Whole-genome sequencing reveals that variants in the Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein 3'UTR protect against ALS.

The noncoding genome is substantially larger than the protein-coding genome but has been largely unexplored by genetic association studies. Here, we performed region-based rare variant association analysis of >25,000 variants in untranslated regions of 6,139 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) whole genomes and the whole genomes of 70,403 non-ALS controls. We identified interleukin-18 receptor accessory protein (IL18RAP) 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) variants as significantly enriched in non-ALS genomes and associated with a fivefold reduced risk of developing ALS, and this was replicated in an independent cohort. These variants in the IL18RAP 3'UTR reduce mRNA stability and the binding of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding proteins. Finally, the variants of the IL18RAP 3'UTR confer a survival advantage for motor neurons because they dampen neurotoxicity of human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived microglia bearing an ALS-associated expansion in C9orf72, and this depends on NF-κB signaling. This study reveals genetic variants that protect against ALS by reducing neuroinflammation and emphasizes the importance of noncoding genetic association studies.

IL18-family Genes Polymorphism Is Associated with the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and IL18 Concentration in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease.

BACKGROUND: Atherogenesis is mainly determined by endothelial dysfunction, lipid metabolism disorders and inflammation. The atherogenesis-related inflammatory process is a complex interaction between serum blood lipoproteins, inflammatory cells, endothelial and smooth muscle cells and extracellular matrix; the role of chronic inflammation in atherogenesis was proposed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A pathogenetic role of polymorphism in NF-kB pathway genes in coronary artery disease and associated pathological conditions has been suggested in a case-control retrospective study. 260 coronary artery disease patients permanently living in a large industrial region of Russian Federation (Kemerovo region) were recruited in the study. We examined nine single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL18, IL18R1 and IL18RAP genes by polymerize chain reaction; and serum blood level of IL18 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: Polymorphic variants rs13015714 (IL18R1) and rs917997 (IL18RAP) are associated with the risk of myocardial infarction and high serum levels of IL18. Minor alleles of rs13015714 and rs917997 sites are associated with high risk of developing multifocal atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension in patients with stable coronary artery disease after myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS: Thus, polymorphism in the genes of IL18 receptor is determine the IL18 contents and important in the development of coronary atherosclerosis, associated pathological conditions and the risk of acute coronary events; prospective monitoring of patients with early clinical signs of adverse events is required to confirm the role of IL18, IL18R1, and IL18RAP genes polymorphism in atherogenesis.

Deep resequencing identifies candidate functional genes in leprosy GWAS loci.

Leprosy is the second most prevalent mycobacterial disease globally. Despite the existence of an effective therapy, leprosy incidence has consistently remained above 200,000 cases per year since 2010. Numerous host genetic factors have been identified for leprosy that contribute to the persistently high case numbers. In the past decade, genetic epidemiology approaches, including genome-wide association studies (GWAS), identified more than 30 loci contributing to leprosy susceptibility. However, GWAS loci commonly encompass multiple genes, which poses a challenge to define causal candidates for each locus. To address this problem, we hypothesized that genes contributing to leprosy susceptibility differ in their frequencies of rare protein-altering variants between cases and controls. Using deep resequencing we assessed protein-coding variants for 34 genes located in GWAS or linkage loci in 555 Vietnamese leprosy cases and 500 healthy controls. We observed 234 nonsynonymous mutations in the targeted genes. A significant depletion of protein-altering variants was detected for the IL18R1 and BCL10 genes in leprosy cases. The IL18R1 gene is clustered with IL18RAP and IL1RL1 in the leprosy GWAS locus on chromosome 2q12.1. Moreover, in a recent GWAS we identified an HLA-independent signal of association with leprosy on chromosome 6p21. Here, we report amino acid changes in the CDSN and PSORS1C2 genes depleted in leprosy cases, indicating them as candidate genes in the chromosome 6p21 locus. Our results show that deep resequencing can identify leprosy candidate susceptibility genes that had been missed by classic linkage and association approaches.

Integrating disease and drug-related phenotypes for improved identification of pharmacogenomic variants.

Aim: To improve the identification and interpretation of pharmacogenetic variants through the integration of disease and drug-related traits. Materials & methods: We hypothesized that integrating genome-wide disease and pharmacogenomic data may drive new insights into drug toxicity and response by identifying shared genetic architecture. Pleiotropic variants were identified using a methodological framework incorporating colocalization analysis. Results: Using genome-wide association studies summary statistics from the UK Biobank, European Bioinformatics Institute genome-wide association studies catalog and the Pharmacogenomics Research Network, we validated pleiotropy at the ABCG2 locus between allopurinol response and gout and identified novel pleiotropy between antihypertensive-induced new-onset diabetes, Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease at the IL18RAP/SLC9A4 locus. Conclusion: New mechanistic insights and genetic loci can be uncovered by identifying pleiotropy between disease and drug-related traits.

Lay abstract Disease-focused genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a plethora of actionable genetic variants over the last 20 years. International collaboration and technological breakthroughs have enabled rapid genotyping and data collection, which has correspondingly increased sample size and power. Contrastingly, recruitment of well-characterized cohorts of patients for pharmacogenomics research has proven challenging. Given the greater number of associated genetic variants and larger cohort sizes in common disease GWAS, we hypothesized that integrating genome-wide disease and pharmacogenomic data may drive new insights into drug toxicity and drug efficacy phenotypes, beyond the standard scope of current pharmacogenetic analyses. Using GWAS summary statistics from the UK Biobank, European Bioinformatics Institute GWAS catalog, and the Pharmacogenomics Research Network, and a methodological framework incorporating colocalization analysis, we validated pleiotropy at the ABCG2 locus between allopurinol response, gout, and serum urate and identified novel pleiotropy between antihypertensive-induced new-onset diabetes, Crohn's disease and inflammatory bowel disease at the IL18RAP/SLC9A4 locus.

Investigation of genetically regulated gene expression and response to treatment in rheumatoid arthritis highlights an association between IL18RAP expression and treatment response.

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we sought to investigate whether there was any association between genetically regulated gene expression (as predicted using various reference panels) and anti-tumour necrosis factor (anti-TNF) treatment response (change in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)) using 3158 European ancestry patients with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: The genetically regulated portion of gene expression was estimated in the full cohort of 3158 subjects (as well as within a subcohort consisting of 1575 UK patients) using the PrediXcan software package with three different reference panels. Estimated expression was tested for association with anti-TNF treatment response. As a replication/validation experiment, we also investigated the correlation between change in ESR with measured gene expression at the Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL18RAP) gene in whole blood and synovial tissue, using an independent replication data set of patients receiving conventional synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs, with directly measured (via RNA sequencing) gene expression. RESULTS: We found that predicted expression of IL18RAP showed a consistent signal of association with treatment response across the reference panels. In our independent replication data set, IL18RAP expression in whole blood showed correlation with the change in ESR between baseline and follow-up (r=-0.35, p=0.0091). Change in ESR was also correlated with the expression of IL18RAP in synovial tissue (r=-0.28, p=0.02). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that IL18RAP expression is worthy of further investigation as a potential predictor of treatment response in rheumatoid arthritis that is not specific to a particular drug type.

Bioinformatics Analysis of Prognostic Tumor Microenvironment-Related Genes in the Tumor Microenvironment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND Growing evidence shows that the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The present work aimed to screen tumor microenvironment-related genes strongly related to prognosis and to construct a prognostic gene expression model for HCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS We downloaded gene expression data of 371 HCC patients in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). A novel ESTIMATE algorithm was applied to calculate immune scores and stromal scores for each patient. Then, the differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) were detected according to the immune and stromal scores, and tumor microenvironment-related genes were further explored. Univariate, Lasso, and multivariate Cox analyses were performed to build the tumor microenvironment-related prediction model. RESULTS Stromal and immune scores were calculated and were found to be correlated with the 3-year prognosis of HCC patients. DEGs were detected according to the stromal and immune scores. There were 49 genes with prognostic value in both TCGA and ICGC (International Cancer Genome Consortium) considered as prognostic tumor microenvironment-related genes. Univariate, Lasso, and multivariate Cox analyses were conducted. A novel 2-gene signature (IL18RAP and GPR182) was built for HCC 3-year prognosis prediction. The 2-gene signature was regarded as an independent prognostic predictor that was correlated with 3-year survival rate, as shown by Cox regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study offers a novel 2-gene signature to predict overall survival of patients with HCC, which has the potential to be used as an independent prognostic predictor. Overall, this study reveals more details about the tumor microenvironment in HCC and offers novel candidate biomarkers.

Genetic risk of extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma: a genome-wide association study in multiple populations.

BACKGROUND: Extranodal natural killer T-cell lymphoma (NKTCL; nasal type) is an aggressive malignancy with a particularly high prevalence in Asian and Latin American populations. Epstein-Barr virus infection has a role in the pathogenesis of NKTCL, and HLA-DPB1 variants are risk factors for the disease. We aimed to identify additional novel genetic variants affecting risk of NKTCL. METHODS: We did a genome-wide association study of NKTCL in multiple populations from east Asia. We recruited a discovery cohort of 700 cases with NKTCL and 7752 controls without NKTCL of Han Chinese ancestry from 19 centres in southern, central, and northern regions of China, and four independent replication samples including 717 cases and 12 650 controls. Three of these independent samples (451 cases and 5301 controls) were from eight centres in the same regions of southern, central, and northern China, and the fourth (266 cases and 7349 controls) was from 11 centres in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea. All cases had primary NKTCL that was confirmed histopathologically, and matching with controls was based on geographical region and self-reported ancestry. Logistic regression analysis was done independently by geographical regions, followed by fixed-effect meta-analyses, to identify susceptibility loci. Bioinformatic approaches, including expression quantitative trait loci, binding motif and transcriptome analyses, and biological experiments were done to fine-map and explore the functional relevance of genome-wide association loci to the development of NKTCL. FINDINGS: Genetic data were gathered between Jan 1, 2008, and Jan 23, 2019. Meta-analysis of all samples (a total of 1417 cases and 20 402 controls) identified two novel loci significantly associated with NKTCL: IL18RAP on 2q12.1 (rs13015714; p=2·83 × 10-16; odds ratio 1·39 [95% CI 1·28-1·50]) and HLA-DRB1 on 6p21.3 (rs9271588; 9·35 × 10-26 1·53 [1·41-1·65]). Fine-mapping and experimental analyses showed that rs1420106 at the promoter of IL18RAP was highly correlated with rs13015714, and the rs1420106-A risk variant had an upregulatory effect on IL18RAP expression. Cell growth assays in two NKTCL cell lines (YT and SNK-6 cells) showed that knockdown of IL18RAP inhibited cell proliferation by cell cycle arrest in NKTCL cells. Haplotype association analysis showed that haplotype 47F-67I was associated with reduced risk of NKTCL, whereas 47Y-67L was associated with increased risk of NKTCL. These two positions are component parts of the peptide-binding pocket 7 (P7) of the HLA-DR heterodimer, suggesting that these alterations might account for the association at HLA-DRB1, independent of the previously reported HLA-DPB1 variants. INTERPRETATION: Our findings provide new insights into the development of NKTCL by showing the importance of inflammation and immune regulation through the IL18-IL18RAP axis and antigen presentation involving HLA-DRB1, which might help to identify potential therapeutic targets. Taken in combination with additional genetic and other risk factors, our results could potentially be used to stratify people at high risk of NKTCL for targeted prevention. FUNDING: Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program, National Natural Science Foundation of China, National Program for Support of Top-Notch Young Professionals, Chang Jiang Scholars Program, Singapore Ministry of Health's National Medical Research Council, Tanoto Foundation, National Research Foundation Singapore, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Recruitment Program for Young Professionals of China, First Affiliated Hospital and Army Medical University, US National Institutes of Health, and US National Cancer Institute.

IL18RAP polymorphisms and its plasma levels in patients with Lumbar disc degeneration.

OBJECTIVES: Lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Interleukin 18 Receptor Accessory Protein (IL18RAP) gene is involved in disc degeneration and inflammatory processes like matrix degeneration. Hence, this study was performed to understand the role of 2 IL18RAP (rs1420106 and rs917997) polymorphisms and IL18RAP plasma levels in lumbar disc degeneration (LDD) in Indian population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 200 LDD patients and 200 healthy controls were recruited for the study. Genotyping was performed using allelic discrimination assay. IL18RAP levels were measured by ELISA. RESULTS: rs1420106 polymorphism did not follow Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, so it was not considered for association analysis. There was a significant association among females in CT genotype of rs917997 in LDD (p = 0.041). Also, among subjects with no history of alcohol consumption, CT allele was found to be significantly associated and had a protective effect (OR = 0.61). The plasma levels of IL18RAP were also measured. There was no significant difference in IL18RAP levels between patients and controls. CONCLUSION: Overall, rs917997 polymorphism did not show any significant difference between patients and controls (p = 0.77). However, it showed a protective role in females and patients with no history of alcohol consumption in Indian population and there was no association between polymorphisms and IL18RAP plasma levels.

Role of APOE and IL18RAP gene polymorphisms in cervical spondylotic myelopathy in Indian population.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a progressive degenerative spine disease. It is not clear why certain patients develop symptomatic myelopathy whereas others do not, even in the presence of radiographic features of cervical stenosis. Genetic predisposition has been suggested, supported by familial occurrence of CSM. In this study we explored the demographic and radiographic features of CSM in Indian population and studied the association between polymorphisms in interleukin18RAP and apo-lipoprotein genes in CSM. A total of 100 CSM patients and 100 healthy control subjects were included in this study. Genotyping of APOE (rs7412 and rs429358) and IL18RAP (rs1420106 and rs917997) gene polymorphisms was performed by Taqman allelic discrimination assay. Comparison of allelic frequencies, ε2 versus ε3 (OR = 4.4, 95%CI = 1.23-15.73, P = 0.002) and ε2 versus ε4 (OR = 6.67, 95%CI = 1.58-28.04, P = 0.009) showed a statistically significant association for the risk of CSM. There was no significant association between different genotypes with sex, T2 signal intensity change and Nurick grade. Only patients having multiple level cervical prolapsed intervertebral disc (PIVD) on MRI, had a higher proportion of the ε2 allele as compared to controls (p = <0.0001). No significant association was found between IL18RAP gene polymorphisms (rs1420106 and rs917997) with the risk of CSM. ε2 allele was associated with the risk of CSM in Indian population. There was no significant association between the two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IL18RAP gene with risk of CSM.

Are IL18RAP gene polymorphisms associated with body mass regulation? A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the association between IL18RAP and body mass index (BMI) and obesity and to verify the effect of a polymorphism in the microRNA136 (MIR136) IL18RAP binding region. DESIGN: We analysed samples from two Spanish cross-sectional studies, VALCAR (Spanish Mediterranean coast) and Hortega (Spanish centre). These studies aimed at analysing cardiovascular risk and development of cardiovascular disease in the general population. Both populations correspond to regions with different characteristics. SETTING: Five IL18RAP single nucleotide polymorphisms were selected using the SYSNPs web tool and analysed by oligonucleotide ligation assay (SNPlex). For the MIR136 functional study, cells were transfected with plasmids containing different rs7559479 polymorphism alleles and analysed by luciferase reporter assays. PARTICIPANTS: 1970 individuals (Caucasian, both genders): VALCAR (468) and Hortega (1502). RESULTS: rs2293225, rs2272127 and rs7559479 showed the following associations: rs7559479 G allele correlated with a higher obesity risk (P=0.01; OR=1.82; 95% CI 1.15 to 2.87 for the VALCAR group; P=0.033; OR=1.35; 95% CI 1.03 to 1.79 for the Hortega population) and higher body mass index (BMI) values (P=0.0045; P=0.1 for VALCAR and Hortega, respectively); a significant association with obesity (P=0.0024, OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.14 to 1.82) and increased BMI values (P=0.008) was found when considering both populations together. rs2293225 T allele was associated with lower obesity risk (P=0.036; OR=0.60; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.96) and lower BMI values (P=0.0038; OR=1.41) while the rs2272127 G allele was associated with lower obesity risk (P=0.028; OR=0.66; 95% CI 0.44 to 0.97) only in the VALCAR population. A reporter assay showed that the presence of the A allele in rs7559479 was associated with increased MIR136 binding to IL18RAP. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that polymorphisms in IL18RAP influence susceptibility to obesity. We demonstrated that the A allele in rs7559479 increases MIR136 binding, which regulates IL-18 system activity.

Genetic variants alter T-bet binding and gene expression in mucosal inflammatory disease.

The polarization of CD4+ T cells into distinct T helper cell lineages is essential for protective immunity against infection, but aberrant T cell polarization can cause autoimmunity. The transcription factor T-bet (TBX21) specifies the Th1 lineage and represses alternative T cell fates. Genome-wide association studies have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may be causative for autoimmune diseases. The majority of these polymorphisms are located within non-coding distal regulatory elements. It is considered that these genetic variants contribute to disease by altering the binding of regulatory proteins and thus gene expression, but whether these variants alter the binding of lineage-specifying transcription factors has not been determined. Here, we show that SNPs associated with the mucosal inflammatory diseases Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis (UC) and celiac disease, but not rheumatoid arthritis or psoriasis, are enriched at T-bet binding sites. Furthermore, we identify disease-associated variants that alter T-bet binding in vitro and in vivo. ChIP-seq for T-bet in individuals heterozygous for the celiac disease-associated SNPs rs1465321 and rs2058622 and the IBD-associated SNPs rs1551398 and rs1551399, reveals decreased binding to the minor disease-associated alleles. Furthermore, we show that rs1465321 is an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) for the neighboring gene IL18RAP, with decreased T-bet binding associated with decreased expression of this gene. These results suggest that genetic polymorphisms may predispose individuals to mucosal autoimmune disease through alterations in T-bet binding. Other disease-associated variants may similarly act by modulating the binding of lineage-specifying transcription factors in a tissue-selective and disease-specific manner.

Genetic analysis of innate immunity in Behcet's disease identifies an association with IL-37 and IL-18RAP.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and the IL-1 receptor (IL-1R) family play an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to investigate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of IL-1 and IL-1R family genes with Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada (VKH) and Behcet's disease (BD) in Han Chinese. The case-control study was divided into two stages and included 419 VKH cases, 1063 BD cases and 1872 healthy controls. The MassARRAY platform (Sequenom), iPLEX Gold Assay and TaqMan SNP assays were used to score genotypes of 24 SNPs. The expression of IL-37 and IL-18Rap was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR in genotyped healthy individuals. A significantly lower frequency of the AG genotype, and a higher frequency of the GG genotype and G allele of IL-37/rs3811047 were observed in BD as compared to controls. AA genotype and A allele frequency of IL-18RAP/rs2058660 was significantly decreased in BD as compared to controls. Functional studies performed in healthy controls showed that rs3811047 AG genotype carriers had a higher IL-37 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) than GG carriers. GG carriers showed a higher cytokine expression as compared to AG carriers. No association was detected between the tested SNPs and VKH.

Polymorphisms of ST2-IL18R1-IL18RAP gene cluster: a new risk for autoimmune thyroid diseases.

Interleukin 33 (IL33) / ST2 pathway and ST2-interlukin18 receptor1-interlukin18 receptor accessory protein (ST2-IL18R1-IL18RAP) gene cluster have been involved in many autoimmune diseases but few report in autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). In this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms of IL33, ST2, IL18R1, and IL18RAP are associated with Graves' disease (GD) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), two major forms of AITD, among a Chinese population. A total of 11 SNPs were explored in a case-control study including 417 patients with GD, 250 HT patients and 301 controls, including rs1929992, rs10975519, rs10208293, rs6543116, rs1041973, rs3732127, rs11465597, rs1035130, rs2293225, rs1035127, rs917997 of IL 33, ST2-IL18R1-IL18RAP gene cluster. Genotyping of these SNPs was performed using matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (MALDI-TOF-MS) platform from Sequenom. The frequencies of allele A and AA+AG genotype of rs6543116 (ST2) in HT patients were significantly increased compared with those of the controls (P = 0.029/0.021, OR = 1.31/1.62). And in another SNP rs917997, AA+AG genotype presented an increased frequency in HT subjects compared with controls (P = 0.046, OR = 1.53). Furthermore, the haplotype GAGCCCG from ST2-IL18R1-IL18RAP gene cluster (rs6543116, rs1041973, rs1035130, rs3732127, rs1035127, rs2293225, rs917997) was associated with increased susceptibility to GD with an OR of 2.03 (P = 0.022, 95% CI = 1.07-3.86). Some SNPs of ST2-IL18R1-IL18RAP gene cluster might increase the risk of susceptibility of HT and GD in Chinese Han population.

Age and pro-inflammatory gene polymorphisms influence adjacent segment disc degeneration more than fusion does in patients treated for chronic low back pain.

PURPOSE: Does lumbar fusion lead to accelerated adjacent segment disc degeneration (ASDD) or is it explained by genetics and aging? The influence of genetics on ASDD remains to be explored. This study assesses whether the disc space height adjacent to a fused segment is associated with candidate gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). METHODS: Patients with low back pain from four RCTs (N = 208 fusion; 77 non-operative treatment) underwent standing plain radiography and genetic analyses at 13 ± 4 years follow-up. Disc space height was measured using a validated computer-assisted distortion-compensated roentgen analysis technique and reported in standard deviations from normal values. Genetic association analyses included 34 SNPs in 25 structural, inflammatory, matrix degrading, apoptotic, vitamin D receptor and OA-related genes relevant to disc degeneration. These were analysed for their association with disc space height (after adjusting for age, gender, smoking, duration of follow-up and treatment group) first, separately, and then together in a stepwise multivariable model. RESULTS: Two SNPs from the IL18RAP gene (rs1420106 and rs917997) were each associated with a lower disc space height at the adjacent level (B = -0.34, p = 0.04 and B = -0.35, p = 0.04, respectively) and the MMP-9 gene SNP rs20544 was associated with a greater disc space height (B = 0.35, p = 0.04). Age (p < 0.001) and fusion (p < 0.008) were also significant variables in each analysis. The total explained variance in disc space height was for each SNP model 13-14 %, with 11-12 % of this being accounted for by the given SNP, 64-67 % by age and 19-22 % by fusion. In the multivariable regression analysis (with nine SNPs selected for entry, along with the covariates) the total explained variance in disc space height was 23 %, with the nine SNPs, age and fusion accounting for 45, 45 and 7 % of this, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Age was the most significant determinant of adjacent segment disc space height followed by genetic factors, specifically inflammatory genes. Fusion explained a statistically significant but small proportion of the total variance. Much of the variance remained to be explained.

Association of genetic polymorphisms of interleukins with gastric cancer and precancerous gastric lesions in a high-risk Chinese population.

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection and cytokine-mediated inflammatory responses play important roles in gastric cancer (GC) pathogenesis. To investigate an association between genetic polymorphisms in interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-4R, IL-8, IL-10, IL-16, IL-18RAP, IL-22, and IL-32 and risks of GC and its precursors, a population-based study was conducted in Linqu County. Genotypes were determined by Sequenom MassARRAY platform in 132 GC cases and 1198 subjects with gastric lesions. The H. pylori status was determined by (13)C-urea breath test ((13)C-UBT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Among 11 candidate single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), subjects carrying IL-18RAP rs917997 AA genotype were associated with risk of GC [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.83, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.14-2.92] or chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG; OR = 1.55, 95 % CI 1.07-2.24). The risk of GC was also increased in subjects carrying IL-32 rs2015620 A allele (AA + AT; OR = 1.92, 95 % CI 1.09-3.39). Moreover, elevated risks of CAG (OR = 2.64, 95 % CI 1.89-3.69), intestinal metaplasia (IM; OR = 5.58, 95 % CI 3.86-8.05), and dysplasia (DYS; OR = 1.64, 95 % CI 1.18-2.26) were observed in subjects with IL-22 rs1179251 CC genotype. Stratified analysis indicated that risks of GC and its precursors were elevated in subjects with IL-32 rs2015620 A allele (AA + AT) or IL-22 rs1179251 CC genotype and H. pylori infection, and significant interactions between these two SNPs and H. pylori infection were found. These findings suggested that IL-18RAP rs917997, IL-32 rs2015620, IL-22 rs1179251, and interactions between these polymorphisms and H. pylori infection were associated with risks of gastric lesions. Genetic polymorphisms of interleukins may play crucial roles in H. pylori-induced gastric carcinogenesis.

[IL-18 and TNF-α promote the expression of IL-18Rß in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of interleukin 18 (IL-18) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) on the expression of IL-18 receptor beta (IL-18Rß) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. METHODS: The level of IL-18Rß was determined by reverse transcription PCR and Western blotting in both 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages after processed by different concentrations of IL-18 and TNF-α. RESULTS: The level of IL-18Rß mRNA and protein significantly increased in 3T3-L1 adipocytes after treated with 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL TNF-α. The expression of IL-18Rß was also raised in RAW264.7 macrophages after treated with 10 ng/mL, 100 ng/mL IL-18. CONCLUSION: IL-18Rß could be up-regulated by IL-18 or TNF-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW264.7 macrophages. IL-18 may be an important factor involved in the inflammation of adipose tissues in diabetes and obesity.

Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between IL18RAP rs917997 and CCR3 rs6441961 polymorphisms with celiac disease risks.

OBJECTIVES: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the polymorphism effects of IL18RAP and CCR3 on celiac disease susceptibility. METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science databases were searched (to June 2015) on IL18RAP rs917997 and CCR3 rs6441961 polymorphisms. RESULTS: The meta-analysis included 16 and 7 studies for rs917997 and rs6441961, respectively. The minor risk A allele at both rs917997 and rs6441961 carried risks (odds ratios) of 1.24 (95% CI 1.18-1.31) and 1.21 (95% CI 1.12-1.31), respectively. These alleles contributed to increase risks in all celiac disease patients by 5.04 and 6.35%. The estimated lambdas were 0.73 and 0.51, suggesting that an additive model would be the best choice for both gene effects. CONCLUSIONS: This meta-analysis provides robust estimates that IL18RAP rs917997 and CCR3 rs6441961 are potential risk factors for celiac disease in European populations. Studies are needed to confirm these findings in different ethnicities.

The IL18RAP region disease polymorphism decreases IL-18RAP/IL-18R1/IL-1R1 expression and signaling through innate receptor-initiated pathways.

Fine-tuning of cytokine-inducing pathways is essential for immune homeostasis. Consistently, a dysregulated increase or decrease in pattern-recognition receptor (PRR)-induced signaling and cytokine secretion can lead to inflammatory bowel disease. Multiple gene loci are associated with inflammatory bowel disease, but their functional effects are largely unknown. One such region in chromosome 2q12 (rs917997), also associated with other immune-mediated diseases, encompasses IL18RAP. We found that human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) from rs917997 AA risk carriers secrete significantly less cytokines than G carriers upon stimulation of multiple PRRs, including nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 2 (NOD2). We identified that IL-18 signaling through IL-18RAP was critical in amplifying PRR-induced cytokine secretion in MDMs. IL-18RAP responded to NOD2-initiated early, caspase-1-dependent autocrine IL-18, which dramatically enhanced MAPK, NF-κB, PI3K, and calcium signaling. Reconstituting MAPK activation was sufficient to rescue decreased cytokines in NOD2-stimulated IL-18RAP-deficient MDMs. Relative to GG carriers, MDM from rs917997 AA carriers had decreased expression of cell-surface IL-18RAP protein, as well as of IL-18R1 and IL-1R1, genes also located in the IL18RAP region. Accordingly, these risk-carrier MDMs show diminished PRR-, IL-18-, and IL-1-induced MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Taken together, our results demonstrate clear functional consequences of the rs917997 risk polymorphism; this polymorphism leads to a loss-of-function through decreased IL-18RAP, IL-18R1, and IL-1R1 protein expression, which impairs autocrine IL-18 and IL-1 signaling, thereby leading to decreased cytokine secretion in MDMs upon stimulation of a broad range of PRRs.

The autoimmune disease-associated SNP rs917997 of IL18RAP controls IFNγ production by PBMC.

Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by aberrant T cell responses. Innate immune activation defects may facilitate a T helper 1 (Th1) phenotype. The cytokine IL-18 synergizes with IL-12 to induce IFNγ production and Th1 differentiation. The IL-18R subunit (IL18RAP) SNP rs917997 has been linked to decreased IL18RAP gene expression. Prior reports link rs917997 allele A with protection from T1D, and conversely with susceptibility to Celiac disease. However, few studies have investigated the IL-18 pathway in T1D. In this study, we analyzed responsiveness to IL-18 in T1D, and the effect of rs917997 genotype on IL18RAP gene expression post-activation. Upon IL-12 and IL-18 treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from subjects carrying susceptibility alleles at rs917997 produced higher levels of IFNγ than those with protective genotypes. Additionally, the SNP modified IL18RAP surface protein expression by NK cells and gene expression in activated T cells. Taken together, these data suggest that the disease-associated rs917997 allele G permits hyperresponsiveness to IL-18, providing a novel target for therapeutic intervention in T1D.

Characteristics of rapid vs slow progression to type 1 diabetes in multiple islet autoantibody-positive children.

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: Islet autoantibody-positive children progress to type 1 diabetes at variable rates. In our study, we asked whether characteristic autoantibody and/or gene profiles could be defined for phenotypes showing extreme progression. METHODS: Autoantibodies to insulin (IAA), GAD (GADA), insulinoma-associated antigen-2 (IA-2A) and zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8A) were measured in follow-up sera, and genotyping for type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes (HLA-DR/HLA-DQ, INS variable number of tandem repeats [VNTR] and single nucleotide polymorphisms at PTPN22, PTPN2, ERBB3, IL2, SH2B3, CTLA4, IFIH1, KIAA0350 [also known as CLEC16A], CD25, IL18RAP, IL10, COBL) was performed on the DNA samples of children born to a parent with type 1 diabetes and prospectively followed from birth for up to 22 years. RESULTS: Of the 1,650 children followed, 23 developed multiple autoantibodies and progressed to diabetes within 3 years (rapid progressors), while 24 children developed multiple autoantibodies and remained non-diabetic for more than 10 years from seroconversion (slow progressors). Rapid and slow progressors were similar with respect to HLA-DR/HLA-DQ genotypes, development of IAA, GADA and ZnT8A, and progression to multiple autoantibodies. In contrast, IA-2A development was considerably delayed in the slow progressors. Furthermore, both groups were effectively distinguished by the combined presence or absence of type 1 diabetes susceptibility alleles of non-HLA genes, most notably IL2, CD25, INS VNTR, IL18RAP, IL10, IFIH1 and PTPN22, and discrimination was improved among children carrying high-risk HLA-DR/HLA-DQ genotypes. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Our data suggest that genotypes of non-HLA type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes influence the likelihood or rate of diabetes progression among children with multiple islet autoantibodies.