Recovery of left ventricular systolic function in peripartum cardiomyopathy: an observational study from rural Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the recovery rate of the left ventricular systolic function of women diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy receiving specialized care in rural Tanzania. METHODS: In this observational study, women diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy at a referral center in rural Tanzania between December 2015 and September 2021 were included. Women diagnosed between February and September 2021 were followed prospectively, those diagnosed between December 2015 and January 2021 were tracked back for a follow-up echocardiography. All participants received a clinical examination, a comprehensive echocardiogram, and a prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy. The primary outcome was recovery of the left ventricular systolic function (left ventricular ejection fraction > 50%). RESULTS: Median age of the 110 participants was 28.5 years (range 17-45). At enrolment, 49 (45%) participants were already on cardiac medication, 50 (45%) had severe eccentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle, and the median left ventricular ejection fraction was 30% (range 15-46). After a median follow-up of 8.98 months (IQR 5.72-29.37), 61 (55%) participants were still on cardiac medication. Full recovery of the left ventricular systolic function was diagnosed in 76 (69%, 95% CI 59.6-77.6%) participants. In the multivariate analysis, a higher left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline was positively associated with full recovery (each 5% increase; OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.10-2.62, p = 0.012), while higher age was inversely associated (each 10 years increase; OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.19-0.82, p = 0.012). CONCLUSION: Left ventricular systolic function recovered completely in 69% of study participants with peripartum cardiomyopathy from rural Tanzania under specialized care.

The patient experience of a postpartum readmission for hypertension: a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) are the most common cause of postpartum readmission. Prior research led to clinical guidelines for postpartum management; however, the patient experience is often missing from this work. The objective of this study is to understand the perspective of patients readmitted for postpartum hypertension. METHODS: This was a qualitative study with data generated through semi-structured interviews. Patients readmitted with postpartum HDP at an urban academic medical center from February to December 2022 were approached and consented for an interview. The same researcher conducted all interviews and patient recruitment continued until thematic saturation was reached (n = 9). Two coders coded all interviews using Nvivo software with both deductive and inductive coding processes. Discrepancies were discussed and resolved with consensus among the two coders. Themes were identified through an initial a priori template of codes which were expanded upon using grounded theory, and researchers were reflexive in their thematic generation. RESULTS: Six themes were generated: every pregnancy is different, symptoms of preeclampsia are easily dismissed or minimized by both patient and providers, miscommunication regarding medical changes can increase the risk of readmissions, postpartum care coordination and readmission logistics at our hospital could be improved to facilitate caring for a newborn, postpartum care is often considered separately from the rest of pregnancy, and patient well-being improved when conversations acknowledged the struggles of readmission. CONCLUSIONS: This qualitative research study revealed patient-identified gaps in care that may have led to readmission for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. The specific recommendations that emerge from these themes include addressing barriers to blood pressure management prior to discharge, improving postpartum discharge follow-up, providing newborn care coordination, and improving counseling on the risk of postpartum preeclampsia during discharge. Incorporating these patient perspectives in hospital discharge policy can be helpful in creating patient-centered systems of care and may help reduce rates of readmission.

Acute puerperal uterine inversion with successful manual transvaginal repositioning: A case report.

RATIONALE: Uterine inversion is a rare medical condition that is categorized as puerperal and nonpuerperal. Repositioning of uterine involution can be done manually or surgically, the latter of which involves abdominal manipulation and disruption of the integrity of the uterine wall, which can lead to complications for the patient in subsequent pregnancies, such as uterine rupture. PATIENT CONCERNS: We report a case of acute puerperal uterine inversion that was manually repositioned transvaginally. An ultrasonogram and reset schematic were also presented. A 23-year-old woman (gravida 1 para 0) was admitted to the hospital with a full-term pregnancy. DIAGNOSES: In the postpartum period, we found placental adhesions and uterine inversion into the uterine cavity, which was confirmed by bedside ultrasound. INTERVENTIONS AND OUTCOMES: We administered analgesic, relieving uterine spasms, and antishock therapy along with manual stripping of the placenta and ultrasound-guided uterine repositioning. After successful repositioning the patient vaginal bleeding decreased rapidly and she was discharged 3 days after delivery. LESSONS: Early recognition, antishock therapy and prompt repositioning are key in the management of puerperal uterine inversion. We hope that this case will enable clinicians to better visualize the ultrasound imaging of uterine inversion and the process of manual repositioning.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy: A case report of decompensated heart failure in a hypertensive patient.

RATIONALE: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) occurring in the context of hypertension presents a unique clinical challenge. This case contributes to the medical literature by highlighting the complexities of managing heart failure in postpartum women with pre-existing hypertensive disorders, particularly when complicated by a history of preeclampsia. PATIENT CONCERNS: Mrs. O.O., a 34-year-old hypertensive woman, presented with progressive dyspnea, bilateral leg swelling, and orthopnea. Notably, she had a history of previous preeclampsia and exhibited worsening symptoms over several months. DIAGNOSES: The patient was diagnosed with decompensated heart failure secondary to PPCM, exacerbated by hypertension and anemia. INTERVENTIONS: Therapeutic interventions included diuretics, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, digoxin, and anticoagulation. Additionally, lifestyle modifications and dietary restrictions were implemented. OUTCOMES: Following treatment adjustments, the patient demonstrated significant improvement in symptoms, exercise tolerance, and cardiac function. The transition from NYHA class III to class II heart failure indicated successful management. LESSONS: This case underscores the importance of a comprehensive approach to managing PPCM in hypertensive patients, with attention to cardiovascular and obstetric factors. It highlights the effectiveness of multidisciplinary care in achieving positive outcomes and emphasizes the need for heightened vigilance in postpartum women with cardiovascular risk factors.

Current concepts in postpartum anemia management.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Postpartum anemia (PPA) is common in women after childbirth and affects about 50-80% of all women worldwide. Iron deficiency (ID) is the main cause for anemia and constitutes a potentially preventable condition with great impact on the mother's physical and mental condition after delivery. In most cases, PPA is associated with antenatal ID and peripartum blood losses. Numerous published studies confirmed the positive effect of PPA diagnosis and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: Iron deficiency as well as iron deficiency anemia (IDA) are common in the postpartum period and represent significant health problems in women of reproductive age. SUMMARY: Important movements towards early detection and therapy of postpartum anemia have been observed. However, postpartum anemia management is not implemented on a large scale as many healthcare professionals are not aware of the most recent findings in the field. Diagnosis and therapy of PPA, particularly iron supplementation in ID and IDA, has proven to be highly effective with a tremendous effect on women's wellbeing and outcome.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy in low- and middle-income countries.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) causes pregnancy-associated heart failure, typically during the last month of pregnancy, and up to 6 months post-partum, in women without known cardiovascular disease. PPCM is a global disease, but with a significant geographical variability within and between countries. Its true incidence in Africa is still unknown because of the lack of a PPCM population-based study. The variability in the epidemiology of PPCM between and within countries could be due to differences in the prevalence of both genetic and non-genetic risk factors. Several risk factors have been implicated in the aetiopathogenesis of PPCM over the years. Majority of patients with PPCM present with symptoms and signs of congestive cardiac failure. Diagnostic work up in PPCM is prompted by strong clinical suspicion, but Echocardiography is the main imaging technique for diagnosis. The management of PPCM involves multiple disciplines - cardiologists, anaesthetists, intensivists, obstetricians, neonatologists, and the prognosis varies widely.

Frequency and Clinical Implications of Referrals to Heart Failure Among Patients with Peripartum Cardiomyopathy.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but significant cause of new-onset heart failure (HF) during the peri- and post-partum periods. Advances in GDMT for HF with reduced ventricular function have led to substantial improvements in survival and quality of life, yet few studies examine the longitudinal care received by patients with PPCM. The aim of this research is to address this gap by retrospectively characterizing patients with PPCM across a multihospital health system and investigating the frequency of cardiology and HF specialty referrals. Understanding whether surveillance and medical management differ among patients referred to HF will help to underscore the importance of referring patients with PPCM to HF specialists for optimal care.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy delivery hospitalization and postpartum readmission trends, risk factors, and outcomes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk for peripartum cardiomyopathy during delivery and postpartum hospitalizations, and analyze associated trends, risk factors, and clinical outcomes. METHODS: The 2010-2020 Nationwide Readmissions Database was used for this retrospective cohort study. Delivery hospitalizations along with postpartum readmissions occurring within five months of delivery discharge were analyzed. Risk factors associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy were analyzed with unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression models with odds ratios as measures of effect. Risk for severe adverse outcomes associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy was analyzed. Trends were analyzed with joinpoint regression. RESULTS: Of 39,790,772 delivery hospitalizations identified, 9,210 were complicated by a diagnosis of peripartum cardiomyopathy (2.3 per 10,000). Risk for a 5-month readmission with a peripartum cardiomyopathy diagnosis was 4.8 per 10,000. Factors associated with peripartum cardiomyopathy during deliveries included preeclampsia with severe features (OR 18.9, 95 % CI 17.2, 20.7), preeclampsia without severe features (OR 6.9, 95 % CI 6.1, 7.8), multiple gestation (OR 4.7, 95 % CI 4.1, 5.3), chronic hypertension (OR 10.1, 95 % CI 8.9, 11.3), and older maternal age. Associations were attenuated but retained significance in adjusted models. Similar estimates were found when evaluating associations with postpartum readmissions. Peripartum cardiomyopathy readmissions were associated with 10 % of overall postpartum deaths, 21 % of cardiac arrest/ventricular fibrillation diagnoses, 18 % of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation cases, and 40 % of cardiogenic shock. In joinpoint analysis, peripartum cardiomyopathy increased significantly during delivery hospitalizations (average annual percent change [AAPC] 2.2 %, 95 % CI 1.0 %, 3.4 %) but not postpartum readmissions (AAPC 0.0 %, 95 % CI -1.6 %, 1.6 %). CONCLUSION: Risk for peripartum cardiomyopathy increased during delivery hospitalizations over the study period. Obstetric conditions such as preeclampsia and chronic medical conditions that are increasing in prevalence in the obstetric population were associated with the highest odds of peripartum cardiomyopathy.

Chronic Hypertension and the Risk of Readmission for Postpartum Cardiovascular Complications.

OBJECTIVE: Preeclampsia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD, including heart disease and stroke) along the life course. However, whether exposure to chronic hypertension in pregnancy, in the absence of preeclampsia, is implicated in CVD risk during the immediate postpartum period remains poorly understood. Our objective was to estimate the risk of readmission for CVD complications within the calendar year after delivery for people with chronic hypertension. METHODS: The Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project's Nationwide Readmission Database (2010-2018) was used to conduct a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 15-54 years. International Classification of Diseases codes were used to identify patients with chronic hypertension and postpartum readmission for CVD complications within 1 year of delivery. People with CVD diagnosed during pregnancy or delivery admission, multiple births, or preeclampsia or eclampsia were excluded. Excess rates of CVD readmission among patients with and without chronic hypertension were estimated. Associations between chronic hypertension and CVD complications were determined from Cox proportional hazards regression models. RESULTS: Of 27,395,346 delivery hospitalizations that resulted in singleton births, 2.0% of individuals had chronic hypertension (n=544,639). The CVD hospitalization rate among patients with chronic hypertension and normotensive patients was 645 (n=3,791) per 100,000 delivery hospitalizations and 136 (n=37,664) per 100,000 delivery hospitalizations, respectively (rate difference 508, 95% CI 467-549; adjusted hazard ratio 4.11, 95% CI 3.64-4.66). The risk of CVD readmission, in relation to chronic hypertension, persisted for 1 year after delivery. CONCLUSION: The heightened CVD risk as early as 1 month postpartum in relation to chronic hypertension underscores the need for close monitoring and timely care after delivery to reduce blood pressure and related complications.

Post-COVID-19 Peripartum Cardiomyopathy: Experience from a Large Tertiary Referral Center.

BACKGROUND: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a rare but potentially devastating complication of pregnancy. Although the pathophysiology of PPCM is not fully understood, there are known risk factors for developing PPCM, which are maternal and gestation related. In the first wave of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, we witnessed an elevated incidence of PPCM among COVID-19 survivors. OBJECTIVES: To present a single-center case series of three patients diagnosed with peripartum cardiomyopathy after recovered from COVID-19 during the index pregnancy. METHODS: In this single center case study, all patients diagnosed with PPCM at our institute during the examined time frame were included. Electronic medical records were studied. RESULTS: Three patients previously diagnosed with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic COVID-19 disease during pregnancy presented with PPCM before or shortly after delivery. Patients underwent testing to rule out residual COVID-19 myocarditis, were treated pharmacologically and with wearable defibrillators as needed, and were examined in follow-up 1-9 months after delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Residual endothelial damage due to COVID-19 disease, even if originally mild in presentation, could predispose pregnant patients to PPCM and should be considered as a risk factor when assessing patients with new onset symptoms of heart failure. Further research is needed to confirm this hypothesis and fully determine the underlying pathophysiology. These preliminary findings warrant a high index of suspicion for PPCM in COVID-19 recoverers.

Serum Proteomic Analysis of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Reveals Distinctive Dysregulation of Inflammatory and Cholesterol Metabolism Pathways.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) and its distinctive biological features remain incompletely understood. High-throughput serum proteomic profiling, a powerful tool to gain insights into the pathophysiology of diseases at a systems biology level, has never been used to investigate PPCM relative to nonischemic cardiomyopathy. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to characterize the pathophysiology of PPCM through serum proteomic analysis. METHODS: Aptamer-based proteomic analysis (SomaScan 7K) was performed on serum samples from women with PPCM (n = 67), women with nonischemic nonperipartum cardiomyopathy (NPCM) (n = 31), and age-matched healthy peripartum and nonperipartum women (n = 10 each). Serum samples were obtained from the IPAC (Investigation of Pregnancy-Associated Cardiomyopathy) and IMAC2 (Intervention in Myocarditis and Acute Cardiomyopathy) studies. RESULTS: Principal component analysis revealed unique clustering of each patient group (P for difference <0.001). Biological pathway analyses of differentially measured proteins in PPCM relative to NPCM, before and after normalization to pertinent healthy controls, highlighted specific dysregulation of inflammatory pathways in PPCM, including the upregulation of the cholesterol metabolism-related anti-inflammatory pathway liver-X receptor/retinoid-X receptor (LXR/RXR) (P < 0.01, Z-score 1.9-2.1). Cardiac recovery by 12 months in PPCM was associated with the downregulation of pro-inflammatory pathways and the upregulation of LXR/RXR, and an additional RXR-dependent pathway involved in the regulation of inflammation and metabolism, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/RXRα signaling. CONCLUSIONS: Serum proteomic profiling of PPCM relative to NPCM and healthy controls indicated that PPCM is a distinct disease entity characterized by the unique dysregulation of inflammation-related pathways and cholesterol metabolism-related anti-inflammatory pathways. These findings provide insight into the pathophysiology of PPCM and point to novel potential therapeutic targets.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy: A review.

Peripartum cardiomyopathy is a rare type of heart failure manifesting towards the end of pregnancy or in the months following delivery, in the absence of any other cause of heart failure. There is a wide range of incidence across countries reflecting different population demographics, uncertainty over definitions and under-reporting. Race, ethnicity, multiparity and advanced maternal age are considered important risk factors for the disease. Its etiopathogenesis is incompletely understood and is likely multifactorial, including hemodynamic stresses of pregnancy, vasculo-hormonal factors, inflammation, immunology and genetics. Affected women present with heart failure secondary to reduced left ventricular systolic function (LVEF <45%) and often with associated phenotypes such as LV dilatation, biatrial dilatation, reduced systolic function, impaired diastolic function, and increased pulmonary pressure. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, magnetic resonance imaging, endomyocardial biopsy, and certain blood biomarkers aid in diagnosis and management. Treatment for peripartum cardiomyopathy depends on the stage of pregnancy or postpartum, disease severity and whether the woman is breastfeeding. It includes standard pharmacological therapies for heart failure, within the safety restrictions for pregnancy and lactation. Targeted therapies such as bromocriptine have shown promise in early, small studies, with large definitive trials currently underway. Failure of medical interventions may require mechanical support and transplantation in severe cases. Peripartum cardiomyopathy carries a high mortality rate of up to 10% and a high risk of relapse in subsequent pregnancies, but over half of women present normalization of LV function within a year of diagnosis.

Incidence, Risk Factors, Maternal and Neonatal Outcomes of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) in Oman.

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an idiopathic life-threatening condition occurring towards the end of pregnancy or in the first few months following delivery that might affect the maternal and neonatal outcomes. Objectives: To assess the incidence and to evaluate the antenatal risk factors and the maternal and neonatal outcomes in Omani women diagnosed with PPCM. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at two tertiary institutions in Oman between the 1st of January 2010 to the 31st of December 2018. All cases fitting the standard definition of PPCM were included in the analysis. Patients with pre-existing dilated cardiomyopathy, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and significant valvular heart disease have been excluded. Results: A total of 113,104 deliveries were screened during the study period. PPCM was confirmed in 116 cases with an incidence of 1.02 per 1000 deliveries. Independent predictors for the development of PPCM were age; especially women at the mid reproductive age (26-35 years), singleton pregnancy and gestational hypertension. In general, maternal outcomes were favorable, with full recovery of left ventricular ejection fraction in 56.0%, recurrence of 9.2%, and an overall mortality rate of 3.4%. The most common maternal complication was pulmonary edema (16.3%). The neonatal mortality rate was 4.3% and the preterm birth rate was 35.7%. Neonatal outcomes included 94.3% live births, out of which 64.3% were term with Apgar scores of more than 7 at five minutes in 91.5% of the neonates. Conclusion: Our study resulted in an overall incidence of PCCM in Oman of 1.02 in 1000 deliveries. Given the significance of maternal and neonatal complications, establishing a national PPCM database and local practice guidelines, and emphasizing their implementations in all regional hospitals, are fundamental for early recognition of the disease, timely referral, and application of therapy. Future studies, with a clearly defined control group, are highly recommended to appraise the significance of antenatal comorbidities in PPCM compared to non-PPCM cases.

Formation of a stakeholder group of women with a lived experience of Post-partum Psychoses (PP) - Experience from a perinatal psychiatry service in India.

Our paper describes the process of creating a stakeholder group for service development and research in Postpartum Psychosis (PP) at a Perinatal Psychiatry Service in India. We involved women who have recovered from PP as `experts by experience' in identifying areas that need attention from a research and service perspectives. A total of 13 group meetings were conducted, in which 9 group meetings involved women with lived experiences of PP and 4 group meetings were with the family members involved in the care of women during the PP episode. Of the 58 participants, 23 women and two family members expressed their willingness to participate in future stakeholder meetings. Involvement of women with PP and their caregivers as stakeholders in mental health decision-making appears feasible in a LMIC setting and should be encouraged.

Postpartum psychosis during delivery hospitalizations and postpartum readmissions, 2016-2019.

BACKGROUND: Up-to-date data on population-level risk factors for postpartum psychosis is limited, although increasing substance use disorders, psychiatric disorders, autoimmune disorders, and other medical comorbidities in the obstetrical population may be contributing to the increased baseline risk of postpartum psychosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine trends in and risk factors for postpartum psychosis during delivery hospitalizations and postpartum readmissions. STUDY DESIGN: Analyzing the 2016-2019 Nationwide Readmission Database, this repeated cross-sectional study identified diagnoses of postpartum psychosis during delivery hospitalizations and postpartum readmissions within 60 days of discharge. The relationship among demographic, clinical, and hospital-level factors present at delivery and postpartum psychosis was analyzed with logistic regression models with adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals as measures of association. Separate models were created for postpartum psychosis diagnoses at delivery and during postpartum readmission. Temporal trends in diagnoses were analyzed with Joinpoint regression to determine the average annual percent change with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS: Of 12,334,506 deliveries in the analysis, 13,894 (1.1 per 1000) had a diagnosis of postpartum psychosis during the delivery hospitalization, and 7128 (0.6 per 1000) had a 60-day postpartum readmission with postpartum psychosis. Readmissions with postpartum psychosis increased significantly during the study period (P=.046). Most readmissions with a postpartum psychosis diagnosis occurred in 0 to 10 days (43% of readmissions) or 11 to 20 days (18% of readmissions) after discharge. Clinical factors with the highest adjusted odds for postpartum psychosis readmission included delivery postpartum psychosis (adjusted odds ratio, 5.8; 95% confidence interval, 4.2-8.0), depression disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 3.7; 95% confidence interval, 3.3-4.2), bipolar spectrum disorder (odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.3-3.5), and schizophrenia spectrum disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 2.9; 95% confidence interval, 2.1-4.0). In models analyzing postpartum psychosis diagnoses at delivery, risk factors associated with the highest odds included anxiety disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 3.9; 95% confidence interval, 3.5-4.2), schizophrenia spectrum disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-3.4), bipolar disorder (adjusted odds ratio, 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-2.1), stillbirth (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.1-4.2), and substance use disorder (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-1.9). In addition, chronic conditions, such as pregestational diabetes mellitus, obesity, and substance use, were associated with delivery and readmission postpartum psychosis. CONCLUSION: This study determined that postpartum psychosis is increasing during postpartum readmissions and is associated with a wide range of obstetrical and medical comorbidities. Close follow-up care after delivery for other medical and obstetrical diagnoses may represent an opportunity to identify postpartum psychiatric conditions, including postpartum psychosis.

Anesthetic management of patients with peripartum cardiomyopathy.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Cardiovascular disease is increasingly emerging as a cause of peripartum morbidity and mortality. Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is defined as pregnancy-related heart failure with a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction <45%. PPCM develops in the peripartum phase and is not an aggravation of an existing prepregnancy cardiomyopathy. Anesthesiologists typically encounter these patients in the peripartum phase in a variety of settings and should be aware of this pathology and its implications for the perioperative management of parturients. RECENT FINDINGS: PPCM has been investigated increasingly over the last few years. Significant progress has been made in the assessment of global epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, genetics and treatment. SUMMARY: Although PPCM is an overall rare pathology, patients can potentially be encountered by any anesthesiologist in many different settings. Therefore, it is important to be aware of this disease and understand the basic implications for anesthetic management. Severe cases often require early referral to specialized centers for advanced hemodynamic monitoring and pharmacological or mechanical circulatory support.

A patient with untreated preeclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy.

ABSTRACT: The pathophysiologic process of peripartum cardiomyopathy, a rare and potentially life-threatening condition, is not completely understood. One theory is a possible link between the development of preeclampsia and peripartum cardiomyopathy. These two conditions have been linked to significant mortality in peripartum or postpartum patients. Clinicians must be able to identify the two, their differences, and start appropriate therapies immediately.

Postpartum Psychosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Postpartum psychosis is a psychiatric emergency that can affect the health and life of mothers, infants, and families. Postpartum psychosis (PPP) is distinct from non-postpartum psychosis in many ways, and it is crucial to study and understand PPP to identify, treat, and possibly prevent this condition. We therefore sought to review the latest research findings about PPP with the intention of updating readers about the latest evidence base. RECENT FINDINGS: Multiple physiologic pathways have been implicated in the development of PPP, and further understanding these pathways may allow for early detection and treatment. Risk assessment and treatment should include consideration of the woman patient but also the mother-infant dyad and the larger family. It is our hope that this review of research updates in postpartum psychosis may inform clinical practice and promote specialized, evidence-based diagnosis, risk assessment, and treatment.

Postpartum Psychosis or Something Else?

Psychosis is a psychiatric emergency that affects up to 1 in 500 women postpartum and can result from various etiologies. We present a case vignette and review of the relevant literature to highlight the broad differential diagnosis of postpartum psychosis with atypical features. Recommendations for evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of patients with complex neuropsychiatric symptoms in the postpartum period are discussed. This case of postpartum psychosis with malignant catatonia highlights the role of immunology in the development and treatment of postpartum psychosis and the need for future research to more accurately define the etiology and best tailor treatment.