RESUMO
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic compounds that occur naturally in certain plants, however, there are many secondary pathways causing PA contamination of other plants, including medicinal herbs and plant-based food products, which pose a risk of human intoxication. It is proven that chronic exposure to PAs causes serious adverse health consequences resulting from their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This review briefly presents PA occurrence, structures, chemistry, and toxicity, as well as a set of analytical methods. Recently developed sensitive electrochemical and chromatographic methods for the determination of PAs in honey, teas, herbs, and spices were summarized. The main strategies for improving the analytical efficiency of PA determination are related to the use of mass spectrometric (MS) detection; therefore, this review focuses on advances in MS-based methods. Raising awareness of the potential health risks associated with the presence of PAs in food and herbal medicines requires ongoing research in this area, including the development of sensitive methods for PA determination and rigorous legal regulations of PA intake from herbal products. The maximum levels of PAs in certain products are regulated by the European Commission; however, the precise knowledge about which products contain trace but significant amounts of these alkaloids is still insufficient.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Alcaloides de Pirrolizidina , Alcaloides de Pirrolizidina/análise , Humanos , Produtos Biológicos/análise , Produtos Biológicos/química , Plantas Medicinais/química , Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análiseRESUMO
Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<â¼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial. Currently, the analysis of NTs is predominantly performed with targeted high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although these methods are highly sensitive and accurate, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming, while unknown or unexpected NTs will be missed. To overcome this, novel on-site screening methods and non-targeted HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. On-site screening methods can give non-specialists the possibility for broad "scanning" of potential geographical regions of interest, while also providing sensitive and specific analysis at the point-of-need. Non-targeted chromatography-HRMS methods can detect unexpected as well as unknown NTs and their metabolites in a lab-based approach. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight in the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives in the field of NTs analysis both from the on-site and the laboratory perspective.
Assuntos
Contaminação de Alimentos , Toxinas Biológicas , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Humanos , AnimaisRESUMO
Consumers in developed and Western European countries are becoming more aware of the impact of food on their health, and they demand clear, transparent, and reliable information from the food industry about the products they consume. They recognise that food safety risks are often due to the unexpected presence of contaminants throughout the food supply chain. Among these, mycotoxins produced by food-infecting fungi, endogenous toxins from certain plants and organisms, pesticides, and other drugs used excessively during farming and food production, which lead to their contamination and accumulation in foodstuffs, are the main causes of concern. In this context, the goals of this review are to provide a comprehensive overview of the presence of toxic molecules reported in foodstuffs since 2020 through the Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) portal and use chromatography to address this challenge. Overall, natural toxins, environmental pollutants, and food-processing contaminants are the most frequently reported toxic molecules, and liquid chromatography and gas chromatography are the most reliable approaches for their control. However, faster, simpler, and more powerful analytical procedures are necessary to cope with the growing pressures on the food chain supply.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Toxinas Biológicas , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Micotoxinas/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Abastecimento de AlimentosRESUMO
Naja nivea (N. nivea) is classed as a category one snake by the World Health Organization since its envenomation causes high levels of mortality and disability annually. Despite this, there has been little research into the venom composition of N. nivea, with only one full venom proteome published to date. Our current study separated N. nivea venom using size exclusion chromatography before utilizing a traditional bottom-up proteomics approach to unravel the composition of the venom proteome. As expected by its clinical presentation, N. nivea venom was found to consist mainly of neurotoxins, with three-finger toxins (3FTx), making up 76.01% of the total venom proteome. Additionally, cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), vespryns (VESPs), cobra venom factors (CVFs), 5'-nucleotidases (5'NUCs), nerve growth factors (NGFs), phospholipase A2s (PLA2), acetylcholinesterases (AChEs), Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor (KUN), phosphodiesterases (PDEs), L-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), hydrolases (HYDs), snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs), and snake venom serine protease (SVSP) toxins were also identified in decreasing order of abundance. Interestingly, contrary to previous reports, we find PLA2 toxins in N. nivea venom. This highlights the importance of repeatedly profiling the venom of the same species to account for intra-species variation. Additionally, we report the first evidence of covalent protein complexes in N. nivea venom, which likely contribute to the potency of this venom.
Assuntos
Naja , Proteômica , Toxinas Biológicas , Serpentes Peçonhentas , Proteômica/métodos , Proteoma/análise , Estrutura Quaternária de Proteína , Venenos Elapídicos/química , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Venenos de Serpentes , Fosfolipases A2/metabolismo , Antivenenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
European vipers (genus Vipera) are medically important snakes displaying considerable venom variation, occurring at different levels in this group. The presence of intraspecific venom variation, however, remains understudied in several Vipera species. Vipera seoanei is a venomous snake endemic to the northern Iberian Peninsula and south-western France, presenting notable phenotypic variation and inhabiting several diverse habitats across its range. We analysed the venoms of 49 adult specimens of V. seoanei from 20 localities across the species' Iberian distribution. We used a pool of all individual venoms to generate a V. seoanei venom reference proteome, produced SDS-PAGE profiles of all venom samples, and visualised patterns of variation using NMDS. By applying linear regression, we then assessed presence and nature of venom variation between localities, and investigated the effect of 14 predictors (biological, eco-geographic, genetic) on its occurrence. The venom comprised at least 12 different toxin families, of which five (i.e., PLA2, svSP, DI, snaclec, svMP) accounted for about 75% of the whole proteome. The comparative analyses of the SDS-PAGE venom profiles showed them to be remarkably similar across the sampled localities, suggesting low geographic variability. The regression analyses suggested significant effects of biological and habitat predictors on the little variation we detected across the analysed V. seoanei venoms. Other factors were also significantly associated with the presence/absence of individual bands in the SDS-PAGE profiles. The low levels of venom variability we detected within V. seoanei might be the result of a recent population expansion, or of processes other than directional positive selection.
Assuntos
Venenos de Víboras , Viperidae , Animais , Ecossistema , Proteoma/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , PeçonhasRESUMO
In paralytic shellfish toxin-producing dinoflagellates, intracellular levels of saxitoxin and its analogues (STXs) are controlled by a balance between degradation and biosynthesis in response to marine environmental fluctuations and stresses. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the utility of statistical analysis of in vivo labeling data for the dynamic analysis of variations in toxin production under stress. A toxic strain of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium pacificum (Group IV) was cultured in colchicine-containing 15N-labeled sodium nitrate-medium and metabolite levels were analyzed over time by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Quantitative values of all isotopomers of precursor amino acids, biosynthetic intermediates, and major STXs were subjected to statistical analysis. The decrease of the nitrogen incorporation rates for all compounds suggested that colchicine decreased nitrate assimilation upstream of glutamate biosynthesis. In colchicine-treated cultures, the per-cell content of total STX analogues did not change significantly over time; however, the production rate of each pathway varied greatly. De novo STX biosynthesis was decreased by colchicine until Day 3, while the salvage pathway was not. Subsequently, biosynthesis by both pathways was enhanced. This analysis of dynamic metabolism provides new insights into the complex mechanisms regulating STX metabolism in dinoflagellates.
Assuntos
Dinoflagellida , Toxinas Biológicas , Saxitoxina/análise , Dinoflagellida/fisiologia , Nitrogênio/metabolismo , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Cromatografia LíquidaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Various food commodities are vulnerable to different types of fungal pathogens and could be contaminated with differential classes of mycotoxins as a result. It is ideal to implement a generic method for the simultaneous determination of multi-mycotoxins in different food matrixes or agricultural products. OBJECTIVE: In this study, a simplified sample preparation procedure and a reliable LC-MS/MS analytical method were developed for the comprehensive measurement of 37 regulated and emerging mycotoxins including five Alternaria toxins (ATs) and six major ergot alkaloids (EAs) and their corresponding epimers. Four different food commodities (baby wheat cereal, peanut, tomato puree, and blended flour) were chosen for method validation to demonstrate the applicability of this analytical method across a wide range of food types. METHODS: Sample extraction was performed using a formic acid-acidified acetonitrile-water (4 + 1, v/v) solution followed by extract dry-down and reconstitution in a water-methanol (1 + 1, v/v) solution for analysis on a biphenyl LC column. Chromatographic analysis was performed using regular acidic LC conditions for baseline separation of ergot alkaloid epimers and completed with a short 11 min cycle time. RESULTS: Accurate quantification was achieved using matrix-matched calibration standards in the range of 0.4 to 400 µg/kg. The recoveries of all mycotoxins (except citrinin) in fortified samples were from 70 to 120%, and the RSD was less than 20%. CONCLUSION: The established workflow was simple and fast for multi-mycotoxin determination in a wide variety of food commodities with LOQs needed to meet the regulatory levels. HIGHLIGHTS: The developed method provided the unique benefit of simultaneous analysis of Alternaria toxins (ATs) and ergot alkaloids (EAs) together with other major regulated mycotoxins.
Assuntos
Alcaloides de Claviceps , Micotoxinas , Toxinas Biológicas , Humanos , Micotoxinas/análise , Cromatografia Líquida , Alternaria , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão/métodos , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Alcaloides de Claviceps/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Água/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Grão Comestível/químicaRESUMO
As a filamentous and spoilage fungus, Alternaria spp. can not only infect processing tomatoes, but also produce a variety of mycotoxins which harm the health of human beings. To explore the production of Alternaria toxins in processing tomatoes during growth and storage, four main Alternaria toxins and four conjugated toxins were detected by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-IMS QToF MS) in processing tomatoes on different days after being inoculated with A. alternata. The results show that the content of Alternaria toxins in an in vivo assay is higher than that under field conditions. Tenuazonic acid (TeA) is the predominant toxin detected in the field (205.86~41,389.19 µg/kg) and in vivo (7.64~526,986.37 µg/kg) experiments, and the second-most abundant toxin is alternariol (AOH). In addition, a small quantity of conjugated toxins, AOH-9-glucoside (AOH-9-Glc) and alternariol monomethyl ether-3-glucoside (AME-3-Glc), were screened in the in vivo experiment. This is the first time the potential of Alternaria toxins produced in tomatoes during the harvest period has been studied in order to provide data for the prevention and control of Alternaria toxins.
Assuntos
Micotoxinas , Solanum lycopersicum , Toxinas Biológicas , Humanos , Cromatografia Líquida , Alternaria/química , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Micotoxinas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Lactonas/análiseRESUMO
Alternaria toxins are naturally occurring contaminants found in natural products. Given the prevalence of Alternaria toxins and the complexity of oil-rich matrices, achieving ultra-trace analysis has become a daunting task. A new sample pretreatment technique, i.e., cold-induced liquid-liquid microextraction combined with serially-coupled-columns for SIDA-UHPLC-MS/MS, was developed and reported for the first time. Theoretical and experimental investigations on the mechanism and key parameters revealed that the proposed method achieved simultaneous purification and enrichment in one-step sample extraction with a superior limit of quantitation (0.15-1.5 µg kg-1), without further sample manipulation, such as fat removal or solvent exchange procedures prior to LC-MS. The method was validated taking into consideration EU guidelines and showed acceptable linearity (r ≥ 0.9991), accuracy with recoveries between 75 and 114% and precision with RSD≤9.7% for all of the analytes studied. It was successfully applied to the analysis of twenty samples sourced from the Mediterranean region in order to gain first insights into Alternaria toxins contaminations in olive oils. This technical approach is well suited for large-scale studies in a high-throughput and cost-effective quality assurance laboratory environments, and it has the potential to detect ultra-trace levels of toxins in complex samples, which may lead to the development of new and sustainable sample preparation procedures.
Assuntos
Produtos Biológicos , Micotoxinas , Toxinas Biológicas , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem/métodos , Alternaria , Azeite de Oliva/análise , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Micotoxinas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Solventes/análise , Contaminação de Alimentos/análiseRESUMO
Lataste's viper (Vipera latastei) is a venomous European viper endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, recognised as medically important by the World Health Organization. To date, no comprehensive characterisation of this species' venom has been reported. Here, we analysed the venoms of juvenile and adult specimens of V. latastei from two environmentally different populations from northern Portugal. Using bottom-up venomics, we produced six venom proteomes (three per population) from vipers belonging to both age classes (i.e., two juveniles and four adults), and RP-HPLC profiles of 54 venoms collected from wild specimens. Venoms from juveniles and adults differed in their chromatographic profiles and relative abundances of their toxins, suggesting the occurrence of ontogenetic changes in venom composition. Specifically, snake venom metalloproteinase (SVMP) was the most abundant toxin family in juvenile venoms, while snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs), phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), and C-type lectin-like (CTLs) proteins were the main toxins comprising adult venoms. The RP-HPLC venom profiles were found to vary significantly between the two sampled localities, indicating geographic variability. Furthermore, the presence/absence of certain peaks in the venom chromatographic profiles appeared to be significantly correlated also to factors like body size and sex of the vipers. Our findings show that V. latastei venom is a variable phenotype. The intraspecific differences we detected in its composition likely mirror changes in the feeding ecology of this species, taking place during different life stages and under different environmental pressures. SIGNIFICANCE: Lataste's viper (Vipera latastei) is a medically important viper endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, inhabiting different habitats and undergoing a marked ontogenetic dietary shift. In the current study, we report the first proteomic analysis of V. latastei venom from two environmentally different localities in northern Portugal. Our bottom-up venomic analyses show that snake venom serine proteinases (SVSPs), phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), and C-type lectin-like (CTLs) proteins are the major components of adult V. latastei venom. The comparative analysis of young and adult venoms suggests the occurrence of ontogenetic shift in toxin abundances, with snake venom metalloproteinases (SVMPs) being the predominant toxins in juvenile venoms. Moreover, geographic venom variation between the two studied populations is also detected, with our statistical analyses suggesting that factors like body size and sex of the vipers are possibly at play in its determination. Our work represents the first assessment of the composition of V. latastei venom, and the first step towards a better understanding of the drivers behind its variability.
Assuntos
Toxinas Biológicas , Viperidae , Animais , Lectinas Tipo C , Metaloproteases/metabolismo , Fosfolipases A2/análise , Portugal , Proteômica/métodos , Serina Proteases , Venenos de Serpentes/química , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Venenos de Víboras/química , Viperidae/metabolismoRESUMO
This focused review presents various approaches or formats in which liquid crystals (LCs) have been used as stimuli-responsive sensors. In these sensors, the LC molecules adopt some well-defined arrangement based on the sensor composition and the chemistry of the system. The sensor usually consists of a molecule or functionality in the system that engages in some form of specific interaction with the analyte of interest. The presence of analyte brings about the specific interaction, which then triggers an orientational transition of the LC molecules, which is optically discernible via a polarized optical image that shows up as dark or bright, depending on the orientation of the LC molecules in the system (usually a homeotropic or planar arrangement). The various applications of LCs as biosensors for glucose, protein and peptide detection, biomarkers, drug molecules and metabolites are extensively reviewed. The review also presents applications of LC-based sensors in the detection of heavy metals, anionic species, gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), toxic substances and in pH monitoring. Additionally discussed are the various ways in which LCs have been used in the field of material science. Specific attention has been given to the sensing mechanism of each sensor and it is important to note that in all cases, LC-based sensing involves some form of orientational transition of the LC molecules in the presence of a given analyte. Finally, the review concludes by giving future perspectives on LC-based sensors.
Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais/métodos , Cristais Líquidos/química , Algoritmos , Biomarcadores , Gases/análise , Humanos , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Metais Pesados/análise , Metais Pesados/química , Modelos Químicos , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Estrutura Molecular , Compostos Orgânicos/análise , Compostos Orgânicos/química , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análiseRESUMO
Consumers often believe that "natural food" is harmless, however naturally occurring toxins in food represent a health risk to humans. Honey as a natural, nutritious sweetener, is one of the most commonly consumed foods throughout the world. However, food safety concerns for honey arise when honeybees collect nectar from poisonous plants such as Rhododendron sp., Coriaria arborea, and Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. Such honey contains natural plant toxins. Humans may develop intoxication symptoms after consuming toxic honey; in some cases, it can be fatal. As a result, toxic honey poses an often-ignored threat to public health. Typical plant toxins such as grayanotoxins, triptolides, tutin and pyrrolizidine alkaloids, have been identified in toxic honey. Although different toxic honeys elicit similar symptoms, such as vomiting, nausea, and dizziness, the mechanism of toxicity may be different. Thus, it is necessary to determine the exact toxicity mechanism of different toxins to further develop effective antidotes and cures. Another important challenge is preventing toxic honey from entering the food chain. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry has a wide range of applications in the detection of different toxins due to its accuracy and simplicity. More methods, however, are urgently needed to detect multiple plant-derived toxins in honey and its derivatives. Developing uniform international standards for toxin detection during quarantine using advanced techniques is critical for preventing human consumption of toxic honey.
Assuntos
Mel , Toxinas Biológicas , Animais , Abelhas , Cromatografia Líquida , Contaminação de Alimentos/análise , Humanos , Espectrometria de Massas , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidadeRESUMO
Recently, demand for fermented foods has increased due to their improved nutritional value, taste, and health-promoting properties. Worldwide consumption of these products is increasing. Fermented foods are generally safe for human consumption. However, some toxins, primarily biogenic amines (putrescine, phenylethylamine, histamine, tyramine, and cadaverine), mycotoxins (fumonisins, aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, zearalenone, and trichothecenes), and bacterial toxins (endotoxins, enterotoxins, and emetic toxins) can be produced as a result of using an inappropriate starter culture, processing conditions, and improper storage. These toxins can cause a multitude of foodborne illnesses and can lead to cardiovascular aberration and adverse gastrointestinal symptoms. Analytical techniques are in use for the detection of toxins in fermented foods for monitoring and control purposes. These include culture, chromatographic, immunoassays, and nano sensor-based techniques. These detection techniques can be used during the production process and along the food chain. On an industrial scale, HPLC is widely used for sensitive quantification of toxins in fermented foods. Recently, biosensor and nano sensor-based techniques have gained popularity due to accuracy, time efficiency, and simultaneous detection of multiple toxins. Other strategic methods being investigated for the removal of toxins from fermented foods include the use of specific starter cultures for bio-preservation, aflatoxin-binding, and biogenic amine-degradation agents that may help to appropriately manage the food safety concerns associated with fermented foods.
Assuntos
Alimentos Fermentados , Toxinas Biológicas , Humanos , Fermentação , Alimentos Fermentados/análise , Aminas Biogênicas/análise , Histamina/análise , Inocuidade dos Alimentos , Toxinas Biológicas/análiseRESUMO
The majority of the effects observed upon envenomation by scorpaenoid fish species can be reproduced by the cytolysins present in their venoms. Fish cytolysins are multifunctional proteins that elicit lethal, cytolytic, cardiovascular, inflammatory, nociceptive, and neuromuscular activities, representing a novel class of protein toxins. These large proteins (MW 150-320 kDa) are composed by two different subunits, termed α and ß, with about 700 amino acid residues each, being usually active in oligomeric form. There is a high degree of similarity between the primary sequences of cytolysins from different fish species. This suggests these molecules share similar mechanisms of action, which, at least regarding the cytolytic activity, has been proved to involve pore formation. Although the remaining components of fish venoms have interesting biological activities, fish cytolysins stand out because of their multifunctional nature and their ability to reproduce the main events of envenomation on their own. Considerable knowledge about fish cytolysins has been accumulated over the years, although there remains much to be unveiled. In this review, we compiled and compared the current information on the biochemical aspects and pharmacological activities of fish cytolysins, going over their structures, activities, mechanisms of action, and perspectives for the future.
Assuntos
Citotoxinas/análise , Citotoxinas/toxicidade , Venenos de Peixe/análise , Venenos de Peixe/toxicidade , Alimentos Marinhos/análise , Alimentos Marinhos/toxicidade , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidade , Animais , Estrutura MolecularRESUMO
In the coastal countries of Southeast Asia, fish is a staple diet and certain fish species are food delicacies to local populations or commercially important to individual communities. Although there have been several suspected cases of ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) in Southeast Asian countries, few have been confirmed by ciguatoxins identification, resulting in limited information for the correct diagnosis of this food-borne disease. In the present study, ciguatoxin-1B (CTX-1B) in red snapper (Lutjanus bohar) implicated in a CFP case in Sabah, Malaysia, in December 2017 was determined by single-quadrupole selected ion monitoring (SIM) liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). Continuous consumption of the toxic fish likely resulted in CFP, even when the toxin concentration in the fish consumed was low. The identification of the fish species was performed using the molecular characterization of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene marker, with a phylogenetic analysis of the genus Lutjanus. This is the first report identifying the causative toxin in fish-implicated CFP in Malaysia.
Assuntos
Ciguatoxinas/química , Ciguatoxinas/toxicidade , Peixes/classificação , Doenças Transmitidas por Alimentos , Alimentos Marinhos/toxicidade , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/toxicidade , Adulto , Animais , Ciguatera/epidemiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Malásia/epidemiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Alimentos Marinhos/classificação , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a significant risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease and progression to end-stage renal disease in elderly patients. AKI is also a relatively common complication after kidney transplantation (KTx) associated with graft failure. Since the lifespan of a transplanted kidney is limited, the risk of the loss/deterioration of graft function (DoGF) should be estimated to apply the preventive treatment. The collection of saliva and urine is more convenient than collecting blood and can be performed at home. The study aimed to verify whether non-invasive biomarkers, determined in saliva and urine, may be useful in the prediction of DoGF in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) (n = 92). Salivary and serum toxins (p-cresol sulfate, pCS; indoxyl sulfate, IS) concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Urinary proteins, hemoglobin, and glucose were measured using a semi-quantitative strip test. Salivary IS (odds ratio (OR) = 1.19), and proteinuria (OR = 3.69) were demonstrated as independent factors for the prediction of DoGF. Satisfactory discriminatory power (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.71 ± 0.07) and calibration of the model were obtained. The model showed that categories of the increasing probability of the risk of DoGF are associated with the decreased risk of graft survival. The non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers are a useful screening tool to identify high-risk patients for DoGF.
Assuntos
Cresóis/análise , Rejeição de Enxerto/diagnóstico , Indicã/análise , Falência Renal Crônica/diagnóstico , Falência Renal Crônica/fisiopatologia , Transplante de Rim/efeitos adversos , Saliva/química , Adulto , Biomarcadores/análise , Biomarcadores/urina , Cromatografia Líquida/métodos , Feminino , Rejeição de Enxerto/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Polônia , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Proteinúria/fisiopatologia , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/urinaRESUMO
The presence of plant toxins and/or cyanotoxins in food supplements implies consumer health risks. Therefore, a targeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method to detect/quantify 25 toxins simultaneously in food supplement formulations was developed and validated. Full validation for tablets/powders and secondary validation for a liquid and soft gel capsule indicated that most compounds were efficiently extracted (≥ 75%), while others were only partly extracted (18â-â61%). Trueness was fulfilled (70â-â120%), with some exceptions (mostly at the lowest validation level). Intralaboratory repeatability, intra- and interlaboratory reproducibility values of ≤ 20%, ≤ 25%, and ≤ 25% were obtained for most, respectively. Matrix effects were found to be significant for most compounds. Good sensitivity (µg/kg level) was observed for galegin(e), lycopsamine, lycorine, rubiadin, skimmiamine, and vascin(e), in contrast to helveticoside, lucidin, lucidin-3-primveroside, plumbagin(e), and thujone, which were detected at the mg/kg level. The other compounds were characterized by a sensitivity between 10 to 1000 µg/kg. The validated methodology was applied for 52 food supplements (tablets, capsules, liquids/syrup, etc.) purchased from the Belgian market. In more than 25% of the samples, one or more toxins were detected (concentrations determined using standard addition). Lycopsamine, microcystin LR, solamargine, thujone, and vasicin(e) were the most frequently detected toxins. A clear link between the toxins detected and the plant species on the food supplement ingredient list could not always be established. This generic "dilute-and-shoot" procedure can be used for further research on toxins in food supplements and by extension other plant/algae-based food/feed commodities (herbs, edible flowers, etc.).
Assuntos
Suplementos Nutricionais , Toxinas Biológicas/análise , Bélgica , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Espectrometria de Massas em TandemRESUMO
Safety and quality are key issues for the food industry. Consequently, there is growing demand to preserve the food chain and products against substances toxic, harmful to human health, such as contaminants, allergens, toxins, or pathogens. For this reason, it is mandatory to develop highly sensitive, reliable, rapid, and cost-effective sensing systems/devices, such as electrochemical sensors/biosensors. Generally, conventional techniques are limited by long analyses, expensive and complex procedures, and skilled personnel. Therefore, developing performant electrochemical biosensors can significantly support the screening of food chains and products. Here, we report some of the recent developments in this area and analyze the contributions produced by electrochemical biosensors in food screening and their challenges.
Assuntos
Técnicas Biossensoriais/instrumentação , Técnicas Eletroquímicas/instrumentação , Inocuidade dos Alimentos/métodos , Antibacterianos/análise , Cadeia Alimentar , Humanos , Praguicidas/análise , Toxinas Biológicas/análiseRESUMO
The specificity and potency of venom components give them a unique advantage in developing various pharmaceutical drugs. Though venom is a cocktail of proteins, rarely are the synergy and association between various venom components studied. Understanding the relationship between various components of venom is critical in medical research. Using meta-analysis, we observed underlying patterns and associations in the appearance of the toxin families. For Crotalus, Dis has the most associations with the following toxins: PDE; BPP; CRL; CRiSP; LAAO; SVMP P-I and LAAO; SVMP P-III and LAAO. In Sistrurus venom, CTL and NGF have the most associations. These associations can predict the presence of proteins in novel venom and understand synergies between venom components for enhanced bioactivity. Using this approach, the need to revisit the classification of proteins as major components or minor components is highlighted. The revised classification of venom components is based on ubiquity, bioactivity, the number of associations, and synergies. The revised classification can be expected to trigger increased research on venom components, such as NGF, which have high biomedical significance. Using hierarchical clustering, we observed that the genera's venom compositions were similar, based on functional characteristics rather than phylogenetic relationships.
Assuntos
Venenos de Crotalídeos/análise , Proteínas/análise , Animais , Crotalus/classificação , Crotalus/genética , Filogenia , Toxinas Biológicas/análiseRESUMO
An analytical workflow including mass spectral library, generic sample preparation, chromatographic separation, and analysis by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was developed to gain insight into the occurrence of plant toxins, mycotoxins and phytoestrogens in plant-based food. This workflow was applied to 156 compounds including 90 plant toxins (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, tropane alkaloids, glycoalkaloids, isoquinoline alkaloids and aristolochic acids), 54 mycotoxins (including ergot alkaloids and Alternaria toxins) and 12 phytoestrogens (including isoflavones, lignans and coumestan) in plant-based protein ingredients, cereal and pseudo-cereal products. A mass spectral library was built based on fragmentation spectra collected at 10 different collision energies in both positive and negative ionisation modes for each toxin. Emphasis was put on a generic QuEChERS-like sample preparation followed by ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography using alkaline mobile phase allowing the separation of more than 50 toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. HRMS acquisition comprised a full-scan event for toxins detection followed by data-dependent MS2 for toxin identification against mass spectrum. Method performance was evaluated using fortified samples in terms of sensitivity, repeatability, reproducibility and recovery. All toxins were positively identified at levels ranging from 1 µg kg-1 to 100 µg kg-1. Quantitative results obtained by a standard addition approach met SANTE/12682/2019 criteria for 132 out of 156 toxins. Such a workflow using generic, sensitive and selective multi-residue method allows a better insight into the occurrence of regulated and non-regulated toxins in plant-based foods and to conduct safety evaluation and risk assessments when needed.