LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H7) plays a role in antinociception in a rat model of alcohol-induced pain disorders.

Alcohol can increase the sensitivity to painful stimulation or convert insensibility to pain at different stages. We hypothesized that chronic alcohol consumption changes the level of LVV-hemorphin-7 (abbreviated as LVV-H7, an opioid-like peptide generated from hemoglobin ß-chain), thereby affecting pain sensation. We established a chronic alcohol-exposed rat model to investigate the effects of LVV-H7. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to daily intraperitoneal injection of 10 % ethanol (w/v) at 0.5 g/kg for 15 days and subsequent alcohol withdrawal for 5 days. Using different pharmacological strategies to affect the LVV-H7 level, we investigated the correlation between LVV-H7 and pain-related behavior. Tail-flick and hot plate tests were employed to investigate alcohol-induced pain-related behavioral changes. The serum level of LVV-H7 was determined by ELISA. Our results showed that alcohol first induced an analgesia followed by a hyperalgesia during alcohol withdrawal, which could be driven by the quantitative change of LVV-H7. A positive correlation between the level of LVV-H7 and Δtail-flick latency (measured latency minus basal latency) confirmed this finding. Moreover, we revealed that the LVV-H7 levels were determined by the activity of cathepsin D and red blood cell/hemoglobin counts, which could be affected by alcohol. These results suggest that the deterioration of anti-nociception induced by alcohol is correlated to the decreased level of LVV-H7, and this could be due to alcohol-induced anemia. This study may help to develop LVV-H7 structure-based novel analgesics for treating alcohol-induced pain disorders and thus ameliorate the complications in alcoholics.

The value of serum uric acid levels to differentiate causes of transient loss of consciousness.

BACKGROUND: Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), syncope, and psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are common emergent neurological conditions that cause transient disturbances of consciousness; however, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the value of serum uric acid levels in differentiating among GTCS, syncope, and PNES by analyzing serum uric acid levels in patients with GTCS, syncope, and PNES. METHODS: A total of 391 patients were retrospectively analyzed. Venous blood was drawn from the patients within 20 min of their arrival to the emergency department; serum uric acid levels were measured using the uricase method. RESULTS: Serum uric acid levels and the percentage of patients with elevated uric acid (elevation percentage) were significantly higher in the group with GTCS (n = 179) than in the groups with syncope (n = 156) (p < 0.001) and PNES (n = 56) (p < 0.001). The result remained the same when the serum uric acid level of male or female patients in the group with GTCS were compared separately with that in the other two groups (all p < 0.001). In the group with GTCS, both the serum uric acid level (p < 0.001) and elevation percentage (p < 0.05) were significantly higher in males than in females. The receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis in male patients yielded a serum uric acid value of 428.50 µmol/L with a sensitivity of 0.78 and a specificity of 0.99 as the optimal cutoff value to distinguish GTCS from other events. In female patients, a cutoff value of 338.00 µmol/L had a sensitivity of 0.69 and a specificity of 0.91 to distinguish GTCS from other events. For the group with GTCS, the period of time between the onset of seizure and serum uric acid levels dropping to normal were analyzed in 40 patients. The duration was 44.56 ±â€¯11.46 h for males (n = 23) and 40.37 ±â€¯9.78 h for females (n = 17) with no significant difference (p = 0.325). CONCLUSION: Serum uric acid levels provided certain clinical value for the differentiation of GTCS, syncope, and PNES; however, this requires verification in prospective studies with larger sample sizes.

Stability of Cellular Immune Parameters over 12 Weeks in Patients with Major Depression or Somatoform Disorder and in Healthy Controls.

OBJECTIVE: Cellular immune status in major depression (MD) patients differs from that in somatoform disorder (SFD) patients and healthy controls (HC). It is still questionable whether the patterns of immune parameters remain stable over time. Therefore, we studied lymphocyte and monocyte cell counts and neopterin levels in peripheral blood of MD and SFD patients and HC over 12 weeks and tested for correlations between biochemical and psychometric parameters. METHODS: Thirty-nine patients with MD, 27 with SFD, and 51 HC were recruited. Peripheral blood was drawn at four visits, at 4-week intervals. We assessed the total cell count of B lymphocytes, natural killer (NK) cells, T lymphocyte subpopu-lations, and monocytes by flow cytometry, and neopterin serum levels by ELISA. Psychometric parameters were measured with questionnaires. RESULTS: Counts of lymphocytes, monocytes, and neopterin were stable in the SFD and HC groups. In the MD group, total CD3+, CD3+CD8+, NK cells, and CD3+CD25+ T cells showed inhomogeneous variances in Friedman tests, particularly in females. Neopterin correlated with depressed mood in MD patients, and with body mass index in HC. CONCLUSIONS: Cellular immune parameters are stable in HC and SFD. Our results may indicate influences of MD and gender on some cellular immune parameters. This may need to be considered in future immunological studies.

Clinical utility of serum lactate levels for differential diagnosis of generalized tonic-clonic seizures from psychogenic nonepileptic seizures and syncope.

BACKGROUND: The differential diagnosis of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS), psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), and syncope constitutes a major challenge. Misdiagnosis rates up to 20 to 30% are reported in the literature. PURPOSE: To assess the clinical utility of serum lactate levels for differentiation of GTCS, PNES, and syncope based on gender differences. METHODS: Data from 270 patients were evaluated retrospectively. Only patients ≥18 years old with the final diagnosis of GTCS, PNES, or syncope in their chart were recruited. Serum lactate levels were measured in the first 2h of the index event. RESULTS: Serum lactate levels in patients with GTCS (n=157) were significantly higher than in the patients with PNES (n=25) (p<0.001) and syncope (n=88) (p<0.001). When compared with the females, serum lactate levels in patients with GTCS were significantly higher in the male subgroup (p=0.004). In male patients the ROC analysis yielded a serum lactate value of 2.43mmol/l with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.88 as the optimal cut-off value to distinguish GTCS from other events. The ROC analysis for the AUC yielded a high estimate of 0.94 (95% confidence interval: 0.91-0.98). When a cut-off value of 2.43mmol/l was chosen for the females, which was an optimal value for male patients, the specificity was 0.85, however, the sensitivity was 0.64. CONCLUSION: We propose that serum lactate level when measured in the first 2h after the index event has a high clinical utility in the differential diagnosis of GTCS, PNES, and syncope. With concomitant clinical signs and physical examination findings besides neuroimaging and EEG, elevated levels of lactate should be taken into account when evaluating a patient with impaired consciousness. On the other hand, the suggested cut-off value 2.43mmol/l might not have a discriminative effect between GTCS, PNES, and syncope in female patients. This finding should be verified in a prospectively designed study with a larger patient population.

Somatoform and neurocognitive syndromes after HPV immunization are not associated to cell-mediated hypersensitivity to aluminum.

Vaccines against human papilloma virus (HPV) have been demonstrated to be very effective to prevent infection-related neoplasms. However, several reports describing heterogeneous post-vaccination phenomena have been published in last few years. The spectrum of these disorders includes both immune-mediated neurological diseases and neuropsychiatric functional disorders. Some researchers speculated about a genetic predisposition, but others hypothesized a role of adjuvants, including some metals and, particularly, aluminum. Here, we tested sixteen young girls developing somatoform and neurocognitive syndromes after the HPV immunization, through MELISA® test, detecting cell-mediated hypersensitivity to several metals. We found no association between these neurocognitive disorders and the results provided by this test; importantly, no patients showed hypersensitivity to aluminum, which is the inorganic adjuvant included in HPV vaccines. Thus, if aluminum played a role in the pathophysiology of musculoskeletal and neurocognitive disturbances occurring in some young girls after HPV immunization, that should recognize other mechanisms than the activation of aluminum-specific lymphocytes.

[The efficacy of botulinotherapy in the correction of the pain syndrome and quality of life of patients with cervical dystonia]. / Éffektivnost' botulinoterapii v korrektsii stepeni bolevogo sindroma i kachestva zhizni patsientov s tservikal'noi distoniei.

AIM: To evaluate the severity of pain, emotional status and humoral serotonin in patients with cervical dystonia (CD) before and after the botulinotherapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A simple, open, comparative study of clinical characteristics of hyperkinesis, pain and emotional status, quality of life and contents of serum and blood platelet serotonin in 48 patients (32 women and 16 men) with CD, in age from 37 to 53 years, before and one month after the botulinotherapy with disport in dose of 500--1000 U was carried out. A control group included 15 healthy people. RESULTS: All patients (100%) complained of involuntary movements and pain in the neck. The overall score on a scale of dystonic movements in the group of patients was 16,7±7,7 points, on TWSTRS - 46,48±6,2 points, on the Visual Analogue Scale, the average level of pain was 6,4±1,08 points. The degree of depression according to the Hamilton scale was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control group. The level of trait and state anxiety measured with the Spielberger-Khanin scale was significantly higher (p<0.005) in patients with CD than in the controls. The correlation analysis revealed a direct dependence of the intensity of pain subscale TWSTRS with the degree of anxiety on the Hamilton scale and the amount of final points of dystonic movements. The level of serotonin in the serum was significantly lower in patients compared to the controls. After botulinotherapy, pain scores, anxiety and depression have significantly decreased and the level of blood platelet serotonin has increased. CONCLUSION: Botulinotherapy with dysport in CD patients reduces the degree of pain, depression, improves quality of life and stimulates the serotoninergic system.

High-sensitive C-Reactive Protein as a Marker for Inflammation in Irritable Bowel Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies demonstrated low-grade inflammation in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). However, these studies have been relatively small and do not enable examination of this factor in different subtypes of IBS and the possibility of confounding effects of comorbidities that may be associated with inflammatory responses. GOALS: To investigate the association between high-sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and the diagnosis of IBS, IBS subtypes, symptoms' severity, and IBS-associated comorbidities. STUDY: This cross-sectional study uses data from a large matched case-control study of IBS subjects and healthy controls (HC). hs-CRP levels were measured in all subjects. IBS diagnosis was determined by Rome III criteria, negative screening blood tests, and normal colonoscopy. Subjects were evaluated for IBS severity and associated pain and psychological comorbidities. RESULTS: A total of 242 IBS patients and 244 HC were studied. Median hs-CRP levels in the IBS group were significantly higher than in HC (1.80; interquartile range, 0.7 to 4.04 mg/L vs. 1.20, interquartile range, 0.5 to 2.97 mg/L respectively, P<0.006). Levels were highest in IBS-D patients with greater disease severity. Hs-CRP levels mildly correlated with symptoms severity (r=0.169, P=0.009); this correlation was stronger for the IBS-D patients (r=0.27, P=0.006). IBS was a significant independent predictor (P=0.025) for higher hs-CRP levels, whereas other pain and psychological comorbidities were not. CONCLUSIONS: Given these observations of cross-sectional differences in hs-CRP between IBS subtypes and severity, independent of pain and comorbidities, more research is needed to explore a possible role of low-grade inflammation in the pathogenesis and/or clinical presentation of IBS.

[Chronic elevation of IGF-1 concentrations in a 54-year-old female with acromegalic appearance and somatoform disorder as a challenge to medical opinion]. / Chronisch erhohte IGF-1-Konzentrationen bei einer 54-jahrigen Patientin mit akromegalem Habitus und somatoformen Beschwerden als gutachtliche Herausforderung.

A 54-year-old woman was referred to the psychiatric clinic with complex somatic whole-body complaints. In absence of organic findings, the diagnosis of somatoform disorder (somatization disorder ICD 10 F45.0) was made. Additionally, due to the typical appearance and chronically elevated IGF-1 (somatomedin C) concentrations, the critical diagnosis of acromegaly was postulated, although no hypophyseal adenoma was detected. The patient was variously assessed and 16 medical and rehabilitation opinions were given with regard to invalidity, particularly by orthopaedic and neurologic specialists. The results varied, even diametrically opposed. However, somatoform disorders or acromegalic appearance and possible medical consequences were not considered sufficiently. The case report encourages experts to deal with complex psychosomatic complaints objectively and unemotionally in medical opinions.

The signs of stress: embodiments of biosocial stress among type 2 diabetic women in New Delhi, India.

Biocultural models of health and illness are increasingly used to trace how social pathways shape biological outcomes. Yet, data on the interactions between social and biological aspects of health are lacking in low- and middle-income regions, where two-thirds of all type 2 diabetes cases occur. This study explored health, social roles, and biological correlates among a group of 280 type 2 diabetic and non-diabetic women (n = 184 diabetic) in New Delhi, India, between 2009 and 2011. Using a biocultural framework, we developed and tested a series of hypotheses about the relationships that might exist between diabetes, psychological distress, social role fulfillment, and biological markers measuring blood sugar control, generalized inflammation, and immune stress. Although blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels indicated that women's diabetes was generally poorly controlled, they lacked the elevated inflammation, immune stress, and mental ill health that often accompany uncontrolled blood sugar. Qualitative work on explanatory models of diabetes and gendered models of appropriate behavior demonstrated that despite living with poorly controlled diabetes, women maintain participation in culturally valued roles involving the care of others. We suggest that behavioral congruence with these gendered roles may buffer diabetic women's mental health and perhaps even their long-term physical health, while simultaneously posing challenges for their diabetes self-care. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the experience of type 2 diabetes in India from an integrated biocultural perspective.

Blunted exercise-induced mobilization of monocytes in somatization syndromes and major depression.

BACKGROUND: Previous research indicates that physical activity may alter the number of immune cells. We examined whether increasing or decreasing the level of physical activity affects circulating lymphocyte and monocyte counts in patients with somatization syndromes and patients with major depression. METHODS: Thirty-eight participants with major depression, 26 participants with somatization syndromes and 47 healthy controls participated in the study. Using an experimental within-subject design, participants were involved in 1 week of increased physical activity (daily exercise sessions) and 1 week of reduced physical activity. Counts of total lymphocytes, lymphocyte subsets and monocytes were determined before and after each trial. Linear mixed models adjusted for sex, body mass index, age, fitness status and the order of trials were used for longitudinal data analysis. RESULTS: One week of exercise increases the number of monocytes in healthy controls (p<.05), but not in patients with somatization syndromes or patients with major depression. In addition, after 1 week of exercise, depressive symptoms were reduced in patients with major depression (p<.05) while somatoform symptoms were reduced (p<.05) in both clinical groups. Baseline comparisons and mixed models indicated reduced T helper cell counts in patients with somatization syndromes. LIMITATIONS: Relatively small sample size. The time of physical activity was relatively short and restricted to low-graded exercise. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a blunted mobilization of monocytes by exercise in both patients with somatization syndromes and patients with major depression. In addition, even one week of exercise reduces somatoform and depressive symptoms.

Pro-inflammatory cytokine associated with somatic and pain symptoms in depression.

BACKGROUND: More than two-thirds of depressed patients complain of somatic and pain symptoms, which are frequently regarded as a psychological reaction. Although there is a growing body of evidence showing that depression is related to immune abnormalities, few studies have investigated the association between inflammatory cytokines and somatic/pain symptoms. METHOD: Patients with depressive disorder but without any medical disorders, and age/gender/body mass index (BMI)-matched healthy subjects were enrolled. All the subjects completed the self-rating scales of the Beck Depression Inventory-II and the Depression and Somatic Symptoms Scale, which was comprised of depressive, somatic, and pain subscales. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), soluble interleukin 6 receptor (sIL-6R), soluble TNF-receptors (sTNF-R), soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), and adiponectin, were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: In all, 109 patients with depressive disorder and 126 normal controls were enrolled. The patients with depressive disorder had significantly more severe depression, somatic and pain symptoms (all p<0.001), and higher levels of sIL-2R (p<0.0001), sTNF-R (p<0.001), and sP-selectin (p=0.005) than the normal control group. Using multivariate regression analysis with controlling of age, gender, BMI, and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, sIL-2R was the most significant predictor for depressive symptoms (p<0.0001); with further controlling of severity of depressive symptom, sP-selectin was the only predictor for somatic (p=0.002) and pain (p=0.059) symptoms. CONCLUSION: The elevated sP-selectin associated with somatic symptoms in depression, may indicate early micro-vascular changes occur subtly, and provide neurobiological evidence for somatic and pain symptom in depression.

Exercise affects symptom severity but not biological measures in depression and somatization - results on IL-6, neopterin, tryptophan, kynurenine and 5-HIAA.

Exercise leads to symptom reduction in affective disorders and functional somatic syndromes. Biological hypotheses of underlying mechanisms include serotonergic and immunological pathways. We aimed to investigate biological features in persons with major depression and somatoform syndromes, and to analyze effects of short-term graded exercise on these parameters. Baseline values for depressive and somatoform symptoms, tryptophan, kynurenine, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, neopterin and interleukin-6 were compared with those after one week of increased and one week of reduced physical activity. Thirty-eight persons with major depression, 27 persons with a minimum of 6-8 somatoform symptoms, and 48 healthy controls participated in the study. Depressive and somatoform symptoms were reduced after the active week, and an interaction pointed towards group-specific reduction of psychopathology. Participants with major depression had lower levels of kynurenine compared to controls, with intermediate concentrations in somatoform patients. There were no systematic associations of symptom improvement with biological changes. A possible limitation of the design is that a control condition with low physical activity, but no placebo condition was included. People with multiple somatoform symptoms and major depression benefit from a short and low-graded exercise intervention. These effects do not seem to be mediated by changes in serotonergic and inflammatory parameters.

In search of an adult attachment stress provocation to measure effect on the oxytocin system: a pilot validation study.

BACKGROUND: Oxytocin is a promising biomarker for psychiatric conditions arising from early relational trauma, childhood maltreatment, and attachment dysregulation, including posttraumatic stress and dissociative disorders. OBJECTIVE: This exploratory pilot study examined plasma oxytocin as a biomarker for alterations in the attachment system. DESIGN: We used a single group, repeated-measures design with 15 women. The protocol used a film clip previously validated as a provocation to the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. RESULTS: The repeated-measures ANOVA showed differences in oxytocin across the three time points. Correlations with oxytocin indicated that measures of dissociation and somatization correlated most strongly with higher levels of oxytocin measured during exposure to the film's bonding scene and posttraumatic stress disorder correlated most strongly with lower levels at the film's abandonment scene. Post hoc analyses revealed differences in oxytocin response related to psychopathology. CONCLUSION: Replication studies should characterize participants on a range of psychiatric conditions associated with attachment dysregulation.

Diurnal cortisol profile in Williams syndrome in novel and familiar settings.

Williams syndrome (WS) is a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder associated with high rates of anxiety and social issues. We examined diurnal cortisol, a biomarker of the stress response, in adults with WS in novel and familiar settings, and compared these profiles to typically developing (TD) adults. WS and TD participants had similar profiles in a familiar setting, while participants with WS had elevated cortisol late in the day in the novel setting when social demands were higher. The cortisol awakening response in WS was associated with parent-reported levels of somatic complaints and social difficulties. Results suggest that adults with WS have a typical diurnal cortisol profile that may be sensitive to social and activity transitions throughout the day.

Psychobiological aspects of somatization syndromes: contributions of inflammatory cytokines and neopterin.

Previous research suggests a dysregulation of immune-to-brain communication in the pathophysiology of somatization syndromes (multiple somatoform symptoms). We compared blood levels of the inflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and neopterin between 23 patients with somatization syndromes (Somatoform Symptom Index-8, SSI-8), 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and 23 patients with major depression. No group differences were found for IL-1ra and IL-6. While TNF-α was increased in both clinical groups, neopterin was only increased in somatization syndromes. Correlational analyses revealed that neopterin tended to be related to somatoform pain complaints in patients with somatization syndromes. This study is the first to demonstrate increased levels of TNF-α and neopterin in patients with somatization syndromes without a diagnosis of depression, which may support a role of immune alterations in somatization syndromes. Neopterin is a reliable indicator for interferon-γ (IFN-γ) which was identified as the only cytokine that induces significant production of neopterin. Considering recent research indicating that IFN-γ can lead to increased neuronal responsiveness and body perceptions by reducing inhibitory tone in the dorsal horn, the observed association between somatization syndromes and neopterin might support the idea of central sensitization in the pathogenesis of somatoform symptoms.

Psycho-social and clinical variables associated with depression in patients with type 2 diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) doubles the odds of comorbid depression. Depression is a strong predictor of developing T2DM. The aim of the study was to compare depressed patients with T2DM to non-depressed ones with respect to demographic, psycho-social, clinical, anthropometric and metabolic characteristics; to examine the relationship between glycemic control and depression severity in depressed patients; to estimate the risk factors of depression. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A group of depressed diabetic patients comprising those with a Major depressive episode, first or repeated (ICD-10; 1992) and endocrinologist-diagnosed T2DM, duration ≥5 years on oral, insulin therapy or both (N=46) and non-depressed ones (N=44) (90 in total) of both genders (<65 years) were included in this cross-sectional study. Laboratory and non-laboratory measures were performed.. The patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and a structured interview (MINI) were used to establish diagnosis, while the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI; cut off ≥16) was used to assess the severity ofdepression. Scaling of Life Events (SLE) for self-assessment of life events and Problem in Areas in Diabetes (PAID) for self-assessment of diabetes distress were also performed. RESULTS: Statistically significant higher rates of psychiatric heredity, neuropathy, higher level of diabetes related distress and a greater number of life events in depressed patients compared to non-depressed ones were found. There was a statistically significant positive correlation between BDI somatic subscore and the HbA1c level (r=0.343; p=0.020). The level of diabetes related distress (OR=1.084; p=0.000), total number of life events (OR=4.528; p=0.001) and neuropathy (OR=8.699; p=0.039) were statistically significant predictors of depression using logistic regression. CONCLUSIONS: The results obtained showed that depression in diabetic patients was predicted by both psychological (diabetes related distress, life events) and disease-specific variables (neuropathy). The severity of self-reported somatic depressive symptoms significantly correlated with the HbA1c level in depressed diabetic patients.

Evaluating diagnostic strategy of older patients with unexplained unintentional body weight loss: a hospital-based study.

Unexplained unintentional weight loss (UUWL) is a common health problem in older adults, and raises significant diagnostic challenges. Currently, there is no consensus or guideline to help physicians approach these patients. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate physicians' behaviors in evaluating elderly patients with UUWL and to compare the diagnostic strategy of internists and geriatricians. From January of 2008 to December of 2009, medical records of all elderly patients admitted to Taipei Veterans General Hospital with UUWL were obtained for study. All diagnostic procedures used during admissions were evaluated and the final diagnosis for each patient was obtained. Overall, data of 136 patients (mean age: 79.8±6.3 years, 80.9% males) were obtained for study with their mean weight loss of 8.6±6.4 kg. Among them, 79 (58.1%) patients were admitted to the geriatric evaluation and management unit (GEMU) and 57 (41.9%) patients were admitted to the general medical wards. There were no statistically significant differences in terms of age, sex, mean age and average weight loss between these two groups. After extensive diagnostic effort, the most common diagnostic entity was benign organic disease (33.8%), followed by unknown (25.7%), neuropsychiatric disorder (23.5%), and malignancy (16.9%). Tumor markers are commonly used, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (80.9%), prostate specific antigen (PSA) (81.8%), and carbohydrate 19-9 (CA 19-9) (65.4%). Imaging studies were also commonly used diagnostic tools, including gastrointestinal endoscopy (70.6%), colonoscopy (42.6%) and computerized tomography (44.1%). Compared with internists, geriatricians were more likely to order PSA testing (70.5% vs. 89.4%, p=0.021). In contrast, internists were more likely to order CA-199 (75.4%% vs. 58.2%, p=0.045), and to arrange gastrointestinal endoscopy than geriatricians (82.4% vs. 62.0%%, p=0.013). In conclusion, cancer accounts for only 16.9% of all elderly patients with UUWL in this study, tumor markers are very commonly used for screening of occult cancer. Compared with internists, geriatricians are more likely to order PSA and to establish neuropsychiatric diagnosis, and internists are more prone to order carbohydrate (CA 19-9) and gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Useful biomarkers in pediatric eosinophilic duodenitis and their existence: a case-control, single-blind, observational pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine whether screening for food hypersensitivity could be a clinically useful biomarker for eosinophilic duodenitis in the pediatric population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-two patients with functional dyspepsia and 19 controls with no significant history of gastrointestinal or allergic disorders were enrolled. Participants underwent skin prick, atopy patch, and serum-specific (S)-IgE, -IgG, and -IgG4 testing to corn, wheat, soy, peanut, milk, and egg. Participants in the patient group also underwent endoscopy with biopsies as part of standard care. RESULTS: Three participants in the patient group did not exhibit duodenal eosinophilia on biopsy and were excluded from data analyses. The patient group consisted of 13 females and 6 males, 8 to 17 years of age. The control group consisted of 10 females and 9 males, 8 to 17 years of age. Seven patients had at least 1 positive reaction to food by skin prick, atopy patch, or SIgE testing compared with 7 controls; odds ratio 1; 95% confidence interval 0.3 to 3.7. Receiver operating characteristics curves showed SIgG and SIgG4 performed poorly or no better than chance for predicting group assignment. CONCLUSIONS: Allergy screening for the foods tested was not useful as a biomarker for eosinophilic duodenitis in this small study. A higher rate of positive reactions to patch testing was observed in the control group than previous studies have reported. The incidence of a positive food patch test in nonselected subjects needs further investigation. Method standardization and establishment of reference intervals are needed for atopy patch tests, SIgG, and SIgG4 to better evaluate the clinical value of these measures.

Increased plasma peroxides and serum oxidized low density lipoprotein antibodies in major depression: markers that further explain the higher incidence of neurodegeneration and coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: Major depression is characterized by a decreased antioxidant status, an induction of the inflammatory and oxidative and nitrosative (IO&NS) pathways and inflammatory-neurodegenerative (I&ND) pathways. This study examines two markers of oxidative stress in depression, i.e. plasma peroxides and serum oxidized LDL (oxLDL) antibodies. METHODS: Blood was sampled in 54 patients with major depression (mean+/-SD age=43.5+/-11.6 years) and 37 normal volunteers (43.6+/-11.1 years). The severity of illness was measured by means of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. The Fibromyalgia and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Rating Scale was used to measure severity of "psychosomatic" symptoms in depression. RESULTS: We found significantly higher plasma peroxides (p=0.002) and serum oxLDL antibodies (p=0.0002) in depressed patients as compared to normal controls. There was no significant correlation between both markers and both independently from each other predicted major depression. There were significant correlations between the oxLDL antibodies and the scores on two items of the FF scale, i.e. gastro-intestinal symptoms and headache. DISCUSSION: The results show that major depression is accompanied by increased oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. These results further extend the IO&NS pathophysiology of major depression. Since increased peroxides and oxLDL antibodies are predictors of coronary artery disease (CAD) and neurodegeneration, our findings suggest that IO&NS pathways are involved in the increased incidence of both CAD and neurodegeneration in depression.

Depression, traumatic stress and interleukin-6.

BACKGROUND: Recent evidence indicates that various types of interactions between nervous and immune system are important in pathogenesis of depression. These findings show that a significant role in developing depression play pro-inflammatory cytokines that may mediate its psychological, and neurobiological manifestations. Great importance among these cytokine molecules plays interleukin-6 (IL-6). There is growing evidence that this inflammatory process related to depression may be influenced by psychological stress as well as organic inflammatory conditions. These findings suggest that specific influences related to traumatic stress and dissociation could be found in close relationship to increased level of cytokine IL-6. METHODS: In the present study we have performed psychometric measurement of depression (BDI-II), traumatic stress symptoms (TSC-40) and dissociation (DES, SDQ-20), and immunochemical measure of serum IL-6 in 40 inpatients with unipolar depression (mean age 42.3+/-6.8). RESULTS: The results show that IL-6 is significantly correlated to BDI-II (Spearman R=0.47, p<0.01), TSC-40 (Spearman R=0.32, p<0.05), SDQ-20 (Spearman R=0.34, p<0.05) but not to DES (Spearman R=0.25, p=0.11). CONCLUSION: The findings of the present study indicate that increased level of IL-6 in depression could be directly related to symptoms of traumatic stress and somatoform dissociation.