Modelo de Objetos do openEHR: uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura e sua relação com métricas de software / OpenEHR Object Model: a Systematic Literature Review and its relation to software metrics / El modelo de objetos openEHR: una sistemática revisión de la literatura y su relación con las métricas de software

Dos principais padrões em sistemas de Registro Eletrônico de Saúde (RES), destaca-se a abordagem da Fundação openEHR. Este trabalho apresenta uma Revisão Sistemática da Literatura dos estudos que utilizam esta abordagem com ênfase na utilização do seu Modelo de Objetos. A pesquisa foi realizada nas bases de dados internacionais com base em quatro questões de pesquisa e critérios de inclusão e exclusão definidos. Entre os resultados obtidos, foi possível observar que o continente europeu é o maior centro dos estudos relacionados com a abordagem openEHR, com exceção da Austrália na Oceania. Pode-se concluir que uma versão estável da especificação openEHR contribuiu para o aumento de estudos a partir de 2008. Em relação às métricas de software aplicadas ao modelo do openEHR, até a realização deste trabalho, não se observaram estudos dessa natureza. Além disso, esta revisão possibilitou relacionar as ferramentas para coleta de métricas disponíveis na literatura...

In Major standards in EHR systems, highlights the approach of the openEHR Foundation. This paperpresents a Systematic Literature Review studies of openEHR’s approach with focus on the Object Model. The survey was conducted in international databases based on four research questions and inclusionand exclusion criteria. Between the results obtained, it was observed that the European continent is the largest center of studies related to the openEHR approach, with the exception of Australia in Oceania. May concluded that a stable version of the openEHR specification contributed to the increase of studies from 2008. In relation to software metrics applied to the openEHR model, until the present work, there were no studies. Moreover, this review related the tools to collect metrics available in the literature...

De las principales normas en sistemas de Registro Electrónico de Salud (RES), se percibe mejor el enfoquede la Fundación openEHR. Em este ensayo se presenta una revisión sistemática de la Literatura de los estudios que utilizan este enfoque con énfasis en la utilización de su Modelo de Objetos. La encuesta sellevó a cabo en las bases de datos internacionales basado en cuatro preguntas de investigación y criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos. Entre los resultados, se observó que el continente europeo es el mayor centro de estudios relacionados con el enfoque openEHR, con la excepción de Australia en Oceanía. Esposible llegar a la conclusión que una versión estable de la especificación openEHR contribuyó al aumento de los estudios a partir de 2008. A lo que toca a las métricas de software aplicadas al modelo openEHR, hasta la ejecución del presente ensayo, no existían tales estudios. Además, esta revisión ha permitido relacionar las herramientas para colectar métricas disponibles en la literatura...

Diferenciais da carga de doença das condições maternas entre mulheres de 15 a 44 anos no Estado de Minas Gerais, 2004-2006 / Differences in disease burden related to condition of maternity among women ages 15-44 in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2004-2006 / Diferenciales de la carga de enfermedad de las condiciones maternas entre mujeres de 15 a 44 años en el Estado de Minas Gerais, 2004-2006

Embora seja um dos indicadores mais utilizados para avaliar a saúde da mulher, a mortalidade materna não é suficiente para descrever seu real estado de saúde, pois não leva em conta os anos vividos com incapacidade. Assim, para suprir essa deficiência, as condições maternas têm sido analisadas com base no DALY (Disability-Adjusted Life Years), indicador utilizado em estudos sobre carga de doença. O DALY tem sido considerado um indicador mais completo do estado de saúde de uma população, uma vez que incorpora, simultaneamente, as dimensões da mortalidade e da morbidade. O objetivo do presente estudo é estimar e avaliar o diferencial do impacto da carga de doença relativa às condições maternas, no Estado de Minas Gerais e em suas 13 macrorregiões de saúde, no período 2004-2006, entre mulheres em idade reprodutiva, aqui definidas como aquelas com 15 a 44 anos. Entre os principais resultados encontrados, destaca-se a enorme desigualdade nas taxas de DALY nas macrorregiões de Minas Gerais. As três macrorregiões mais pobres do Estado (Jequitinhonha, Nordeste e Norte de Minas) apresentaram as maiores taxas de DALY, correspondendo a 44% de toda a carga de doença das condições maternas estimadas para Minas Gerais, mostrando o quanto a morbimortalidade materna é sensível às iniquidades de renda, que geram situação desigual no que se refere à distribuição dos serviços de saúde.

Although maternal mortality is one of the most commonly used indicators for evaluating women’s health, it is inefficient for describing actual health status since it fails to take into account years lived with a given incapacity. To make up for this deficiency, the present article analyzes maternal conditions based on the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Indicator used in studies on disease burden. DALY has been considered a broad and accurate indicator of the health status of a population because it incorporates the dimensions of mortality and morbidity simultaneously. The aim of the present study was to estimate and assess the differential of the impact of the burden of maternal-condition-related diseases in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and in the state’s 13 macro health regions between 2004 and 2006, among women in child-bearing age, defined here as being women between ages 15 and. Among other findings, a very high disparity was seen in DALY rates among the different macro-regions of the state. The three poorest macro regions (Jequitinhonha, Northeast, and North of Minas) showed the highest DALY rates, corresponding to 44% of the entire estimated maternal-condition disease burden for Minas Gerais. This indicates how maternal morbidity and mortality are sensitive to income inequities, which, in turn, generate unequal status regarding the distribution of health services.

Aunque sea uno de los indicadores más utilizados para evaluar la salud de la mujer, la mortalidad materna no es suficiente para describir su real estado de salud, porque no tiene en cuenta los años vividos con incapacidad. De este modo, para suplir esta deficiencia, las condiciones maternas han sido analizadas en base al DALY (Disability-adjusted Life Years), indicador utilizado en estudios sobre carga de enfermedad. El DALY ha sido considerado como un indicador más completo del estado de salud de una población, una vez que incorpora, simultáneamente, las dimensiones de la mortalidad y de la morbilidad. El objetivo del presente estudio es estimar y evaluar el diferencial del impacto de la carga de enfermedad relativa a las condiciones maternas en el Estado de Minas Gerais y en sus 13 macroregiones de salud, en el periodo 2004-2006, entre mujeres en edad reproductiva, aquí definidas como aquellas que tienen de 15 a 44 años. Entre los principales resultados encontrados, se destaca la enorme desigualdad en las tasas de DALY en las macro-regiones de Minas Gerais. Las tres macro-regiones más pobres del Estado (Jequitinhonha, Nordeste y Norte de Minas) presentaron los mayores índices de DALY, lo que corresponde al 44% de toda la carga de enfermedad de las condiciones maternas estimadas para Minas Gerais, mostrando cómo la morbimortalidad materna es sensible a las iniquidades de renta, que generan una situación desigual en lo que se refiere a la distribución de los servicios de salud.

Data processing software for electrophysiological visual exploration.

The software we have developed originated after careful study of a routine functional visual processing session. It has three objectives: (i) to have available a large library of data processing programs; (ii) to add to these electrophysiological results, automatically transferred into a file, a clinical record card, creating a personalized file for study of visual characteristics of each patient; (iii) to allow programs providing statistical studies, creation of groups based on the same clinical features and various comparisons between files or groups. The database now contains 5000 different files and the results of its use are very encouraging. Some results are presented, especially those of a study on multiple sclerosis. The goal of the operation is the creation, in the future, of an expert system.

Hash function performance on different biological databases.

Open hashing is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of several hashing functions for the uniform distribution of biological records. The three types of database tested include (1) genetic nomenclature, mutation sites and strain names, (2) surnames extracted from literature files and (3) a set of 1000 numeric ASCII strings. Several hash functions (hashpjw, hashcrc and hashquad) showed considerable versatility on all data sets examined while two hash functions, hashsum and hashsmc, performed poorly, on the same databases.

[CASMSP (Complex Automated system of Mass Screening of the Population) as an information basis for the evaluation of health of the population]. / KASMON kak informatsionnaia baza dlia otsenki zdorov'ia naseleniia.

On the basis of the periodic medical check-up of 1385 adults carried out by means of the Computerized Automated System of Medical Aid to the Population there were calculated the integral indices, i.e., an index of deviation (ID) and a dip angle of ID, describing the health status of the population. Calculation alternatives are given along with the ID use for information supply on health status of the population according to the established aims. Simplicity of the calculation procedure and a sufficient degree of information content promote the application of the proposed indices to health care.

The CODATA/IUIS Hybridoma Data Bank: development of a hybrid system to handle complex data relationships.

System design for the Hybridoma Data Bank, a database of comprehensive information on immunoreagents for use by scientists in diverse disciplines, is described. Unique problems include: use of nomenclature from diverse fields that is neither static nor standard; the need for two representations of the database--textual for readability and numeric for complex search capabilities, analysis and data compression; and a method of translating between the two representations of the database.

[Computerized management of information in the microbiology section of a hospital laboratory. Personal experience]. / La gestione computerizzata dell'informazione nel settore di microbiologia di un laboratorio di analisi ospedaliero. Esperienze personali.

We installed in our microbiology laboratory a new computerized management system with a dedicated software for the needs of the department. The system allow us to give to the clinician the reports of microbiological data in a shorter time and to store them permanently. The computer system doesn't modify the existing organization of work, samples acceptance, execution of microbiological and serological tests and the report of the results, but make them faster, safer and more efficient. The system also shows the possibilities of epidemiological researches and statistical studies. These data are very interesting and useful for the relationship between the laboratory and general wards.

Storage and retrieval of radiological images using a laser video disk.

A laser video disk was used for recording radiographs and CT images. Although some deterioration of the image quality was observed in the stored radiographs, this drawback was compensated for by several advantages such as easy video recording, large storage capacity, random access to a desired image, and rapid retrieval and display on the monitor. Connection to a microcomputer further widened its applications in the area of education. Overall, the laser video disk was evaluated to be of practical use.

A record system for contact tracing.

A system for recording information on patients and contacts was developed during a research project designed to measure the effectiveness of contact tracing. The record system has proved valuable in contact tracing, cross-referencing patients and their contacts, defining the characteristics of the patient and contact populations, and providing information for research and management. The value of a standardised system has been accepted by health workers who appreciate that its purpose is to increase efficiency and improve the care of infected persons. By October 1976 health workers in 16 clinics in the United Kingdom had started to use the system.

Adaptive segmentation of EEG records: a new approach to automatic EEG analysis.

The first step in a procedure for automatic EEG analysis is to compress the incoming data into a manageable format while preserving the essential diagnostic information. In our approach we mimic the visual procedure of looking through the record for segments and events of particular interest. We assume that the EEG is composed of roughly stationary segments of variable length, possibly superposed by sharp transients. By using an autoregressive model we have developed a procedure to detect the segment boundaries and locate transients, and to represent the information in the segments in terms of a set of parameters specifying their power spectra. In this way, the time structure as well as the frequency content of the signal is preserved. Examples of segmentation and transient detection are shown for several EEG signals, and the quality of the representation is demonstrated by simulating the original signal from the parameters. Possible applications to practical EEG analysis are discussed.

A computer-based frozen blood inventory and information system.

A computer-based, time-sharing data processing system was developed to assist in maintaining information regarding units of red blood cells frozen for eventual transfusion. An automated system has been programmed to compile and retrieve data concerning stored units, prepare shipping documents as required, and maintain transfusion records in a retrievable manner for thawed or shipped units. Requests for frozen red blood cells are processed through this system. Units are selected by the computer to meet requirements specified by the operator of a keyboard terminal. These requirements include method of cryopreservation, specific antigenic characteristics required, and the number of units requested. The computer prints out on the keyboard terminal the units meeting the requirements and the keyboard operator then indicates to the computer the name of the requesting facility, if these units are to be shipped. This input initiates a programmed routine that generates a shipping invoice and a new file for these units in a permanent transfusion record which can by acessed by either donor number or the frozen blood cell code.