years, followed by a regimen of the NTRI lamivudine (3TC) plus AZT over 3 years. METHODS: Viral load, sequencing of pol (reverse transcriptase [RT]) region and CD4:CD8 lymphocyte ratio were evaluated during and after treatment. Untreated cats were evaluated as a control group. RESULTS: CD4:CD8 ratios were lower, and uncharacterized resistance mutations were found in the RT region in the group of treated cats. A slight increase in viral load was observed in some cats after discontinuing treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: The data strongly suggest that treated cats were resistant to therapy, and uncharacterized resistance mutations in the RT gene of FIV were selected for by AZT. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the effect of long-term antiretroviral therapy in cats. To date, resistance mutations have not been described in vivo.
Assuntos
Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Lamivudina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Animais , Gatos , Seguimentos , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Carga Viral , Zidovudina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
GLOBAL IMPORTANCE: The two feline retroviruses, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), are global and widespread, but differ in their potential to cause disease. VIRAL INFECTION - FIV: FIV, a lentivirus that shares many properties with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), can cause an acquired immune deficiency syndrome, which predisposes cats to other infections, stomatitis, neurological disorders and tumours. Although secondary infections are common, specific opportunistic infections or acquired immunodeficiency virus-defining infections, such as those that occur with HIV, are not commonly reported in FIV-infected cats. In most naturally infected cats, FIV does not cause a severe clinical syndrome; with appropriate care, FIV-infected cats can live many years before succumbing to conditions unrelated to their FIV infection. Thus, overall survival time is not necessarily shorter than in uninfected cats, and quality of life is usually high over many years or lifelong. VIRAL INFECTION - FELV: FeLV, an oncornavirus, is more pathogenic than FIV. Historically, it was considered to account for more disease-related deaths and clinical syndromes in cats than any other infectious agent. Recently, the prevalence and importance of FeLV have been decreasing, mainly because of testing and eradication programmes and the use of FeLV vaccines. Progressive FeLV infection can cause tumours, bone marrow suppression and immunosuppression, as well as neurological and other disorders, and leads to a decrease in life expectancy. However, with appropriate care, many FeLV-infected cats can also live several years with a good quality of life. PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: A decision regarding treatment or euthanasia should never be based solely on the presence or absence of a retrovirus infection. Antiviral chemotherapy is of increasing interest in veterinary medicine, but is still not used commonly. EVIDENCE BASE: This article reviews the current literature on antiviral chemotherapy in retrovirus-infected cats, focusing on drugs that are currently available on the market and, thus, could potentially be used in cats.
Assuntos
Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Proteínas Oncogênicas de Retroviridae/uso terapêutico , Vacinação/veterinária , Vacinas Virais/uso terapêutico , Animais , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/patologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Guias de Prática Clínica como AssuntoRESUMO
This study assesses viremia, provirus and blood cytokine profile in naturally FIV-infected cats treated with two distinct protocols of interferon omega (rFeIFN-ω). Samples from FIV-cats previously submitted to two single-arm studies were used: 7/18 received the licensed/subcutaneous protocol (SC) while 11/18 were treated orally (PO). Viremia, provirus and blood mRNA expression of interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p40, Interferon-γ and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α were monitored by Real-Time qPCR. Concurrent plasma levels of IL-6, IL-12p40 and IL-4 were assessed by ELISA. IL-6 plasma levels decreased in the SC group (p = 0.031). IL-6 mRNA expression (p = 0.037) decreased in the PO group, albeit not sufficiently to change concurrent plasma levels. Neither viremia nor other measured cytokines changed with therapy. Proviral load increased in the SC group (p = 0.031), which can be justified by a clinically irrelevant increase of lymphocyte count. Independently of the protocol, rFeIFN-ω seems to act on innate immunity by reducing pro-inflammatory stimulus.
Assuntos
Doenças do Gato/virologia , Gatos/virologia , Citocinas/sangue , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina , Interferon Tipo I/uso terapêutico , Carga Viral , Viremia/veterinária , Administração Oral , Animais , Doenças do Gato/sangue , Doenças do Gato/imunologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/sangue , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Injeções Subcutâneas , Interferon Tipo I/administração & dosagem , Interferon Tipo I/farmacologia , Subunidade p40 da Interleucina-12/sangue , Interleucina-4/sangue , Interleucina-6/sangue , RNA Mensageiro/sangue , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Viral/efeitos dos fármacos , Carga Viral/imunologia , Viremia/sangue , Viremia/imunologiaRESUMO
This report describes a 6-year-old neutered male feline immunodeficiency-positive cat with repeated abdominal and thoracic effusions. The cat was diagnosed with and treated for lymphosarcoma but remission was short-lived and, on re-evaluation, a fungal peritoneal exudate was noted. Cytology of the organisms is described and the culture elucidated Cladosporium carrionii, an important cause of chromoblastomycosis. Treatment with itraconazole was unsuccessful in this case.
Assuntos
Cromoblastomicose/microbiologia , Cromoblastomicose/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Linfoma/complicações , Linfoma/veterinária , Animais , Antifúngicos/administração & dosagem , Gatos , Cromoblastomicose/tratamento farmacológico , Cladosporium/isolamento & purificação , Evolução Fatal , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/isolamento & purificação , Itraconazol/administração & dosagem , Masculino , África do SulRESUMO
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the causative agent of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats (feline AIDS), is a ubiquitous health threat to the domestic and feral cat population, also triggering disease in wild animals. No registered antiviral compounds are currently available to treat FIV-infected cats. Several human antiviral drugs have been used experimentally in cats, but not without the development of serious adverse effects. Here we report on the treatment of six naturally FIV-infected cats, suffering from moderate to severe disease, with the antiretroviral compound (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine ([R]-PMPDAP), a close analogue of tenofovir, a widely prescribed anti-HIV drug in human medicine. An improvement in the average Karnofsky score (pretreatment 33.2 ± 9.4%, post-treatment 65±12.3%), some laboratory parameters (ie, serum amyloid A and gammaglobulins) and a decrease of FIV viral load in plasma were noted in most cats. The role of concurrent medication in ameliorating the Karnofsky score, as well as the possible development of haematological side effects, are discussed. Side effects, when noted, appeared mild and reversible upon cessation of treatment. Although strong conclusions cannot be drawn owing to the small number of patients and lack of a placebo-treated control group, the activity of (R)-PMPDAP, as observed here, warrants further investigation.
Assuntos
Adenina/análogos & derivados , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos Organofosforados/uso terapêutico , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , Humanos , Injeções Subcutâneas/veterinária , Avaliação de Estado de Karnofsky , Resultado do Tratamento , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
Recombinant-Feline Interferon-Omega (rFeIFN-ω) is an immune-modulator licensed for use subcutaneously in Feline Immunodeficiency virus (FIV) therapy. Despite oral protocols have been suggested, little is known about such use in FIV-infected cats. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical improvement, laboratory findings, concurrent viral excretion and acute phase proteins (APPs) in naturally FIV-infected cats under oral rFeIFN-ω therapy (0.1 MU/cat rFeIFN-ω PO, SID, 90 days). 11 FIV-positive cats were treated with oral rFeIFN-ω (PO Group). Results were compared to previous data from 7 FIV-positive cats treated with the subcutaneous licensed protocol (SC Group). Initial clinical scores were similar in both groups. Independently of the protocol, rFeIFN-ω induced a significant clinical improvement of treated cats. Concurrent viral excretion and APP's variation were not significant in the PO Group. Oral rFeIFN-ω can be an effective alternative therapy for FIV-infected cats, being also an option for treatment follow-up in cats submitted to the licensed protocol.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/imunologia , Fatores Imunológicos/farmacologia , Interferon Tipo I/farmacologia , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/análise , Administração Oral , Animais , Gatos , Fezes/virologia , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/imunologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/genética , Fatores Imunológicos/administração & dosagem , Fatores Imunológicos/uso terapêutico , Interferon Tipo I/administração & dosagem , Interferon Tipo I/uso terapêutico , RNA Viral/química , RNA Viral/genética , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real/veterinária , Proteínas Recombinantes/administração & dosagem , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêutico , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
Feline Immnunodeficiency (FIV) and Feline Leukemia (FeLV) viruses are common infectious agents in stray cats and shelter environments. Recombinant feline interferon-ω (rFeIFNω) has shown an antiviral action not only against FIV and FeLV but also against herpesvirus (FHV-1) and calicivirus (FCV). Sixteen naturally infected FIV/FeLV cats were followed during rFeIFNω therapy in order to monitor clinical signs and to correlate with excretion of concomitant viruses (FCV, FHV-1, feline coronavirus (FCoV) and parvovirus (FPV)). Cats were submitted to clinical evaluations and concomitant virus excretion assessement. Comparing D0-D65, 10/16 cats improved clinical scores. Of the 10 cats positive for FHV-1 on D0, 4 were negative and 6 reduced viral loads. Of the 11 FCoV positive cats, 9 reduced viral loads. The 13 FCV positive cats and the FPV positive cat were negative on D65. In conclusion, rFeIFNω improves clinical signs and reduces concurrent viral excretion in naturally infected retroviral cats.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Interferon Tipo I/uso terapêutico , Leucemia Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Gatos , Coinfecção/tratamento farmacológico , Coinfecção/veterinária , Coinfecção/virologia , Coronavirus Felino/efeitos dos fármacos , Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimática/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/complicações , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , Peritonite Infecciosa Felina/complicações , Peritonite Infecciosa Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Panleucopenia Felina/complicações , Panleucopenia Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Vírus da Panleucopenia Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Feminino , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Leucemia Felina/complicações , Masculino , Proteínas Recombinantes/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a member of the retroviridae family of viruses and causes an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in domestic and non-domestic cats worldwide. Genome organization of FIV and clinical characteristics of the disease caused by the virus are similar to those of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Both viruses infect T lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, and their replication cycle in infected cells is analogous. Due to marked similarity in genomic organization, virus structure, virus replication and disease pathogenesis of FIV and HIV, infection of cats with FIV is a useful tool to study and develop novel drugs and vaccines for HIV. Anti-retroviral drugs studied extensively in HIV infection have targeted different steps of the virus replication cycle: (1) inhibition of virus entry into susceptible cells at the level of attachment to host cell surface receptors and co-receptors; (2) inhibition of fusion of the virus membrane with the cell membrane; (3) blockade of reverse transcription of viral genomic RNA; (4) interruption of nuclear translocation and viral DNA integration into host genomes; (5) prevention of viral transcript processing and nuclear export; and (6) inhibition of virion assembly and maturation. Despite much success of anti-retroviral therapy slowing disease progression in people, similar therapy has not been thoroughly investigated in cats. In this article we review current pharmacological approaches and novel targets for anti-lentiviral therapy, and critically assess potentially suitable applications against FIV infection in cats.
Assuntos
Antirretrovirais/farmacologia , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/efeitos dos fármacos , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Animais , Antirretrovirais/uso terapêutico , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Transcrição Reversa/efeitos dos fármacos , Montagem de Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Internalização do Vírus/efeitos dos fármacos , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the antiretrovirals: Zidovudine (ZDV) alone; ZDV + Recombinant Human Interferon-α (rHuIFN-α); ZDV + Lamivudine (3TC) and ZDV + valproic acid (Valp) on naturally feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)-infected cats, in the late phase of the asymptomatic stage of infection. The follow-up was performed over one year, through clinical evaluation and the determination of viral loads and CD4+/CD8+ ratios. Neurological signs were studied by visual and auditory evoked potentials (VEP, AEP) and the responses were abnormal in 80% of the FIV-infected cats. After one year, an improvement in VEP and AEP was observed in the ZDV + Valp group and a worsening in the group receiving ZDV + rHuIFN-α. The CD4+/CD8+ ratio showed a significant increase (both intra and inter-groups) only in ZDV and ZDV + 3TC, between their pre-treatment and one year values, as well as among the other groups. Viral load only showed a significant decrease in ZDV and ZDV + 3TC groups, when comparing the values at one year of treatment vs. pre-treatment values and when the different groups were compared. In addition, the viral load decrease was significantly more pronounced in the ZDV + 3TC vs. ZDV group. We conclude that ZDV and ZDV + 3TC produce significant reductions in viral load and stimulate a recovery of the CD4+/CD8+ ratio, compared with the other protocols. It is clear that the addition of 3TC resulted in a greater reduction in viral load than use of ZDV as a single drug. Therefore, the combination ZDV + 3TC could be more effective than the sole use of ZDV.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Animais , Fármacos Anti-HIV/efeitos adversos , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Relação CD4-CD8 , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Gatos , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos , Potenciais Evocados Visuais , Feminino , Interferon-alfa/administração & dosagem , Lamivudina/administração & dosagem , Masculino , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Viral , Zidovudina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
Initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) during acute HIV infection has been correlated with decreased viral set point and improved lymphocyte function. However, the long term effects of single-agent therapy administered only during the acute stage of infection (interrupted treatment) remain largely uncharacterized. In this study we provide longitudinal data using the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) model for HIV infection. Infected cats were treated with a prophylactic single-agent therapy, Fozivudine tidoxil (FZD), for six weeks, starting one day before infection. The initial acute infection study, reported elsewhere, demonstrated a decrease in plasma- and cell-associated viremia at two weeks post-infection (PI) in FZD-treated cats as compared to placebo-treated cats. We hypothesized that this early alteration in plasma- and cell-associated viremia would alter the virus set point and ultimately affect the outcome of chronic infection. Here we provide data at one, two and three years PI for plasma- and/or cell-associated viremia, total lymphocyte counts and CD4:CD8 ratios. There was no difference in viremia or cell counts between treated and nontreated groups at all time points tested. Contrary to our hypothesis, these results suggest that treatment with a single agent anti-retroviral drug during acute lentivirus infection does not significantly alter viral load and immune function during the chronic, asymptomatic stage of infection.
Assuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/administração & dosagem , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Lipídeos/administração & dosagem , Zidovudina/análogos & derivados , Animais , Relação CD4-CD8 , Doenças do Gato/tratamento farmacológico , Gatos , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , Contagem de Linfócitos , Resultado do Tratamento , Carga Viral , Viremia/virologia , Zidovudina/administração & dosagemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Bicyclam derivatives inhibit feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) replication through selective blockage of chemokine receptor CXCR4. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: CXCR4 antagonist plerixafor (AMD3100, 1,1'-bis-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradekan) alone or combination with adefovir (PMEA, 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine) safe and effective for treating FIV-infected cats. ANIMALS: Forty naturally FIV-infected, privately owned cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Prospective, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Cats randomly classified into 4 treatment groups. Received AMD3100, PMEA, AMD3100 in combination with PMEA, or placebo for 6 weeks. Clinical and laboratory parameters, including CD4(+) and CD8(+) cell counts, FIV proviral and viral load measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) evaluated. Additionally, FIV isolates from cats treated with AMD3100 tested for drug resistance. RESULTS: FIV-infected cats treated with AMD3100 caused significant decrease in proviral load compared to placebo group (2.3 ± 3.8% to 1.9 ± 3.1%, of blood lymphocytes P < .05), but did not lead to improvement of clinical or immunological variables; it caused a decrease in serum magnesium concentration without clinical signs. No development of resistance of FIV isolates to AMD3100 found during treatment period. PMEA administration improved stomatitis (stomatitis score [degree 1 - 100] PMEA group: 23 ± 19 to 11 ± 10, P < .001; AMD3100 + PMEA group: 12 ± 17 to 3 ± 5, P < .05), but did not decrease proviral or viral load and caused anemia (RBC [× 10(6) /µL] PMEA group: 9.07 ± 1.60 to 6.22 ± 2.16, P < .05; AMD3100 ± PMEA group: 8.80 ± 1.23 to 5.84 ± 1.58, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Administration of CXCR4 antagonists, as AMD3100, can induce reduction of proviral load and may represent viable treatment of FIV-infected cats. Combination treatment with PMEA not recommended.
Assuntos
Adenina/análogos & derivados , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos Heterocíclicos/uso terapêutico , Vírus da Imunodeficiência Felina/fisiologia , Organofosfonatos/uso terapêutico , Adenina/uso terapêutico , Animais , Benzilaminas , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Gatos , Ciclamos , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada/veterinária , Síndrome de Imunodeficiência Adquirida Felina/virologia , Feminino , Masculino , Estudos Prospectivos , Receptores CXCR4/antagonistas & inibidores , Estatísticas não Paramétricas , Carga Viral/veterinária , Replicação Viral/efeitos dos fármacosRESUMO
In in vitro studies, the acyclic nucleoside phosphonate 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine (PMPDAP) inhibited the replication of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). No information about its clinical efficacy is available so far. The aim of this prospective placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was to evaluate the antiviral efficacy of PMPDAP in cats naturally infected with FIV. Twenty cats were randomly assigned to two treatment groups receiving either PMPDAP (25 mg/kg) or placebo twice per week subcutaneously for 6 weeks. The general health status (Karnofsky's score), clinical signs, laboratory, immunological, and surrogate parameters were evaluated. No significant differences were found between PMPDAP- and placebo-treated cats, although cats treated with PMPDAP showed a tendency for improvement in their Karnofsky's score and clinical signs. Haematological side effects were noted in the PMPDAP-treated cats. Thus, PMPDAP may be an option in treating cats if it becomes available for veterinarians, but side effects have been monitored.