Malocclusion in children with speech sound disorders and motor speech involvement: a cross-sectional clinical study in Swedish children.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to investigate the occurrence, types and severity of malocclusions in children with speech sound disorder (SSD) persisting after 6 years of age, and to compare these findings to a control group of children with typical speech development (TSD). METHODS: In total, 105 children were included: 61 with SSD and motor speech involvement (mean age 8:5 ± 2:8 years; range 6:0-16:7 years, 14 girls and 47 boys) and 44 children with TSD (mean age 8:8 ± 1:6; range 6:0-12:2 years, 19 girls and 25 boys). Extra-oral and intra-oral examinations were performed by an orthodontist. The severity of malocclusion was scored using the IOTN-DHC Index. RESULTS: There were differences between the SSD and TSD groups with regard to the prevalence, type, and severity of malocclusions; 61% of the children in the SSD group had a malocclusion, as compared to 29% in the TSD group. In addition, the malocclusions in the SSD group were rated as more severe. Functional posterior crossbite and habitual lateral and/or anterior shift appeared more frequently in the SSD group. Class III malocclusion, anterior open bite and scissors bite were found only in the SSD group. CONCLUSION: Children with SSD and motor speech involvement are more likely to have a higher prevalence of and more severe malocclusions than children with TSD.

Children and adolescents with speech sound disorders are more likely to have orofacial dysfunction and malocclusion.

BACKGROUND: Children with speech sound disorders (SSD) form a heterogeneous group that differs in terms of underlying cause and severity of speech difficulties. Orofacial dysfunction and malocclusions have been reported in children with SSD. However, the association is not fully explored. OBJECTIVES: Our aims were to describe differences in orofacial function and malocclusion between a group of children and adolescents with compared to without SSD and to explore associations between those parameters among the group with SSD. METHODS: A total of 105 participants were included, 61 children with SSD (6.0-16.7 years, mean age 8.5 ± 2.8, 14 girls and 47 boys) and 44 children with typical speech development (TSD) (6.0-12.2 years, mean age 8.8 ± 1.6, 19 girls and 25 boys). Assessments of orofacial function included an orofacial screening test and assessment of bite force, jaw stability, chewing efficiency, and intraoral sensory-motor function. Possible malocclusions were also assessed. RESULT: Children with SSD had both poorer orofacial function and a greater prevalence of malocclusion than children with TSD. Furthermore, children with SSD and poorer orofacial function had a greater risk of malocclusion. CONCLUSION: Our result suggests that children with SSD are more prone to having poorer orofacial function and malocclusion than children with TSD. This illustrates the importance of assessing coexisting orofacial characteristics in children with SSD, especially since orofacial dysfunction may be linked to an increased risk of malocclusion. This result highlights the need for a multiprofessional approach.

[Characteristics of consonant among children with speech sound disorder].

Objective: To investigate the characteristics of consonant among children with speech sound disorder (SSD) and to provide an empirical basis for the subsequent clinical evaluation and evidence-based intervention. Methods: In this retrospective research a total of 1 395 children diagnosed with SSD from the Language-Speech Clinic of the Department of Children Health Care, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2007 to December 2018 were enrolled and underwent the phonological examination on the lexical level with picture naming, according to phoneme development in Chinese mandarin. The Chi-square trend test was applied to analyze the differences and trends of the proportion of consonant error subtypes in children of different age groups. The Chi-square test was conducted to compare the proportion of consonant error subtypes in different gender. Results: The 1 395 children diagnosed with SSD included 1 044 boys and 351 girls, with an age of (5.1±0.8) years. The occurrence of consonant errors in different locations of articulation was the highest for blade-alveolar /l/ (71.8%, 1 002/1 395) and the lowest for labial/b/(9.3%, 130/1 395). The occurrence of consonant errors of labial/p/f/, supra-dental/z/c/s/, blade-alveolar/t/l/, blade-palatal/ch/r/, velar/k/h/, and lingua-palatal/q/decreased with age (all P<0.05). The occurrence of consonant errors of labial/b/m/, supra-dental/z/c/, blade-alveolar/n/l/, blade-palatal/sh/, velar/h/, and lingua-palatal/x/were higher in boys than those in girls (10.3% (108/1 044) vs. 6.3% (22/351), 11.4% (119/1 044) vs. 6.0% (21/351), 64.8% (676/1 044) vs. 51.9% (182/351), 67.8% (708/1 044) vs. 59.8% (210/351), 16.7% (174/1 044) vs. 8.8% (31/351), 73.7% (769/1 044) vs. 66.1% (232/351), 58.0% (606/1 044) vs. 47.6% (167/351), 24.0% (251/1 044) vs. 14.2% (50/351), and 39.9% (417/1 044) vs. 27.6% (97/351); χ²=5.167, 8.533, 16.889, 7.447, 12.863, 7.412, 11.650, 14.900, and 17.099, all P<0.05). The error types of consonant were substitution, omission, and distortion. Omission was the main error type of blade-alveolar/l/(53.3%, 743/1 395), distortion was the main error type of velar/h/(11.8%, 165/1 395), and substitution was the main error type of all other consonants. Substitution with blade-palatal/ch/having the highest occurrence of error (60.2%, 840/1 395). Conclusions: The occurrence of the blade-alveolar/l/error is the highest in children with SSD, with boys demonstrating more serious articulation problems. The main error type of consonant is substitution, with blade-palatal/ch/having the highest occurrence of error. These results suggest the necessity of attending to preschoolers' articulation development. Phonological training targeting blade-alveolar/l/and blade-palatal/ch/should be carried out as early as possible.

[Analysis of functional speech sound disorder and related erroneous consonants in children].

Objective: To investigate the features and trends of functional speech sound disorder and related erroneous consonants in children, so as to provide evidence for clinical evaluation and rational intervention. Methods: Clinical data of 1 562 children diagnosed with functional speech sound disorder in the language-speech clinic of the Department of Child Health Care, Children's Hospital, Capital Institute of Pediatrics from January 2007 to December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. By using the mandarin phonetic test table, the picture-naming method was adopted to test the word-level pronunciation. The Chi-square test was conducted to analyze the incidence of consonant errors in different age groups, gender and different places of articulation. The trend in incidence of the consonant errors in different age groups and during the last 12 years were analyzed by chi-square trend test. Results: A total of 1 562 cases were diagnosed with functional speech sound disorder, including 1 171 males and 391 females, the age was 4-17 years. The incidence of consonant errors in different places of articulation was 43.0% (672/1 562) for labial, 47.0% (734/1 562) for lingua-palatal, 63.7% (995/1 562) for velar, 77.7% (1 213/1 562) for linguo-alveolar, 78.9% (1 233/1 562) for apico-dental and 81.6% (1 274/1 562) for palatal. The incidence of consonant errors in males on labial, lingua-palatal, linguo-alveolar and palatal was higher than that in females (44.7% (523/1 171) vs. 38.1% (149/391), 49.1% (575/1 171) vs. 40.7% (159/391), 80.1% (938/1 171) vs. 70.3% (275/391), 82.8% (970/1 171) vs. 77.7% (304/391), χ²=5.138, 8.379, 16.126 and 5.042,all P<0.05). The incidence of consonant errors on labial, lingua-palatal, velar, linguo-alveolar, apico-dental and palatal decreased with age (χ²=27.023, 13.230, 20.579, 29.718, 26.390, and 17.887, all P<0.01). The incidence of consonant errors on labial, linguo-alveolar, apico-dental increased with years (χ²=9.030, 51.894 and 18.507, all P<0.01). Conclusions: The incidence of palatal errors is the highest in children with functional speech sound disorder. As part of the palatal errors could not be completely self-healing with growing, the phonological therapy for palatal errors should be carried out as early as possible. The incidence of consonant errors on labial, linguo-alveolar, and apico-dental presents an upward tendency with years, more attention should be paid to the factors related to the acquisition of these consonants.

Alterações fonológicas e determinantes sociais: casos atendidos em um ambulatório de avaliação fonoaudiológica / Phonological changes and social determinants: cases seen at a speech therapy assessment clinic / Cambios fonológicos y determinantes sociales: casos dela practica ambulatoria de evaluación en fonoaudiología

Objetivo: Identificar e analisar a prevalência de alterações fonológicas e sua associação com os determinantes sociais em saúde em crianças de quatro a dez anos de idade atendidas em um ambulatório de avaliação e diagnóstico fonoaudiológicos. Métodos: Análise de prontuários de 74 crianças que passaram por avaliação fonoaudiológica entre 2010 e 2014. Coletaram-se dados sociodemográficos referentes à idade, gênero, renda familiar e per capita, escolaridade parental e do paciente, local de residência, além do resultado da prova de fonologia do Teste de Linguagem Infantil ABFW. Os prontuários incluídos foram os de crianças com idade entre quatro e dez anos, que foram submetidas à prova e que possuíam relatórios de anamnese e avaliação completos. Foram excluídos prontuários de crianças com evidências de deficiência intelectual, auditiva ou visual e distúrbios neuropsiquiátricos. Analisaram-se os dados por meio de distribuição de frequências e medidas de tendência central e dispersão, e para as associações foram utilizados os testes Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Mann-Whitney. Este estudo recebeu aprovação de Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa e dispensa de utilização do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Resultados: Houve associação com significância estatística entre o resultado da avaliação fonológica e escolaridade materna e paterna. As demais associações não revelaram valores estatisticamente significativos. Conclusões: Destaca-se a importância da atuação fonoaudiológica na rede pública de ensino e saúde, haja vista a associação encontrada. Foi elevado o número de resultados da avaliação que mostraram alterações fonológicas nas crianças.

Objective: Identify and analyze the prevalence of phonological variations and the association with social health determinants in the children who were attended in a phonological evaluation and diagnostic clinic. The children were from four to ten years old. Methods: Analysis of medical records of 74 children who were phonologically evaluated from 2010 to 2014. Sociodemographic data such as age, sex, family income, per capita income, parents and patient education, living area, as well as final result of the Phonology Test of Children's Language Test - PTCLT - was collected. The records included were those from children from four to ten years old who took the test and had complete anamnesis and assessment reports. Medical records of children with evidence of intellectual disability, hearing impairment or visual impairment and neuropsychiatric disorders were excluded. The analysis of the data was done through frequency distribution and central tendency and dispersion measurements, and Pearson and Mann-Whitney chi-square tests were used for the associations. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee, as well as the request for exemption from the TCLE. Results: The association analysis allowed verifying the existence of statistical significance relation between the phonological evaluation result with mother's education as well as the father's education. The other associations did not reveal statistically relevant information. Conclusions: It should be stressed the importance of the speech and language pathology work in public schools and public health centers, due to the association between the phonological evaluation final result and the parents' education.

Objetivo: Identificación y análisis de prevalencia de trastornos fonológicos y su asociación con determinantes sociales en salud, en niños de 4 a 10 años atendidos en una clínica de diagnóstico y evaluación ambulatoria. Métodos: Análisis de registros médicos de 74 niños evaluados por fonoaudiología entre 2010 y 2014. Se recogieron datos sociodemográficos sobre edad, sexo, ingresos familiares, ingreso per cápita, educación de los padres y de los pacientes, lugar de residencia, así como el resultado de la Prueba de Fonología del Test de Lenguaje Infantil - ABFW. Se incluyeron registros de niños de 4 a 10 años que se sometieron a la prueba y tenían informes completos de anamnesis y evaluación. Se excluyeron registros médicos de niños con evidencia de discapacidad intelectual, discapacidad auditiva o visual y trastornos neuro-psiquiátricos. Los datos fueron analizados por distribución de frecuencia y medidas de tendencia central y dispersión, utilizando para las asociaciones las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson y Mann-Whitney. El estudio fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Investigación, al igual que la solicitud de exención de formulario de consentimiento. Resultados: El análisis de asociación verificó la existencia de significación estadística entre los resultados de la evaluación fonológica con la educación materna y también con la educación paterna. Otras asociaciones no revelaron valores estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: Se destaca la importancia de la actuación en fonoaudiología en la red pública de educación y salud, dada la asociación encontrada. Se encontró un alto número de resultados de evaluación que muestran alteraciones fonológicas en niños.

Reading Risk in Children With Speech Sound Disorder: Prevalence, Persistence, and Predictors.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which school-age children with speech sound disorder (SSD) exhibit concomitant reading difficulties and examine the extent to which phonological processing and speech production abilities are associated with increased likelihood of reading risks. Method Data were obtained from 120 kindergarten, first-grade, and second-grade children who were in receipt of school-based speech therapy services. Children were categorized as being "at risk" for reading difficulties if standardized scores on a word decoding measure were 1 SD or more from the mean. The selected predictors of reading risk included children's rapid automatized naming ability, phonological awareness (PA), and accuracy of speech sound production. Results Descriptive results indicated that just over 25% of children receiving school-based speech therapy for an SSD exhibited concomitant deficits in word decoding and that those exhibiting risk at the beginning of the school year were likely to continue to be at risk at the end of the school year. Results from a hierarchical logistic regression suggested that, after accounting for children's age, general language abilities, and socioeconomic status, both PA and speech sound production abilities were significantly associated with the likelihood of being classified as at risk. Conclusions School-age children with SSD are at increased risk for reading difficulties that are likely to persist throughout an academic year. The severity of phonological deficits, reflected by PA and speech output, may be important indicators of subsequent reading problems.

Predicting speech-sound disorder outcomes in school-age children with hearing loss: The VicCHILD experience.

BACKGROUND: Congenital hearing loss is the most common birth anomaly, typically influencing speech and language development, with potential for later academic, social and employment impacts. Yet, surprisingly, the nuances of how speech is affected have not been well examined with regards to the subtypes of speech-sound disorder (SSD). Nor have the predictors of speech outcome been investigated within a sizeable population cohort. AIMS: (1) To describe the subtypes and prevalence of SSD in children with hearing loss. (2) To determine which characteristics of hearing loss predict the presence of SSD. METHODS & PROCEDURES: A total of 90 children (5-12 years of age) with permanent hearing loss were recruited from an Australian population cohort. Children completed a standardized speech assessment to determine the presence and subtype of SSD. Logistic regression was used to determine the predictors of speech outcome. Demographic, developmental and hearing-related predictors were examined. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: The prevalence of speech disorder overall was 58%, with the most common subtype being phonological delay in 49% of the sample. Factors most predictive of speech disorder were being male, younger and a bimodal user (i.e., using both a hearing aid and a cochlear implant). CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS: This is the first study, in a sizeable cohort, to describe the prevalence and predictive factors for SSD associated with hearing loss. Clinically, it could be beneficial to implement earlier targeted phonological interventions for children with hearing loss. What this paper adds What is already known on this subject Speech issues are common in children with hearing loss; however, the breakdown of subtypes of SSD (e.g., articulation versus phonological disorder) have not been previously described in a population cohort. This distinction is relevant, as each subtype calls for specific targeted intervention. Studies examining factors predictive of speech outcomes, across a range of hearing levels, are also lacking in a population cohort. What this paper adds to existing knowledge Data suggest the most common type of SSD in children with hearing loss is phonological delay. Males, younger children, and bimodal users were at greater risk of having a subtype of SSD. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The results are clinically pertinent as the speech diagnosis determines the targeted treatment. Phonological delay is responsive to treatment, and early targeted intervention may improve prognosis for speech outcomes for children with hearing loss.

Differential Long-Term Outcomes for Individuals With Histories of Preschool Speech Sound Disorders.

Purpose The goal of this study was to determine whether adolescent outcomes for individuals with histories of early speech sound disorders (SSD) could be differentiated by speech and language skills at earlier ages (preschool, 4-6 years, and school age, 7-10 years). Method The study used a retrospective longitudinal design. Participants with and without histories of early SSD were classified in adolescence as having no SSD, resolved SSD, low multisyllabic word (MSW; difficulty with MSW repetition but no errors in conversational speech), or persistent speech disorders (errors in both conversational speech and MSW repetition). Analysis of variance was employed to determine whether early speech, language, and literacy skills distinguished these adolescent outcome groups. Results Preschool and school-age skills differed for adolescents whose SSD had resolved from those who had persistent speech errors. Adolescents with errors solely in production of MSWs (Low MSW) did not differ in early speech and language skills from adolescents who had difficulty with both MSWs and persistent errors in conversation. Conclusions Speech and language assessments earlier in childhood can help establish risks for persistent SSD and other language and literacy difficulties in adolescence. Early identification of these clinically relevant subgroups of SSD may allow for early targeted interventions. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.9932279.

Is there an association between age at first words and speech sound disorders among 4- to 5-year-old children? An epidemiological cross-sectional study based on parental reports.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the role of the period of emergence of the first words and its interactions with other risk factors in predicting the development of speech sound disorder (SSD) among 4- to 5-year-old children. METHODS: After 373 children underwent otolaryngology and speech pathology examinations, their parents answered a questionnaire about potential risk factors for speech impairment. The presence of SSD was identified by a speech pathologist who administered Fanzago's Articulation Test to each child. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to explore the relationships between variables and outcomes. RESULTS: Mean age at first words was 17.8 ±â€¯6.5 months of life; 25.7% of patients suffered from SSD, and 3.7% from stuttering. A family history of language impairment was found in 12.9% of the sample, whereas a family history of reading difficulty was reported in only 5.4% of cases. No differences in terms of mean age (p = 0.3) or gestational age (p = 0.16) were found between children affected by SSD and those who were not. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that male sex (p < 0.001), a family history of language impairment (p < 0.001) and stuttering (p = 0.001) were significantly associated to SSD. Age at first words did not result a predictor of speech impairment. CONCLUSION: In contrast to male sex (p < 0.001), family history of language impairment (p < 0.001) and stuttering (p = 0.001) which resulted significantly associated to SSD, age at first words does not seem to be a predictor of SSD (p = 0.11); however, it remains a useful indicator of language delay and, when considered in association with other language milestones, can be a reason of concern for parents and caregivers about their children's developmental and speech therapy needs.

Estimates of the prevalence of speech and motor speech disorders in persons with complex neurodevelopmental disorders.

Estimates of the prevalence of speech and motor speech disorders in persons with complex neurodevelopmental disorders (CND) can inform research in the biobehavioural origins and treatment of CND. The goal of this research was to use measures and analytics in a diagnostic classification system to estimate the prevalence of speech and motor speech disorders in convenience samples of speakers with one of eight types of CND. Audio-recorded conversational speech samples from 346 participants with one of eight types of CND were obtained from a database of participants recruited for genetic and behavioural studies of speech sound disorders (i.e., excluding dysfluency) during the past three decades. Data reduction methods for the speech samples included narrow phonetic transcription, prosody-voice coding, and acoustic analyses. Standardized measures were used to cross-classify participants' speech and motor speech status. Compared to the 17.8% prevalence of four types of motor speech disorders reported in a study of 415 participants with idiopathic Speech Delay (SD), 47.7% of the present participants with CND met criteria for one of four motor speech disorders, including Speech Motor Delay (25.1%), Childhood Dysarthria (13.3%), Childhood Apraxia of Speech (4.3%), and concurrent Childhood Dysarthria and Childhood Apraxia of Speech (4.9%). Findings are interpreted to indicate a substantial prevalence of speech disorders, and notably, a substantial prevalence of motor speech disorders in persons with some types of CND. We suggest that diagnostic classification information from standardized motor speech assessment protocols can contribute to research in the pathobiologies of CND. Abbreviations: 16p: 16p11.2 deletion and duplication syndrome; 22q: 22q11.2 deletion syndrome; ASD: Autism Spectrum Disorder; CAS: Childhood Apraxia of Speech; CD: Childhood Dysarthria; CND: Complex Neurodevelopmental Disorder; DS: Down syndrome; FXS: Fragile X syndrome; GAL: Galactosemia; IID: Idiopathic Intellectual Disability; MSD: Motor Speech Disorder; No MSD: No Motor Speech Disorder; NSA: Normal(ized) Speech Acquisition; PEPPER: Programs to Examine Phonetic and Phonologic Evaluation Records; PSD: Persistent Speech Delay; PSE: Persistent Speech Errors; SD: Speech Delay; SDCS: Speech Disorders Classification System; SDCSS: Speech Disorders Classification System Summary; SE: Speech Errors; SMD: Speech Motor Delay; SSD: Speech Sound Disorders; TBI: Traumatic Brain Injury.

Misophonia and comorbid psychiatric symptoms: a preliminary study of clinical findings.

Objective: Misophonia is a neurophysiological disorder, phenotypically characterized by heightened autonomic nervous system arousal which is accompanied by a high magnitude of emotional reactivity to repetitive and pattern-based auditory stimuli. This study identifies the prevalence of psychiatric symptoms in misophonia sufferers, the association between severity of misophonia and psychiatric symptoms, and the association between misophonia severity and gender. Methods: Fifty-two misophonia sufferers, 30 females (mean age = 40.93 ± 15.29) and 22 males (mean age = 51.18 ± 15.91) were recruited in our study and they were diagnosed according the criteria proposed by Schröder et al. The participants were evaluated by the A-MISO-S for the severity of misophonia and the MINI to assess the presence of psychiatric symptoms. Results: The most common comorbid symptoms reported by the misophonia patients were respectively PTSD (N = 8, 15.38%), OCD (N = 6, 11.53%), MDD (N = 5, 9.61%), and anorexia (N = 5, 9.61%). Misophonia severity was associated with the symptoms of MDD, OCD, and PTSD as well as anorexia. There was an indication of a significant difference between men and women in the severity of misophonic symptoms. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the importance of recognizing psychiatric comorbidity among misophonia sufferers. The presence of these varying psychiatric disorders' features in individuals with misophonia suggests that while misophonia has unique clinical characteristics with an underlying neurophysiological mechanism, may be associated with psychiatric symptoms. Therefore, when assessing individuals with misophonia symptoms, it is important to screen for psychiatric symptoms. This will assist researchers and clinicians to better understand the nature of the symptoms and how they may be interacting and ultimately allocating the most effective therapeutic strategies.

Validation of Dodd's Model for Differential Diagnosis of childhood speech sound disorders: a longitudinal community cohort study.

AIM: Dodd's Model for Differential Diagnosis is one of the available clinical diagnostic classification systems of childhood speech sound disorders. Yet we do not understand the validity of this system beyond clinical samples, precluding its application in epidemiological or population-based research. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of subgroups of speech sound disorders in a community sample, relative to past clinical samples, in children speaking standard Australian English. METHOD: We examined speech development in a community-ascertained sample of children at 4 years (n=1607). Inclusion for speech sound disorder was a score of less than or equal to 1 standard deviation on a standardized speech test, and/or research assistant concern, and/or three or more speech errors on sounds typically acquired by 4 years. Dodd's model was then applied to 126 children. RESULTS: Data revealed proportions of children across Dodd's diagnostic subgroups as follows: suspected atypical speech motor control (10%); inconsistent phonological disorder (15%); consistent atypical phonological disorder (20%); phonological delay (55%); and articulation disorder alone (0%). The findings are in line with known prevalence of these subgroups in clinical populations. INTERPRETATION: Our findings provide additional support for speech-language pathologists to use this system in clinical practice for differential diagnosis and targeted intervention of speech sound disorders in children. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS: Dodd's Model for Differential Diagnosis is the first classification system of speech sound disorders to be applicable to both clinical and community cohorts.

APLICACIÓN DEL MODELO DE DODD PARA EL DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL DE LOS TRASTORNOS DEL SONIDO DEL HABLA INFANTIL: UN ESTUDIO LONGITUDINAL DE COHORTE COMUNITARIO: OBJETIVO: El modelo de Dodd para diagnóstico diferencial es uno de los sistemas de clasificación clínicos disponibles de trastornos del sonido del habla - articulación - infantil. Sin embargo, no comprendemos la validez de este sistema más allá de las muestras clínicas, lo que impide su aplicación epidemiológica o de investigación basada en la población. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la prevalencia de subgrupos de trastornos del sonido del habla en una muestra de la comunidad, en relación con muestras clínicas pasadas, en niños que hablan inglés australiano estándar. MÉTODO: Examinamos el desarrollo del habla en una muestra de niños determinada en la comunidad en 4 años (n = 1607). La inclusión para el trastorno de sonido del habla fue una puntuación menor o igual a 1 desviación estándar en una prueba de habla estandarizada y / o preocupación del asistente de investigación, y / o tres o más errores de habla en sonidos típicamente adquiridos a los 4 años. El modelo de Dodd se aplicó a 126 niños. RESULTADOS: Los datos revelaron proporciones de niños en los subgrupos de diagnóstico de Dodd de la siguiente manera: sospecha de control del habla atípica (10%); trastorno fonológico inconsistente (15%); trastorno fonológico atípico consistente (20%); retraso fonológico (55%); y trastorno articulación aislado (0%). Los hallazgos concuerdan con la prevalencia conocida de estos subgrupos en poblaciones clínicas. INTERPRETACIÓN: Nuestros hallazgos proporcionan apoyo adicional para fonoaudiologos para usar este sistema, en la práctica clínica, para el diagnóstico diferencial y la intervención dirigida de trastornos de sonido del habla en niños.

APLICAÇÃO DO MODELO DE DODD PARA DIAGNÓSTICO DIFERENCIAL DE DESORDENS DA FALA EM CRIANÇA: UM ESTUDO DE COORTE LONGITUDINAL EM UMA COMUNIDADE: OBJETIVO: O Modelo de Dodd para Diagnóstico Diferencial é um dos sistemas de classificação disponíveis para diagnóstico clínico de desordens da fala. Ainda não se conhece a validade destes sistema além de amostras clínica, o que limita sua aplicação em pesquisas epidemiológicas ou populacionais. Este estudo visou determinar a prevalência de subgrupos de desordens da fala em uma amostra de uma comunidade, com relação a amostras clínicas anteriores, em crianças falantes de inglês australiano padrão. MÉTODO: Examinamos o desenvolvimento da fala em uma amostra de crianças com 4 anos de idade (n=1607) pertencentes a uma comunidade. A inclusão para desordem da fala foi um escore menor ou igual a 1 desvio padrão em um teste padronizado de fala, e/ou preocupação pelo pesquisador, e/ou três ou mais erros de pronúncia de sons tipicamente adquiridos até a idade de 4 anos. O modelo de Dodd então foi aplicado a 126 crianças. RESULTADOS: Os dados revelaram proporções de crianças entre os subgrupos diagnósticos de Dodd como: suspeita de controle motor da fala atípico (10%); desordem fonológica inconsistente (15%); desordem fonológica consistente atípica (20%); atraso fonológico (55%) e desordem isolada da articulação (0%). Os achados se alinham com a prevalência conhecida destes subgrupos em populações clínicas. INTERPRETAÇÃO: Nossos achados fornecem suporte adicional para que fonoaudiólogos usem este sistema na prática clínica para o diagnóstico diferencial e intervenção direcionada de desordens da fala em crianças.

Prevalence of speech and language disorders in children in the western region of São Paulo. / Prevalência de alterações fonoaudiológicas na infância na região oeste de São Paulo.

PURPOSE: To establish the speech-language disorders in children living in the western region of São Paulo; to assess associations between diagnosis hypotheses (DH) and the age, gender and origin of referral; and to investigate the degree of agreement between the complaint and the DH at the moment of speech-language screening. METHODS: Observational epidemiological study conducted at a laboratory of Primary Health Care. A survey of 525 medical records of children between 2002 and 2011 was conducted. The following variables were analyzed: gender and age of the child; origin of referral, complaint reported by parents, diagnosis hypothesis and referrals. RESULTS: There was a predominance of male children (68.3%) and of the age group between 3 and 5 years and 11 months (48.7%), referred by a health professional (51.9%) and with more than one complaint reported by parents (26.1%). The most frequent DH were Phonological Disorder (22.9%) and more than one Diagnosis Hypothesis (19.4%). Most children were referred to a clinic-school where screening was performed (77.9%). There was an association between DH and the variables age (p <0.001*), gender (p = 0.008*) and origin of referrals (p <0.001). The degree of agreement between complaints and DHs was moderate. CONCLUSION: It has been proven that there are different DHs according to age, gender and origin of referrals. The use of speech-language screening with the information provided by parents for tracking of speech pathology is recommended.

OBJETIVO: Identificar as alterações fonoaudiológicas em crianças residentes na região oeste de São Paulo; verificar as associações entre a hipótese diagnóstica (HD) e a faixa etária, o gênero e a origem do encaminhamento; e investigar o grau de concordância entre a queixa e a HD no momento da triagem fonoaudiológica. MÉTODO: Estudo epidemiológico observacional, desenvolvido em um laboratório de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Realizou-se o levantamento de 525 prontuários de crianças atendidas entre 2002 e 2011. As variáveis analisadas foram: gênero e idade da criança; origem do encaminhamento, queixa relatada pelos pais, HD fonoaudiológica e conduta estabelecida. RESULTADOS: Houve predomínio de crianças do gênero masculino (68,3%), da faixa etária entre 3 anos e 5 anos e 11 meses (48,7%), encaminhadas por um profissional da Área da saúde (51,9%) e com mais de uma queixa referida pelos pais (26,1%). As HDs fonoaudiológicas mais frequentes foram Transtorno Fonológico (22,9%) e Mais de uma Hipótese (19,4%). A maioria das crianças foi encaminhada à própria clínica-escola em que foi realizada a triagem (77,9%). Houve associação entre HD fonoaudiológica e as variáveis faixa etária (p<0,001*), gênero (p=0,008*) e origem dos encaminhamentos (p<0,001). O grau de concordância entre as queixas e as HDs foi moderado. CONCLUSÃO: Comprovou-se que há diferentes HDs fonoaudiológicas de acordo com a faixa etária, o gênero e a origem dos encaminhamentos. Recomenda-se a utilização de screening fonoaudiológico em conjunto com as informações fornecidas pelos pais para rastreamento das alterações fonoaudiológicas.

Prevalence of phonological disorders and phonological processes in typical and atypical phonological development. / Ocorrência do desvio fonológico e de processos fonológicos em aquisição fonológica típica e atípica.

PURPOSE: To determine the occurrence of phonological disorders by age, gender and school type, and analyze the phonological processes observed in typical and atypical phonological development across different age groups. METHODS: The sample consisted of 866 children aged between 3:0 and 8:11 years, recruited from public and private schools in the city of Santa Maria/RS. A phonological evaluation was performed to analyze the operative phonological processes. RESULTS: 15.26% (n = 132) of the sample presented atypical phonological acquisition (phonological disorders). Phonological impairments were more frequent in public school students across all age groups. Phonological alterations were most frequent between ages 4 -to 6, and more prevalent in males than females in all but the youngest age group. The most common phonological processes in typical phonological acquisition were: cluster reduction; nonlateral liquid deletion in coda; nonlateral liquid substitution in onset; semivocalization of lateral liquids in coda; and unstressed syllable deletion. In children with phonological disorders, the most common phonological processes were: lateral and nonlateral liquid substitution in onset position; nonlateral liquid deletion; fronting of fricatives in onset position; unstressed syllable deletion; semivocalization of nonlateral liquid in coda; and nonlateral liquid deletion in coda position. CONCLUSION: Phonological processes were highly prevalent in the present sample, and occurred more often in boys than in girls. Information regarding the type and frequency of phonological processes in both typical phonological acquisition and phonological disorders may contribute to early diagnosis and increase the efficiency of treatment planning.

When does speech sound disorder matter for literacy? The role of disordered speech errors, co-occurring language impairment and family risk of dyslexia.

BACKGROUND: This study considers the role of early speech difficulties in literacy development, in the context of additional risk factors. METHOD: Children were identified with speech sound disorder (SSD) at the age of 3½ years, on the basis of performance on the Diagnostic Evaluation of Articulation and Phonology. Their literacy skills were assessed at the start of formal reading instruction (age 5½), using measures of phoneme awareness, word-level reading and spelling; and 3 years later (age 8), using measures of word-level reading, spelling and reading comprehension. RESULTS: The presence of early SSD conferred a small but significant risk of poor phonemic skills and spelling at the age of 5½ and of poor word reading at the age of 8. Furthermore, within the group with SSD, the persistence of speech difficulties to the point of school entry was associated with poorer emergent literacy skills, and children with 'disordered' speech errors had poorer word reading skills than children whose speech errors indicated 'delay'. In contrast, the initial severity of SSD was not a significant predictor of reading development. Beyond the domain of speech, the presence of a co-occurring language impairment was strongly predictive of literacy skills and having a family risk of dyslexia predicted additional variance in literacy at both time-points. CONCLUSIONS: Early SSD alone has only modest effects on literacy development but when additional risk factors are present, these can have serious negative consequences, consistent with the view that multiple risks accumulate to predict reading disorders.

Prevalência de alterações fonoaudiológicas na infância na região oeste de São Paulo / Prevalence of speech and language disorders in children in the western region of São Paulo

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar as alterações fonoaudiológicas em crianças residentes na região oeste de São Paulo; verificar as associações entre a hipótese diagnóstica (HD) e a faixa etária, o gênero e a origem do encaminhamento; e investigar o grau de concordância entre a queixa e a HD no momento da triagem fonoaudiológica. Método Estudo epidemiológico observacional, desenvolvido em um laboratório de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Realizou-se o levantamento de 525 prontuários de crianças atendidas entre 2002 e 2011. As variáveis analisadas foram: gênero e idade da criança; origem do encaminhamento, queixa relatada pelos pais, HD fonoaudiológica e conduta estabelecida. Resultados Houve predomínio de crianças do gênero masculino (68,3%), da faixa etária entre 3 anos e 5 anos e 11 meses (48,7%), encaminhadas por um profissional da Área da saúde (51,9%) e com mais de uma queixa referida pelos pais (26,1%). As HDs fonoaudiológicas mais frequentes foram Transtorno Fonológico (22,9%) e Mais de uma Hipótese (19,4%). A maioria das crianças foi encaminhada à própria clínica-escola em que foi realizada a triagem (77,9%). Houve associação entre HD fonoaudiológica e as variáveis faixa etária (p<0,001*), gênero (p=0,008*) e origem dos encaminhamentos (p<0,001). O grau de concordância entre as queixas e as HDs foi moderado. Conclusão Comprovou-se que há diferentes HDs fonoaudiológicas de acordo com a faixa etária, o gênero e a origem dos encaminhamentos. Recomenda-se a utilização de screening fonoaudiológico em conjunto com as informações fornecidas pelos pais para rastreamento das alterações fonoaudiológicas.

ABSTRACT Purpose To establish the speech-language disorders in children living in the western region of São Paulo; to assess associations between diagnosis hypotheses (DH) and the age, gender and origin of referral; and to investigate the degree of agreement between the complaint and the DH at the moment of speech-language screening. Methods Observational epidemiological study conducted at a laboratory of Primary Health Care. A survey of 525 medical records of children between 2002 and 2011 was conducted. The following variables were analyzed: gender and age of the child; origin of referral, complaint reported by parents, diagnosis hypothesis and referrals. Results There was a predominance of male children (68.3%) and of the age group between 3 and 5 years and 11 months (48.7%), referred by a health professional (51.9%) and with more than one complaint reported by parents (26.1%). The most frequent DH were Phonological Disorder (22.9%) and more than one Diagnosis Hypothesis (19.4%). Most children were referred to a clinic-school where screening was performed (77.9%). There was an association between DH and the variables age (p <0.001*), gender (p = 0.008*) and origin of referrals (p <0.001). The degree of agreement between complaints and DHs was moderate. Conclusion It has been proven that there are different DHs according to age, gender and origin of referrals. The use of speech-language screening with the information provided by parents for tracking of speech pathology is recommended.

Ocorrência do desvio fonológico e de processos fonológicos em aquisição fonológica típica e atípica / Prevalence of phonological disorders and phonological processes in typical and atypical phonological development

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a ocorrência de desvio fonológico quanto à idade, gênero e tipo de escola, além de verificar e analisar os processos fonológicos em casos de aquisição fonológica típica e atípica em diferentes faixas etárias. Método Participaram 866 crianças com idades entre 3:0 e 8:11, matriculadas em escolas públicas e privadas de Santa Maria-RS. Realizou-se avaliação fonológica para analisar os processos fonológicos operantes. Resultados 15,26% (n = 132) das crianças avaliadas apresentavam aquisição fonológica atípica (desvio fonológico). As escolas públicas tiveram maior ocorrência de desvio fonológico para todas as idades pesquisadas. Houve maior ocorrência de desvio fonológico nas idades de 4 anos, 5 anos e 6 anos. O gênero masculino teve maior ocorrência que o feminino, com exceção na idade de 3 anos. Na aquisição fonológica típica, os processos que mais ocorreram foram: redução do encontro consonantal, apagamento de líquida não lateral em coda, substituição de líquida não lateral em onset, semivocalização de líquida não lateral em coda e apagamento de sílaba átona. No desvio fonológico, foram: substituição de líquida lateral e não lateral em onset, apagamento de líquida não lateral, anteriorização de fricativa em onset, apagamento de sílaba átona, semivocalização de líquida não lateral em coda e apagamento de líquida não lateral em coda. Conclusão A média da ocorrência foi considerada alta e mais frequente nos meninos. É importante saber a ocorrência e conhecer os processos fonológicos operantes na fala das crianças, pois estes podem auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce das alterações fonológicas, bem como na elaboração do planejamento terapêutico.

ABSTRACT Purpose To determine the occurrence of phonological disorders by age, gender and school type, and analyze the phonological processes observed in typical and atypical phonological development across different age groups. Methods The sample consisted of 866 children aged between 3:0 and 8:11 years, recruited from public and private schools in the city of Santa Maria/RS. A phonological evaluation was performed to analyze the operative phonological processes. Results 15.26% (n = 132) of the sample presented atypical phonological acquisition (phonological disorders). Phonological impairments were more frequent in public school students across all age groups. Phonological alterations were most frequent between ages 4 -to 6, and more prevalent in males than females in all but the youngest age group. The most common phonological processes in typical phonological acquisition were: cluster reduction; nonlateral liquid deletion in coda; nonlateral liquid substitution in onset; semivocalization of lateral liquids in coda; and unstressed syllable deletion. In children with phonological disorders, the most common phonological processes were: lateral and nonlateral liquid substitution in onset position; nonlateral liquid deletion; fronting of fricatives in onset position; unstressed syllable deletion; semivocalization of nonlateral liquid in coda; and nonlateral liquid deletion in coda position. Conclusion Phonological processes were highly prevalent in the present sample, and occurred more often in boys than in girls. Information regarding the type and frequency of phonological processes in both typical phonological acquisition and phonological disorders may contribute to early diagnosis and increase the efficiency of treatment planning.

Prevalence and Predictors of Persistent Speech Sound Disorder at Eight Years Old: Findings From a Population Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine prevalence and predictors of persistent speech sound disorder (SSD) in children aged 8 years after disregarding children presenting solely with common clinical distortions (i.e., residual errors). METHOD: Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (Boyd et al., 2012) were used. Children were classified as having persistent SSD on the basis of percentage of consonants correct measures from connected speech samples. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors. RESULTS: The estimated prevalence of persistent SSD was 3.6%. Children with persistent SSD were more likely to be boys and from families who were not homeowners. Early childhood predictors identified as important were weak sucking at 4 weeks, not often combining words at 24 months, limited use of word morphology at 38 months, and being unintelligible to strangers at age 38 months. School-age predictors identified as important were maternal report of difficulty pronouncing certain sounds and hearing impairment at age 7 years, tympanostomy tube insertion at any age up to 8 years, and a history of suspected coordination problems. The contribution of these findings to our understanding of risk factors for persistent SSD and the nature of the condition is considered. CONCLUSION: Variables identified as predictive of persistent SSD suggest that factors across motor, cognitive, and linguistic processes may place a child at risk.

Emergence and Prevalence of Persistent and Residual Speech Errors.

This report reviews the existing literature on the emergence and prevalence of speech sound errors in older children and adults. Findings from several different sources suggest that 1 to 2% of the young adult population overall may present with these errors. Up to 75% of these errors may resolve on their own between the end of the developmental period (i.e., age 9 years) and the end of high school, though speech therapy services may still be justified to reduce any negative social consequences of these errors. At least two different sources of these errors are postulated. Residual speech errors (the more common of the two types) appear to arise as a leftovers from a much earlier speech delay and were originally omission or substitution errors but migrated closer to normal to become distortions. Persistent speech errors, on the other hand, appear to be distortions from an early age that reflect long-instantiated habits. Whether this distinction points to different responses to particular interventions, or whether either type is more or less likely to resolve spontaneously is not clear at this time.